【英语学习】【加州教材】【G4】【科学】Science目录及术语表

系统管理员 2022-01-21 22:49 456阅读 0赞

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

加州四年级《科学》课本，主要分为5个大Section，每个Section由两到三个Chapter构成，每个Chapter含有若干Lesson。

*  # Be a Scientist #
    
     *  What is Science?
 *  # Life Science #
    
     *  Chapter 1: Living Things Need Energy
        
         *  Lesson 1: Plants and Sunlight
         *  Lesson 2: Food Chains
         *  Lesson 3: Food Webs
         *  Lesson 4: Microorganisms
     *  Chapter 2: Living Things and Their Environment
        
         *  Lesson 1: Ecosystem
         *  Lesson 2: Living Things Need Each Other
         *  Lesson 3: Changes in Ecosystems
         *  Lesson 4: Adaptations
 *  # Earth Science #
    
     *  Chapter 3: Rocks and Minerals
        
         *  Lesson 1: Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks
         *  Lesson 2: Igneous Rocks
         *  Lesson 3: Sedimentary Rocks
         *  Lesson 4: Metamorphic Rocks
     *  Chapter 4: Slow Changes on Earth
        
         *  Lesson 1: Weathering
         *  Lesson 2: Erosion and Deposition
         *  Lesson 3: Landforms: Changing Over Time
     *  Chapter 5: Fast Changes on Earth
        
         *  Lesson 1: Landslides
         *  Lesson 2: Earthquakes
         *  Lesson 3: Volcanoes
 *  # Physical Science #
    
     *  Chapter 6: Electricity
        
         *  Lesson 1: Static Electricity
         *  Lesson 2: Electric Circuits
         *  Lesson 3: Using Electrical Energy
     *  Chapter 7: Magnetism
        
         *  Lesson 1: Magnets
         *  Lesson 2: Electromagnets
         *  Lesson 3: Motors and Generators
 *  # Activities #
    
     *  Life Science
     *  Earth Science
     *  Physical Science

看看下面这个术语表，谁再说美国小学课程简单，都是玩到大的，真是自欺欺人。

# Glossary #

1.  **abiotic factor: **A nonliving part of the ecosystem.  
    *Hot temperatures and rainfall are abiotic factors in the desert ecosystem.*
2.  **abrasion: **The peeling or scraping away of an outer layer.  
    ![20190605091745912.jpeg][]  
    *Wind abrasion is a form of physical weathering that wears down rock.*
3.  **accommodation: **An individual organism's response to a change in the ecosystem.  
    *One type of accommodation is a change in the type of food an organism eats.*
4.  **active volcano: **A volcano that is still erupts from time to time.  
    *Mt. Saint Helens is an active volcano.*
5.  **adaptation: **A special trait that helps an organism survive in its environment.  
    *A fish's gills are an example of adaptation.*
6.  **algae: **A plant-like producer in a water environment.  
    ![20190605093829393.jpeg][]  
    *Algae usually float on the surface of ponds and lakes.*
7.  **alternating current: **Electrical current that flows through a circuit, first in one direction, then in the opposite direction.  
    *Most generators that make electrical energy produce an alternating current, or AC.*  
    ![20190605094420237.jpeg][]
8.  **amoeba: **A type of protist that acts like an animal in some ways.  
    ![20190605094605608.jpeg][]  
    *An amoeba can change its shape to catch food.*
9.  **analyze data: **To use the information that has been gathered to answer a question or solve a problem.  
    *You can analyze data to find how daylight hours change throughout the year.*
10. **anthracite: **A hard, natural type of coal.  
    *Anthracite burns cleaner and longer than soft coal.*  
    ![20190605095053207.jpeg][] <--- anthracite ![20190605095117352.jpeg][]<--- soft coal
11. **attract: **To pull or draw towards.  
    *An object with positive electrical charge will attract an object with negative electrical charge.*
12. **axis: **A real or imaginary line through the center of a rotating object.  
    *The geographical North and South poles of Earth are located at the ends of the planet's axis.*  
    ![20190605095727392.png][]
13. **bacteria: **Microorganisms that have cell membranes but no nuclei.  
    ![20190605095937110.jpeg][] ![20190605100044413.jpeg][]  
    *Bacteria can be both helpful and harmful to humans.*
14. **barrier island: **A long, narrow strip of land formed along the ocean shore by deposition.  
    ![20190605100352572.png][] ![20190605100235582.jpeg][]
15. **biomass: **A measure of the amount of living things in an environment.  
    *Plants make up most of the biomass in many environments.*
16. **biotic factor: **A living part of the ecosystem.  
    *Fish are biotic factors in the ocean.*
17. **blubber: **A thick layer of fat found in large mammals.  
    *Whale blubber allows the animal to stay warm in cold waters.*  
    ![20190605101042374.jpeg][]  ![Related image][]
18. **branch: **In a parallel circuit, one of the paths that electric current can follow.  
    ![20190605101632785.png][]  
    *The branches of a parallel circuit devide the current between them.*
19. **buildup: **Having more of one kind of charge than the other.  
    *Rubbing a balloon will lead to a buildup of electrical charge.*
20. **camouflage: **An adaptation that allows an animal to blend into its surroundings.  
    ![20190605102126897.jpeg][]  
    *Camouflage allows some animals to hide from predators.*
21. **canopy: **The part of a forest  just below the uppermost branches of the tallest trees.  
    *Most rain-forest animals live in the canopy because of the sunligh and food found there.*
22. **canyon: **A deep, narrow valley with steep sides.   
    ![20190605103023980.jpeg][]  
    *Canyons are the results of river erosion.*
23. **carbon dioxide: **A gas in the air.  
    ![20190605103130354.jpeg][]  
    *Plants need carbon dioxide to live.*
24. **carbonic acid: **A weak acid that forms when carbon dioxide reacts with water.  
    ![2019060510330039.jpeg][]  
    *Carbonic acid can wear away limestone and create caves.*
25. **carnivore: **An animal that eats other animals.  
    *Hawks that eat mice are carnivores.*
26. **cell: **The smallest unit of life.  
    *Your body is made up of trillions of cells.*  
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]
27. **chaparral: **An area with dense thickets of small shrubs and trees.  
    ![20190605104111854.jpeg][] <--- chaparral ![Image result for thicket][]<--- thicket  
    *A chaparral environment is usually very dry and warm.*
28. **chemical weathering: **The process in which rocks break down due to chemical changes to the minerals.  
    *When oxygen reacts with iron and forms rust, chemical weathering occurs.*
29. **chlorophyll: **A material in plants that helps them take in sunlight.  
    ![20190605105738293.png][]  
    *Chlorophyll gives plants their green color.*
30. **cinder-cone volcano: **A volcano shaped like a cone.  
    ![20190605105953222.jpeg][] ![2019060511001893.jpeg][]  
    *The magma in a cinder-cone volcano is usually quite thick.*
31. **circuit: **The path along which electric current flows.  
    *A simple circuit has a power source, connectors, and a switch.*  
    ![20190605110319450.png][]
32. **circuit breaker: **Something that switches off a circuit when the current gets too high.  
    ![20190605110600620.jpeg][]  
    *A circuit breaker can help prevent electric shock or fire hazard.*
33. **classify: **To place similar materials together in a group.  
    *The periodic table classifies elements that share the same properties.*
34. **cleavage: **The way a mineral splits or breaks along flat surfaces.  
    ![20190605111031756.png][]  
    *The cleavage of quartz is uneven.*
35. **climate: **The typical weather patterns of a region.  
    *Most pond animals need a rainy climate.*
36. **closed circuit: **A complete, unbroken electrical circuit.  
    *A closed circuit allows electric current to flow.*
37. **communicate: **To share information.  
    *Recording your data helps you to communicate your observations to others*
38. **compass: **An instrument that tells direction using Earth's magnetic forces.  
    ![20190605112009311.jpeg][]   
    *A compass needle is a thin magnet that lines up with Earth's magnetic field and points north.*
39. **competition: **The struggle among living things for the same resources.  
    *There is great competition for mice as food in a woodland food chain.*
40. **composite volcano: **A volcano made up of layers of lava and ash.  
    ![2019060515215158.jpeg][]![20190605152256999.png][]  
    *A composite volcano usually forms during periods of alternating quiet and explosive eruptions.*
41. **conductor: **A material through which heat or electricity flows easily.  
    *Metal such as copper and silver are good conductors.*
42. **conglomerate: **A substance formed from rocks that have been lumped together.  
    ![20190605152754768.jpeg][]  
    *Conglomerate is usually coarse and chunky.*
43. **conserve: **To save or protect.  
    *When you conserve resources, you try to use less of them.*
44. **consumer: **An organism that eats other organisms.  
    *Consumers cannot make their own food.*
45. **contour plowing: **A farming method that cuts into the soil across a hillside rather than up and down the hillside.  
    ![20190605153311277.jpeg][]  
    *Contour plowing helps farmers reduce erosion.*
46. **crater: **A cup-like shape in the earth.  
    ![20190605154859489.jpeg][]  
    *On a volcano, a crater often forms around the vent.*
47. **creep: **A slow movement of plates along a fault.  
    ![20190605155036562.jpeg][]  
    *Plate movement due to creep does not usually lead to earthquakes.*
48. **crust: **The outermost layer of Earth.  
    ![20190605155237839.jpeg][]  
    *Earth's crust is made up of huge, moving slabs of rocks called plates.*
49. **crystal: **The geometric shape a mineral forms when its atoms and molecules are in fixed patterns.  
    ![20190605155457494.jpeg][]  
    *Some crystal shapes can be like cubes or hexagons.*
50. **decomposer: **An organism that breaks down other organisms.  
    *Decomposers return an organism's nutrients to the soil.*  
    ![Image result for decomposer][]
51. **delta: **An area of land caused by deposition at the mouth, or end, of a river.  
    ![20190605163419130.png][]  
    *Most deltas are composed of sediment.*
52. **deposition: **The dropping off of weathered rock at the end of erosion.  
    *Deposition may leave sand and soil miles away from its original location.*
53. **desert: **An ecosystem with few plants and little water.  
    ![20190605163835986.jpeg][]  
    *Animals in the desert must be adapted to dry conditions.*
54. **diaphragm: **The part of a louspeaker that vibrates and produces sound waves.  
    ![Image result for diaphragm loudspeaker][]  
    *The diaphragm on most loudspeakers is made of either paper or plastic.*
55. **direct current: **Electrical current that flows through a circuit in just one direction.  
    ![20190605164714197.png][]  
    *Most batteries produce a direct current, or DC.*
56. **discharge: **A release of electrical energy from one object to another.  
    *Static electricity will discharge from a charged object to a lesser charged object.*
57. **dormant volcano: **A volcano that is quiet and no longer erupts.  
    ![20190605165208807.jpeg][]  
    *Hawaii's oldest island Kauai is a dormant volcano.*
58. **draw conclusion: **To arrive at possible answers based on information you have gathered.  
    *After you analyze the data from an experiment, you can draw conclusions about what you observed.*
59. **drought: **A long period with little or no rain.  
    ![20190605165513560.jpeg][]  
    *A drought can have deadly effects on an ecosystem.*
60. **dynamo: **Something that generates a great amount of energy.  
    ![20190605170115316.png][]  
    *Dynamos can produce electricity for many homes.*
61. **earthquake: **A sudden shaking or trembling in Earth's crust.  
    ![20190605170322568.jpeg][]  
    *Earthquakes can be caused by volcanoes or sudden shifts of Earth's plates.*
62. **ecosystem: **All the living and nonliving things that interact in an environment.  
    *The forest and the ocean are different ecosystems.*
63. **electrical charge: **A property of matter that tells whether something has a positive or negative charge.  
    *Something with a positive electrical charge will repel an object with the same property.*
64. **electrical engineer: **A person who plans and constructs electrical systems.  
    *An electrical engineer might figure out how to power all the lights and air conditioning in a shopping mall.*
65. **electric current: **A flow of electrical charges.  
    *Electric current moves in one direction like a river.*
66. **electrician: **A person who works with electrical power.  
    *An electrician might install wiring throughout a house.*
67. **electromagnet: **A magnet formed when electric current flows through wire coiled around an iron rod.  
    ![20190606134448290.jpeg][]  
    *When the current stops in an electromagnet, the iron bar is no longer magnetic.*
68. **element: **A basic building block of all matter.  
    *Oxygen, carbon, and iron are all elements.*
69. **emergent: **A tree that rises above the forest around it.  
    *The tops of the tallest trees form the emergent layer of the rain forest.*
70. **endangered: **close to extinction.  
    *When very few of a kind of animal exist, it becomes an endangered species.*
71. **energy pyramid: **A diagram that shows the amount of energy at each level of the food web in an ecosystem.  
    ![20190606135120292.jpeg][]  
    *Humans are usually at the top of the energy pyramid; insects are near the bottom.*
72. **environment: **All the living and nonliving things that surround an organism.  
    *Plants need an environment in which they can get sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and other nutrients.*
73. **erosion: **The transportation of weathered rock from one place to anohter.  
    *Erosion can be caused by rainfall, waves, and wind.*
74. **eruption: **A violent outburst or outpouring.  
    ![20190606155759213.jpeg][]  
    *The eruption of a volcano forces melted rock, gases, and rock out of the vent.*
75. **euglena: **A type of protist that behaves like both a plant and an animal.  
    ![20190606155934659.jpeg][] ![20190606160000355.jpeg][]  
    *Euglena is also classified as a kind of algae.*
76. **exfoliation: **A kind of physical weathering in which layers of rock peel off.  
    ![20190606160301946.jpeg][]  
    *Rocks that are partly buried may show signs of exfoliation on the exposed surfaces.*
77. **experiment: **An organized test designed to support or disprove a hypothesis.  
    *Most expriments are designed and carried out very carefully.*
78. **extinct: **All dead; no more left alive on Earth.  
    *Animals that cannot adapt to changes in their ecosystem may become extinct.*
79. **extrusive: **A kind of igneous rock formed when magma cools and hardens above Earth's surface.  
    ![Image result for extrusive igneous rocks][]  
    *Extrusive igneous rock may form in a matter of hours.*
80. **fault: **A break or crack in Earth's crust where two plates come together.  
    ![20190606161111997.jpeg][]  
    *Earthquakes are common along faults.*
81. **filament: **A thin wire.  
    *The filament in an incandescent light heats up and glows as it resists electric current.*  
    ![20190606161259197.jpeg][]
82. **flood: **The flow of water over the banks of a body of water and across land.  
    ![20190606161526652.jpeg][]  
    *Large amounts of rainfall can cause floods along rivers.*
83. **food chain: **The path that energy takes from one organism to another in the form of food.  
    ![20190606161754467.jpeg][]  
    *A food chain shows how energy goes from the Sun to a plant to an insect to a bird.*
84. **food web: **The food chains that link together in an environment.  
    ![20190606162007561.jpeg][]  
    *A food web shows that some animals are part of more than one food chain.*
85. **forester: **Someone who takes care of a forest or wilderness area.  
    *A forester might interact with hikers, campers, and hunters.*
86. **forest floor: **The ground level of a forest ecosystem.  
    *Not many plants grow on the forest floor because of the lack of sunlight that reaches it.*
87. **fossil: **The remains of a living thing from many years ago.  
    ![20190611154139457.jpeg][]  
    *Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock.*
88. **fungus (*pl.* fungi): **A plant-like organism that breaks down dead or dying plants.  
    ![20190611154646644.jpeg][]  
    *Fungi are one kind of decomposers in a woodland environment. *
89. **fuse: **A device that melts if too much electric current is flowing through a circuit.  
    *When a fuse metls, it must be replaced to restore power to the circuit.*
90. **gem: **A mineral valued for its beauty.  
    ![20190611155226831.jpeg][]  
    *Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds are gems.*
91. **generate: **To create or produce.  
    *Magnets can be used to generate electricity.*
92. **generator: **A device that creates alternating current when an electric coil spins between the poles of a magnet.  
    ![20190611155558154.jpeg][]  
    *An electric generator changes motion into electrical energy. *
93. **genetics: **The study of how organisms pass along tratis over periods of time.  
    *Genetics helps to explain why the necks of giraffes are so long.*
94. **geologist: **A scientist who studies rocks to learn about Earth's history.  
    *Geologists use the properties of rocks to classify them.*
95. **glacier: **A large mass of moving ice.  
    ![20190611160128177.jpeg][]  
    *Glaciers cut into landforms and create valleys over time.*
96. **gneiss: **A type of metamorphic rock.   
    ![20190611160303100.jpeg][]  
    *Gneiss is formed when granite is heated under great pressure.*
97. **gravity: **The pulling force between two objects.  
    *The gravity between your body and Earth prevents you from floating into space.*
98. **hardness: **A property of minerals that tells how well it resists scratching.   
    *Diamond has the highest degree of hardness.*
99. **herbivore: **An animal that eats mainly plants.  
    *Deer, rabbits, and cows are all herbivores.*
100. **horizon: **A layer of soil that is distinct from the layers above and below it.  
    ![20190611161643308.jpeg][]  
    *Each horizon has its own properties.*
101. **hot spot: **A place where magma has partially melted through Earth's crust.  
    ![Image result for hot spot volcano diagram][]  
    *Plates moving over hot spots may give rise to volcanoes.*
102. **humus: **Decayed plant or animal material in soil.  
    ![20190611162107287.jpeg][]  
    *Each layer of soil has different amount of rock and humus.*
103. **hybrid: **Having two or more different things mixed together.  
    *A hybrid car uses both gasoline and electricity as power sources.*
104. **Hypothesis: **A suggested statement or explanation that can be tested to answer a question.  
    *An experiment can help you to test a hypothesis.*
105. **igneous rock: **A type of rock formed when melted rock cools and hardens  
    *Igneous rock, such as granite, can be found near a volcano.*
106. **insulator: **Something that slows or stops the flow of energy, such as heat, electricity, or sound.  
    *Wood, rubber, and glass are good insulators.*
107. **intrusive: **A kind of igneous rock formed when magma cools and hardens below Earth's surface.  
    ![20190611163331216.jpeg][]  
    *Intrusive igneous rock may take thousands of years to form.*
108. **kelp: **A type of seaweed.  
    ![20190611163430945.jpeg][]  
    *Kelp is usually large and brown in color.*
109. **kidney: **A bean-shaped organ that filters water and waste materials out of the blood.  
    ![Image result for kidney][]  
    *In some animals, the kidneys can help store water for later use.*
110. **landform: **A natural feature on Earth's surface.  
    ![20190611163712206.jpeg][]  
    *Plains, mountains, and valleys are all landforms.*
111. **landslide: **The rapid, downhill movement of large amounts of rock, soil, and other material.  
    ![20190611164219161.jpeg][]  
    *An earthquake might cause landslides in mountainous areas.*
112. **lapis lazuli: **A type of metamorphic rock formed from limestone.  
    ![20190611164403995.jpeg][]  
    *Lapis lazuli is a deep blue color and used to make jewelry.*
113. **lava: **Magma that reaches Earth's surface.  
    ![20190611164528532.jpeg][]  
    *Lava often flows when a volcano erupts.*
114. **lava rock: **Another name for pumice, an extrusive igneous rock.  
    ![20190611164700301.jpeg][]  
    *Lava rock is very light in weight with many tiny holes.*
115. **leaf: **The part of a plant that collects light from the Sun.  
    *The leaves of most plants are green.*
116. **levitation: **The act of lifting something or being lifted off the ground.  
    *Maglev trains use magnets for levitation above the ground.*  
    ![20190611165230869.jpeg][] ![20190611165252958.jpeg][]
117. **lightening: **A large spark caused by the discharge of static electricity in a thunderhead.  
    ![2019061116550890.jpeg][]  
    *Lightening can jump from one cloud to another or from a cloud to the ground.*
118. **loudspeaker: **A device that changes electrical energy into sound.  
    ![Image result for loudspeaker][]  
    *Headphones are small loudspeakers with tiny electromagnets that make them work.*
119. **luster: **The way light reflects off a mineral's surface.  
    ![20190611165753376.jpeg][]  
    *Luster is one of several properties of minerals.*
120. **magma: **Hot, molten rock below Earth's crust.  
    ![20190611170125706.jpeg][]  
    *Magma flows like liquid even though it is rock.*
121. **magnet: **An object that can attract iron and produce a magnetic field.  
    ![20190611170302155.jpeg][]  
    *When you bring two magnets together, they will either attract or repel each other.*
122. **magnet field: **The region of positive and negative attractive forces surrounding a magnet.  
    ![20190611170423314.png][]  
    *Earth has a magnetic field similar to a bar magnet.*
123. **malaria: **A disease that causes high fever.  
    ![Image result for malaria][]  
    *Malaria is caused by microorganisms in the blood.*
124. **measure: **To find the size, volume, area, mass, weight, or temperature of an object.  
    *When you measure something, you gather data or information about it.*
125. **mechnical energy: **Motion, or the energy in moving objects.  
    *A motor can produce mechanical energy in power tools, toys, and cars.*
126. **metallic: **Shiny and reflective.  
    ![20190612092944465.jpeg][]  
    *Some minerals have a metallic luster.*
127. **metamorphic rock: **Rock whose form has been changed by heat or pressure.  
    *Under pressure, limestone becomes the metamorphic rock marble.*  
    ![20190612093133198.jpeg][]<--- limestone  ![20190612093345945.jpeg][]<--- marble
128. **microbiologist: **A person who studies microorganisms.  
    *A microbiologist might study the small organisms that cause disease.*
129. **microorganism: **An organism that is too small to see without a microscope.  
    *Protists and bacteria are microorganisms.*
130. **microphone: **A device that converts sound into electrical signals.  
    ![20190612093946414.jpeg][]  
    *Magnets in a microphone turn your voice into signals that can be sent to other locations.*
131. **microscope: **A tool that makes small objects appear larger.  
    ![Image result for microscope][]  
    *You can see bacteria using a microscope.*
132. **mimicry: **When one organism imitates the traits of another.  
    ![2019061209434489.jpeg][]  
    *Some insects use mimicry to look like other insects and fool predators.*
133. **mineral: **A natural, nonliving substance.  
    *Some mineral are the building blocks of rocks.*
134. **Mohs hardness scale: **A table that shows the hardness of minerals.  
    ![Image result for mohs scale of hardness][]  
    *On the Mohs hardness scale, talc has a value of 1 and diamond has a value of 10.*
135. **mold: **A type of fungi.  
    ![20190612095135394.jpeg][]  
    *Many food grow mold over time if left alone.*
136. **motor: **A device that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy.  
    *Electric motors are used in everyday device such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and electric trains.*
137. **mudslide: **Land that becomes too full of water and slides down a slope.  
    ![20190612095447760.jpeg][]  
    *Mudslides may occur after a period of heavy rain.*
138. **nectar: **A sweet liquid found inside flowers.  
    ![20190612095652532.jpeg][]  
    *The nectar attracts animals that help flowers pollinate.*
139. **neutral: **Having no overall electrical charge.  
    *In neutral object, the positive and negative electrical charges canel each other out.*
140. **normal fault: **The crack or line between two plates that are pulling apart.  
    ![20190612100035492.jpeg][] ![20190612100045571.jpeg][]  
    *Rocks above a normal fault move down.*
141. **observe: **To use one or more of your senses to identify or learn about an object or event.  
    *You conduct an experiment to observe what happens in a controlled situation.*
142. **omnivore: **An animal that eats both plants and animals.  
    *Most humans are omnivores.*
143. **open circuit: **An electrical circuit with breaks or openings.  
    ![20190612101410605.png][]  
    *Electric current cannot flow in an open circuit.*
144. **ore: **A mineral or rock containing a useful property or substance.  
    *Hematite is an ore that contains iron.*  
    ![20190612101636685.jpeg][]
145. **organism: **A living thing.  
    *All organisms carry out five basic life functions.*
146. **oxygen: **A gas that most plants and animals need to live.  
    *The air that we breathe contains oxygen.*
147. **parallel circuit: **A circuit in which the electrical current follows more than one path.  
    ![20190612132425295.jpeg][]  
    *Each branch of a parallel circuit has its own electric current.*
148. **photographer: **A person who takes pictures with a camera.  
    *Nature photographers work in many outdoor places like jungles and oceans.*
149. **photosynthesis: **The process by which plants turn sunlight into food.  
    *Most photosynthesis takes place in the summer.*
150. **physical weathering: **The processes that change the size and shape of rocks without changing them chemically.  
    *Extreme high and low temperatures can lead to physical weathering.*
151. **pistil: **The parts of a plant that produce the female sex cells.  
    ![20190612133258816.jpeg][]![20190612133317716.jpeg][]![20190612133446369.jpeg][]  
    *The ovary is part of the plant's pistil.*
152. **plain: **A large, flat stretch of land.  
    ![2019061213370023.jpeg][]  
    *The Great Plains are located in the middle of the United States.*
153. **plate: **An extremely large, moving slab of rock that forms Earth's crust.  
    ![2019061213390139.jpeg][]  
    *The movement of plates can cause earthquakes.*
154. **pole: **The part of a magnet where the magnetic force is strongest.  
    ![20190612134058717.png][]  
    *When two magnets are brought together, the north pole will attract the south pole.*
155. **pollen:** The powder-like grains in a flower that contain male sex cells.  
    ![201906121347519.jpeg][]  
    *During pollination, pollen is transferred from stamen to pistil.*
156. **pollination: **The process in which the male and female cells of plants come together.  
    ![Image result for pollination][]  
    *After pollination a seed develops that lets the plant reproduce.*
157. **population: **All the members of a single type of living thing in an environment.  
    *When one population changes, it affects other populations in the same food web.*
158. **predator: **An animal that hunts another animal for food.  
    *Sharks are the ocean's fiercest predators.*
159. **predict: **To state likely results of an event or experiment.  
    *You might be able to predict the weather by looking at clouds in the sky.*
160. **pressure: **The squeezing force that pushes things together.  
    ![20190612135640166.png][]  
    *Pressure deep in the Earth can form new kinds of rock from old kinds.*
161. **prey: **An animal that is hunted by another animal for food.  
    *Mice are prey to hawks.*
162. **primary consumer: **The first consumer in the food chain.  
    *Herbivores, such as deer or rabbits, are often the primary consumers in their food chains.*
163. **producer: **An organism that makes its own food.  
    *Green plants are producers that make their own food from water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight.*
164. **protist: **A microorganism that lives in water.  
    ![20190612152123396.jpeg][]  
    *Many harmful protists are found in ponds and lakes.*
165. **repel: **To push away.  
    *An object with positive electrical charge will repel another object with positive electrical charge.*
166. **reproduce: **To make new living things like the original.  
    *Not all organisms reproduce the same way.*
167. **resistance: **The ability of a substance to stop or slow down electric current.  
    *Resistance allows electrical energy to be changed into other forms of energy, such as heat or light.*
168. **reverse fault: **The crack or line between two plates that are pushing together.  
    ![20190612153510961.jpeg][] ![20190612153636241.jpeg][]  
    *Rocks above a reverse fault move upward.*
169. **rift volcano: **A volcano that forms where Earth's plates move apart.  
    *Most rift volcanoes form along the ocean floor.*
170. **rock cycle: **The series of processes that show how rocks change from one into another.  
    ![Image result for rock cycle][]  
    *Over time, all rocks melt and harden in the rock cycle.*
171. **rock-forming minerals: **The types of nonliving substances common to rocks.  
    *Quartz and feldspar are two common rock-forming minerals.*  
    ![20190612155202480.png][]
172. **root: **The part of a plant that gets water and food from the soil.  
    *Some roots reach far underground.*
173. **sand dune: **Hill-like deposit of sand left behind by wind erosion.  
    ![20190612155453152.jpeg][]  
    *Winds off the ocean create sand dunes along the shore.*
174. **sediment: **Small pieces of material normally carried and deposited by water or wind.  
    *Some sediments are tiny particles of rocks and minerals or bits of bone and shell.*
175. **sedimentary rock: **A type of rock that forms when sediments are pressed together in layers.  
    ![2019061216010228.jpeg][]  ![20190612160310556.jpeg][]*<--- limestone  
    Limestone is an example of sedimentary rock.*
176. **seed disperal: **The process of spreading seeds that allow plants to reproduce.  
    *Animals play an important role in seed dispersal.*
177. **series circuit: **A circuit in which all the electrical charges flow along the same path.  
    ![20190612161259527.jpeg][]  
    *If any part of a series circuit is broken, no electric current will flow.*
178. **shaft: **A pole or rod that spins or moves.  
    *A motor shaft might turn a gear or a wheel.*  
    ![20190612161534982.png][]
179. **shield volcano: **A volcano with sides taht are wide and flat.  
    ![20190612161736622.jpeg][] ![20190612161829462.jpeg][]  
    *The Hawaiian Islands are examples of shield volcanoes.*
180. **short circuit: **A path of electric current with almost no resistance.  
    ![20190612162042797.png][]  
    *A short circuit can create dangerous levels of heat in the rest of the circuit.*
181. **solar energy: **Energy that comes from the Sun.  
    *Most plants rely on solar energy to grow.*
182. **stamen: **The part of the plant that holds the male cells for reproduction.  
    ![Image result for stamen][]  
    *The stamen is part of the plant's anther.*
183. **static electricity: **A buildup of electrical charge on an object.  
    *Objects rubbing against one another in a clothes dryer create static electricity.*
184. **stem: **The part of a plant that holds it upright.  
    *A plant's stem also carries food and water.*
185. **stomata (*pl.* stoma): **Holes on the bottoms of leaves through which air and water pass.  
    ![20190612163018281.jpeg][]  
    *Carbon dioxide enters a plant through its stomata.*
186. **Streak: **A property of minerals that tells the color of powder left behind when the mineral is scratched along a white tile.  
    ![20190612163202992.jpeg][]  
    *Not all minerals leave a streak that is the same color as the mineral itself.*
187. **strike-slip fault: **The crack or line between two plates that are sliding past each other in different directions.  
    ![20190612163509101.jpeg][] ![20190612163522706.jpeg][]  
    *California's San Andreas Fault is a strike-slip fault.*
188. **strip farming: **Planting alternating rows of grasses and food crops in an area.  
    ![20190612163718305.jpeg][]  
    *Strip farming slows down soil erosion.*
189. **submersible: **Something that can work underwater.  
    *Scientists use vehicles called submersibles to study the bottom of the ocean.*
190. **survey technician: **A person who creates maps and locates boundaries of land.  
    *A survey technician might use a special instrument to calculate large distances. *
191. **switch: **A device that can make, break, or change the flow of electric current in a circuit.  
    *Most switches turn the electric current on or off.*
192. **transformer: **Something that changes the voltage of electric current.  
    ![20190612164620432.png][]![20190612164638710.jpeg][]  
    *Some transformers increase voltage as electric current leaves a power plant, then others decrease the voltage before it enters a home.*
193. **tsunami: **A gaint ocean wave.  
    ![20190612164807503.jpeg][]  
    *A tsunami is usually caused by an earthquake in the ocean.*
194. **turbine: **A type of engine that provides the mechanical energy for a generator.  
    *A simple turbine looks like an electric fan that moves when steam, water, or air pushes against the blades.*
195. **understory: **The area in a forest between the canopy and the ground.  
    *Leopards, frogs, and many insects live in the understory.*
196. **valley: **An area of low land between hills or mountains.  
    *Rivers can cut away at landforms and create valleys.*
197. **vent: **The central opening in a volcano.  
    ![20190612165503256.jpeg][]  
    *During eruption, lava and rocks are forced out of the volcano's vent.*
198. **volcano: **A mountain that builds up around an opening in Earth's crust.  
    ![20190612165634806.jpeg][]  
    *When trapped energy is released from a volcano, there may be an explosive eruption.*
199. **voltage: **The strength of a power source.  
    *A power source with more voltage can produce more electric current.*
200. **volt: **A unit of measurement of the strength of a power source.  
    *Most wall outlets have 120 volts.*
201. **warning: **In weather, a term used to report that something is occurring or will occur soon.  
    *A flood warning means that water is rising over the banks of rivers or lakes.*
202. **watch: **In weather, a term used to report taht a weather event is possible.  
    *A flood watch means that conditions are good for a flood in the near future.*
203. **watt: **A unit of measure that tells how much electrical power is used.  
    *Light bulbs that use more watts generally provide more light.*
204. **weathering: **The natural processes that break down rocks without transporting them.  
    *Freezing, wind, and pressure can lead to weathering.*
205. **wind abrasion: **A kind of physical weathering in which blowing sand wears away the rock.  
    *A sandstorm can cause a high level of wind abrasion.*

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