【英语学习】【加州教材】【G5】【科学】Science目录及术语表

Myth丶恋晨 2022-01-15 03:49 592阅读 0赞

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

加州五年级《科学》课本，主要分为5个大Section，每个Section由两到三个Chapter构成，每个Chapter含有若干Lesson。

*  # Be a Scientist #
    
     *  What is Science?
 *  # Life Science #
    
     *  Chapter 1: Structure of Living Things
        
         *  Lesson 1: Cells
         *  Lesson 2: From Cells to Organisms
         *  Lesson 3: Diversity of Organisms
     *  Chapter 2: Plant Structures and Functions
        
         *  Lesson 1: Vascular Plants
         *  Lesson 2: Plant Transport Systems
         *  Lesson 3: Photosynthesis and Respiration
     *  Chapter 3: Human Body Systems
        
         *  Lesson 1: The Human Body
         *  Lesson 2: The Digestive System
         *  Lesson 3: The Respiratory System
         *  Lesson 4: The Circulatory System
         *  Lesson 5: The Excretory System
 *  # Earth Science #
    
     *  Chapter 4: Earth's Water
        
         *  Lesson 1: Earth: The Blue Planet
         *  Lesson 2: The Water Cycle
         *  Lesson 3: Fresh Water Resources
         *  Lesson 4: California's Water Supply
     *  Chapter 5: Earth's Weather
        
         *  Lesson 1: Earth's Atmosphere
         *  Lesson 2: Air Currents and Wind
         *  Lesson 3: Oceans and Air Temperature
         *  Lesson 4: Severe Weather
         *  Lesson 5: Predicting the Weather
     *  Chapter 6: The Solar System
        
         *  Lesson 1: The Sun
         *  Lesson 2: The Structure of the Solar System
         *  Lesson 3: Gravity and Orbit
 *  # Physical Science #
    
     *  Chapter 7: Types of Matter
        
         *  Lesson 1: Properties of Matter
         *  Lesson 2: Elements
         *  Lesson 3: Classifying Elements
         *  Lesson 4: Mixtures
         *  Lesson 5: Compounds
     *  Chapter 8: Changes in Matter
        
         *  Lesson 1: Chemical Reactions
         *  Lesson 2: Metals and Alloys
         *  Lesson 3: Salts
 *  # Activities #
    
     *  Life Science
     *  Earth Science
     *  Physical Science

看看下面这个术语表，谁再说美国小学课程简单，都是玩到大的，真是自欺欺人。

# Glossary #

1.  **absorption:** A process in which something is taken in and used, as in a cell.  
    *The absorption of nutrients into the body takes place in the small intestine.*
2.  **acid: **A substance that tastes sour, sharp or biting.  
    ![Image result for acid][]
3.  **acidity: **The strength of an acidic solution.
4.  **aerobic: **Having to do with the use of oxygen.  
    *Aerobic exercise, such as running or swimming, strenghens the lungs and heart.*
5.  **aerial root: **A root that never touches the ground.  
    ![2019061310500567.png][]  
    *Aerial roots take in moisture from the air.*
6.  **air mass: **A large region of air that has similar temperature and humidity.  
    *Air masses can be cold, warm, dry, or moist.*
7.  **air pressure: **The force put on a given area by the weight of the air above it.  
    *Air pressure, also called atomospheric pressure, pushes in all directions at once.*
8.  **algae: **A plant-like protist that lives in a water environment.  
    ![20190613110218756.jpeg][]  
    *Algae produce their food using chlorophyll and other similar chemicals.*
9.  **alkali metal: **An element in the most reactive family of metals.  
    ![20190613110535199.png][]  
    *Lithium, sodium, and potassium are all alkali metals.*
10. **alkalinity: **The strengh of a base solution. (*cf. ***acidity**)
11. **alloy: **A mixture of two or more elements, usually metals.  
    *Bronze is a durable alloy made from copper and tin.*
12. **altitude: **How high something is above Earth's surface.  
    *As altitude increases, air pressure decreases.*
13. **alveoli: **Thin-walled air sacs within the lungs.  
    ![20190613111326776.jpeg][]  
    *The bronchi eventually empty air into the alveoli during respiration.*
14. **ameoba: **A common animal-like protist that changes shape to catch food.  
    ![20190613111536763.jpeg][]  
    *Amoeba move by shifting cytoplasm in their cells.*
15. **amphibian: **A vertebrate animal that spends part of its life in water and part on land.  
    *Frogs and salamanders are amphibians.*
16. **anaerobic: **Energy production without oxygen. (*cf.* **aerobic**)  
    *Anaerobic exercise, such as lifting weights, helps to build muscles.*
17. **angiosperm: **A seed plant that produce flowers.  
    *Fruits, vegetables, grains, and almost all nuts come from angiosperms.*
18. **anus: **The opening through which the solid waste leaves the body.  
    *The strong muscles of the anus are located just below the rectum.*
19. **aorta: **The large artery that carries blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body.  
    ![20190613112548892.jpeg][]  
    *The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood out through the aorta.*
20. **aqueduct: **A structure that carries large amounts of water from one place to another.  
    ![2019061313162842.jpeg][]  
    *California has many aqueducts.*
21. ****aquifer: **An underground layer of rock, sand, or gravel that contains water.  
    ![20190613131851588.png][]
22. **artery: **A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.  
    *Arteries circulate oxygen-rich blood.*
23. **arthropod: **An invertebrate animal with a hard outer skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed legs.  
    ![20190613132117942.jpeg][]  
    *Insects, spiders, and crabs are arthropods.*
24. **artificial: **Made by man but working like the natural thing.  
    *Doctors have created artificial organs and limbs to help their patients.*
25. ****asteroid: **A large piece of rock or metal in space.  
    *Many asteroids orbit the Sun.*
26. **astronomer: **A person who studies start, planets, and other objects in outer space.  
    *Many astronomers rely on telescopes to get their data.*
27. **astronomical unit (AU): **The distance between the Earth and the Sun.  
    *One astronomical unit (AU) equals about 150 million kilometers.*
28. **atmosphere: **All of the air surrounding the Earth.  
    *The atmosphere can be divided into several layers.*
29. ****atom: **The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element.  
    *The atoms in each element are unique and determines its properties.*
30. **atomic number: **The number of protons in a single atom of an element.  
    *Every element has a different atomic number.*
31. **atomic weight: **A measure of the mass of a single atom of an element.  
    *Hydrogen has the smallest atomic weight.*
32. **atrium** (*pl. ***atria**): An upper chamber of the human heart.  
    ![20190613133350736.jpeg][]  
    *A valve connects the atrium to the ventricle below it.*
33. ****aurora borealis** \[ɔːˌrɔːrəˌbɔːri'eɪlɪs\] **: **Colored lights seen in the upper atomsphere of the northern hemisphere.  
    from Latin *Aurora *("Roman goddess of the dawn") + *borealis *("northern")  
    ![20190613133726745.jpeg][]  
    *Solar flares can cause the aurora borealis, or northern lights.*
34. **bacteria: **Unicellular organisms that have cell membranes but no distinct nuclei.  
    ![20190613134214327.jpeg][]  
    *Ancient bateria are the oldest living organisms on Earth.*
35. **bark: **The touch outer covering of a tree trunk.  
    ![2019061313462989.jpeg][]  
    *The characteristics of a tree's bark can be used to identify the type of tree.*
36. **base: **A compound that reacts with an acid to form a salt.  
    *Soap is a base.*
37. **barometer: **An instrument that measures air pressure.  
    *There are two kinds of barometers: mercury and aneroid.  
    **Note: aneroid: **a- ("without") + nēros* *("water") *  
    ![20190613135257131.jpeg][]<-- *mercury barometer* ![20190613135217793.jpeg][]*<--- aneroid barometer*  
     
38. **bile: **A digestive juice that breaks down fats in the small intestine.  
    *Bile is produced by the liver.*
39. **bird: **A vertebrate animal that has bothe feathers and wings.  
    *Turkeys, hawks, and ducks are birds.*
40. **bladder: **An organ of the excretory system that temporarily stores urine.  
    ![20190613141514317.jpeg][]  
    *The human bladder can increase in size to hold one and a half pints.*  
    ***Note:** (US) 1 pint = 16 US fluid ounces = 473 ml; (BR) 1 pint = 20 imperial fluid ounces = 568 ml*
41. **boiling point: **The particular temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas.  
    ![20190613141810867.jpeg][]  
    *The boiling point of water is 100 degree Celsius, or 212 degree Fahrenheit. *
42. **bolus: **A ball of chewed food.  
    from Greek *bōlos* ("clod, clot, mass, lump")  
    *Food taken into the mouth is turned into a bolus before being swallowed.*
43. **bronchi: **Small branchlike tubes in the lungs.  
    ![20190613142244210.jpeg][]  
    *The bronchi lead back to the trachea.*
44. ****cambium: **A layer of cells in plants that separates the xylem and the phloem.   
    ![20190613142746504.png][]  
    *The cambium also produces new xylem and phloem cells.  
    Note:  
    **cambium** ( 形成层 )**:** from Latin "change, exchange"  
    **xylem:** from Greek xulon ("wood") + the passive suffix -ēma  
    **phloem*** \['floʊem\] ***: **from Greek phloos ("bark") + the passive suffix -ēma*
45. **cancer: **A disease in which harmful cells multiply without stopping.  
    *Different types of cancer attack different parts of the body, such as bones or specific organs.*
46. **canies: **The long, pointy teeth next to the front teeth.  
    ![20190613144023644.jpeg][]  
    *Canines are useful for cutting and tearing into food.*
47. **capillary: **A tiny blood vessel.  
    *The many capillaries in the lungs help blood to absorb oxygen from the air.*
48. **carbohydrate: **A group of chemical compounds made from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.  
    *Carbonhydrates are the major source of food energy for plants and animals.*
49. **cardiovascular system: **Another name for the circulatory system, which transports materials throughout the body.  
    ![20190613144908378.jpeg][]  
    *The heart, blood vessels, and blood are all parts of the cardiovascular system.*
50. **cecum: **The first, shortest part of the large intestine.  
    ![20190613145049551.jpeg][]  ![Image result for cecum][]  
    *The cecum connects the large intestine to the small intestine.*
51. **cell: **The smallest unit of living matter that can carry out the basic processes of life.  
    ![20190614082451643.jpeg][]  
    *Your body is made up of trillions of cells.*
52. ****cell membrane: **The layer around the outside of a cell.  
    ![Image result for cell membrane][]  
    *The membrane gives the cell its shape and controls what goes in and out.*
53. **cellular respiration: **The life process in which energy is released from food (sugar) inside a cell.  
    *During celluar respiration, animals take in oxygen and release water and carbon dioxide.*
54. **cell wall: **An additional layer around the outside of plant cells.  
    ![20190614082612482.jpeg][]  
    *Cell walls provide extra support and help plants stand tall.*
55. **chemical: **A substance obtained by or used in a chemical process.  
    *Cleaning products are made from chemicals.*
56. **chemical change: **A change that causes a new kind of matter to form with different properties.  
    *When food burns, the chemical change makes it look, feel, and taste different.*
57. **chemical formula: **A way to write a compound's name using symbols.  
    ![20190614092846810.png][]  
    *The chemical formula tells what elements are in the compound, and the subscripts tell the number of particles in the compound.*
58. **chemical reaction: **A change or reaction that creates a new kind of matter (product) with different properties from the original matter (reactant).  
    *Wood yields charcoal in the chemical reaction caused by fire.*
59. **chlorophyll: **A green chemcial that plants use for photosynthesis.  
    ![20190614093742858.jpeg][]  
    *Chlorophyill allows plants to turn sunlight into food.*
60. **chloroplast: **Green structures inside plant cells that turn sunlight into food.  
    ![Image result for plant cell][]  
    *Chloroplast contain the chemical chlorophyll.*
61. **Chordata: **A phylum of animals that have a supporting rod that runs most of the length of the body for at least part of their lives.  
    ![20190614094016383.jpeg][]  
    *Dogs, cats, and humans are all in the phylum Chordata.*
62. **class: **A smaller group within a phylum of similar organisms.  
    ![20190614094435113.jpeg][]  
    *Classes are made up of even smaller groups called orders.*
63. **circulatory system: **The organ system that moves blood through the body. (*cf.* **cardiovascular system**)  
    *The circulatory system aids in the transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients. *
64. **classify: **To place similar material together in a group.  
    *You can classify materials by comparing and contrasting their properties.*
65. **climate: **The average weather pattern or a region.  
    *Climate includes average temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind condition.*
66. **collecting duct: **A tube connected to nephrons within the kidney.  
    ![Image result for kidney collecting duct][]  
    *The collecting duct holds waste material filtered out by the nephron.*
67. **colon: **The widest and longest part of the large intestine.  
    ![Image result for colon anatomy][]  
    *Some absorption of water and minerals takes place in the colon.*
68. **comet: **A piece of ice mixed with rocks, dust, and gases moving through space.  
    ![20190614100130703.jpeg][]  
    *A comet may have a glowing tail as it approaches the Sun.*
69. **communicate: **To share information.  
    *Some scientists communicate their results by writing books and making presentations.*
70. **compound: **A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements held together by chemical bonds that cannot be separated by physical means.  
    *A compound has properties unlike those of the elements that make up the compound.*
71. **condensation: **The process in which matter changes state from gas to liquid.  
    *When water vapor in the air condenses, it can form dew on cool surfaces.*
72. ****condensing point: **The particular temperature at which a substance changes state from gas to liquid. (*cf. ***boiling point**)  
    *The condensing point of water is 100 degree Celsius, or 212 degree Fahrenheit. *
73. **conduct: **To transfer heat or electricity from one place to another.  
    *Metal, such as iron and copper, are good conductors.*
74. **conductivity: **The degree to which heat or electricity flows through a substance.   
    *Electrical wiring is made from metals with high conductivity.*
75. **conservation: **The act or policy of saving or protecting something.  
    *Conservation leads people to use less of the planet's resource to help preserve them for the future.*
76. **contaminate: **To make dirty or impure.  
    *Litter and other kinds of pollution can contaminate fresh water.*
77. **convection: **The transfer of heat through the movement of a gas or liquid.  
    from *con-* ‘together’ + *vehere*‘carry’  
    ![20190614112612933.jpeg][]  
    *When convection occurs in the air, winds are formed.*
78. **Coriolis effect: **In the northern hemisphere, counterclockwise movement caused by Earth's rotation.  
    *The spiral of a hurricane shows how the storm is shaped by the Coriolis effect.*  
    ![Image result for coriolis effect][]
79. **corrosion: **The gradual weakening and wearing away of something, especially due to a chemical reaction.  
    ![20190614130527167.jpeg][]  
    *Corrosion occurs when the metal iron reacts with water and forms rust.*
80. **current: **An ongoing movement in one direction.  
    *An ocean current is a large stream of water that flows through the ocean.*  
    *Electrical current describes the flow of charged particles through a wire.*
81. **cyclone: **A strom with a low pressure closure and a circular pattern of winds.  
    *Tornadoes and hurricanes are both types of cyclones.*  
    ![20190614131327986.jpeg][]
82. **cytoplasm: **The gel-like substance that fills a cell.  
    ![2019061413145965.jpeg][]  
    *The cytoplasm supports all of the other cell structures.*
83. **dam: **a barrier that prevent or restricts the normal flow of water.  
    ![20190614131639275.jpeg][]  
    *Reservoirs are usually made by constructing a dam across a stream or river.*
84. ****density: **A measure of how tightly matter is packed in a given amount of space.  
    *Density can tell you whether an object will float or sink in a liquid.*
85. **desalination: **To remove salt from a substance.  
    *At a desalination plant, salt and other impurities are removed from ocean water to create fresh water.*
86. **dialysis: **A medical treatment that carries out the same processes as the human kidney.  
    *A dialysis machine filters the blood to remove waste and excess water.*
87. **diaphragm: **A flat muscle that controls breathing.  
    ![20190614132657987.jpeg][]  
    *Your diaphragm is beneath your lungs near the bottom of the rib cage.*
88. ****diffusion: **The movement of particles from areas with high concentration to areas with low concentration.  
    ![20190614133016261.png][]  
    *Oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood by diffusion.*
89. **digestion: **The process by which food is broken down into usable substances.  
    *Digestion begins the moment you start to chew something. *
90. **digestive system: **The organ system that breaks down food into nutrients that cells need.  
    *The mouth and stomach are parts of the digestive system.*
91. **disperse: **To scatter or spread.  
    *Plant seeds are dispersed in many ways, including animals and the wind.*
92. ****draw conclusion: **To arrive at possible answers based on information you have gathered.  
    *After you analyze the data from an experiment, you can draw conclusions about what you observed.*
93. **drought: **a long period of dry weather.  
    ![20190614134046830.jpeg][]  
    *A drought can destroy crops and lead to water shortages.*
94. **ductile: **Capable of being drawn out into wire or thread.  
    ![20190614134305138.jpeg][]  
    *Copper and gold are both ductile metals.*
95. **ecology: **The study of how all things in an environment interact with one another.  
    *A plant ecologist may study the ecology of plants in specific environment, such as wetlands or farms.*
96. ****electron: **A particle in the space outside the nucleus of an atom that carries one unit of negative electric charge.  
    *Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons.*
97. **electron microscope: **A magnifying tool that uses electron beams instead of light to "see" small objects.  
    ![Image result for electron microscope][]  
    *Atoms can only be seen using an electron microscope.*
98. **element: **A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance.  
    *Oxygen, carbon, and iron are all elements.*
99. **elimination: **The process of removing or getting rid of something.  
    *In the body, elimination takes place through many pores and openings, such as the anus.*
100. ****ellipse: **A flattened circle.  
    ![20190614135808177.jpeg][]  
    *Planets move through space in ellipses.*
101. **endocrine system: **The organ system that produces chemicals to regulate and control body functions.  
    ![Image result for endocrine system][]  
    *The chemicals of the endocrine system also affect the reproductive system.*
102. **epiderms: **The outermost layer.  
    *In plants, the epidermis is the outermost layer of a leaf.*  
    *In humans, it is the surface layer of the skin.*
103. **epiglottis: **The flap of tissue in the back of the throat that protects you from choking.  
    ![20190614141346732.jpeg][]  
    *The epiglottis closes when you swallow food.*
104. **equator: **The imaginary line that runs around the middle of Earth.  
    *Sunlight strikes Earth most directly at the equator.*
105. **esophagus: **a long muscular tube leading to the stomach.  
    *Your esophagus is lined with mucus that helps food slide along.*
106. **evaporation: **The slow changing of a liquid into a gas.  
    *Evaporation is slower than boiling and can occur at lower temperatures.*
107. **evergreen: **A type of gymnosperm that replaces leaves that are lost.  
    *The leaves of evergreens, such as pine, spruce, and firs, are sometimes called needles.*
108. ****excretory system: **The organ system that removes waste materials from the body.  
    *The kidneys are part of the excretory system.*
109. **exhale: **To breathe out.  
    *When you exhale, your body expels carbon dioxide.*
110. **family: **A group of things that are related in some way.   
    *In the classification of living things, families fall between orders and genera.  
    In the periodic table, families of elements have similar chemical properties.*
111. **feces: **Solid animal waste.  
    *In humans, feces are stored in the rectum until they can be expelled.*
112. ****fertilization: **The joining of a male sex cell with a female sex cell to make one new cell.  
    *Fertilization in plants occurs when pollen transfers to the egg cell.*
113. **fibrous root: **One of the many thin, hairy, fibrous roots that characterize some plants.  
    ![2019061710352361.png][]  
    *Grasses have fibrous roots.*
114. **filtration: **The passing of a mixture through a system that can separate small particles from larger particles.  
    ![20190617103930797.png][]  
    *A mixture of dirt and water can be separated by filtration.*
115. **fish: **A vertebrate animal that lives its entire life in the water.  
    *The bodies of fish are covered with scales.*
116. **flood: **The flow of water over the banks of a body of water and across land.  
    *Large amounts of rainfall can cause floods along rivers.*
117. **fog: **A cloud that forms near the ground.  
    ![20190617104502441.jpeg][]  
    *Dense fog is considered to be a severe form of weather.*
118. **forecast:** (*v. / n.*)** **To predict; a prediction.  
    *A weather forecast makes the best guess at what the weather will be in the near future.*
119. **freezing point: **The particular temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to sold.  
    *The freezing point of water is 0 degree Celsius, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. *
120. **freshwater:** Characterized by water that is not salty.  
    *Most ponds and most rivers are freshwater environments.*
121. **front: **The place where two air masses meet.  
    ![20190617111121442.jpeg][]![20190617111221664.jpeg][]  
    *A change in weather usually occurs when a front passes over an area.*
122. **fungus (*pl.* fungi):** Members of a kingdom that cannot make their own food and must absorb it from their environment.  
    *Mold, mildew, and mushrooms are all examples of fungi.*  
    ![20190617111526881.jpeg][] ![20190617111552155.jpeg][]
123. **fusion: **The smashing together of particles to create new particles.  
    ![20190617141608330.jpeg][]  
    *Fusion can create energy and produces the light and heat of the Sun.*
124. **gallbladder:** A small structure in the body's digestive system that stores bile.  
    ![Image result for gallbladder][]  
    *The gallbladder looks like a small sack.*
125. **gas: **Matter in a state that has no definite shape or volume.  
    *The particles in a gas are moving very rapidly and are widely spread out.*
126. **genera (***sing. **genus*****): **A group made up of two or more very similar species.   
    *Genera fall between families and species in the classification of living things. *
127. **glacier: **A large body of ice that moves slowly over land.  
    ![20190617142419351.jpeg][]  
    *Glaciers are capable of creating deep valleys.*
128. **gland: **A group of cells that can filter blood and/or produce substances that assist in various bodily processes.  
    *The salivary gland in the mouth and throat assist with digestion.*
129. ****global wind: **A wind that blows in a predictable direction.  
    ![20190617142942302.jpeg][]  
    *Global winds blow because of differences in air pressure between Earth's poles and the equator.*
130. **gravity: **The force of attraction between two masses.  
    *The gravity between your body and Earth prevents you from floating into space.*
131. **groundwater: **Precipitation that seeps below the surface of Earth.  
    ![20190617143356602.jpeg][]  
    *People drill wells to tap into Earth's groundwater.*
132. **gymnosperm: **A seed plant that does not produce a flower. (*cf.* **angiosperm**)  
    ![20190617143615422.jpeg][]  
    *Most gymnosperms are evergreens that have seeds inside their cones.*
133. **hardness: **How well a mineral resists scratching or a metal resists denting.  
    *Gold has a low hardness.*
134. ****halogen: **An element in the most reactive family of nonmetals.  
    ![20190617144018261.png][]  
    *Fluorine and chlorine are both halogens.*
135. **heart: **The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.  
    *The human heart beats about 70 to 90 times a minute in the chest.*
136. **heavy metals: **Certain toxic elements, such as lead and mercury.  
    ![20190617150012158.jpeg][]  
    *Heavy metals in drinking water can make a person sick.*
137. **heterogeneous: **Made up of things that differ in kind and/or nature.  
    *In a heterogeneous mixture you can see the particles of different substances.*
138. ****homogeneous: **Made up of things that either look the same or are the same.  
    *In a homogeneous mixture, the individual particles are too small to distinguish and look the same throughout.*
139. **high pressure system: **A large mass of air with high atomospheric at the center.  
    ![2019061715240085.jpeg][]  
    *The wind in a high pressure system turns in a clockwise direction.*
140. **humidity: **The amount of water vapor in the air.  
    *As humidity increases, air pressure decreases.*
141. **hurricane: **A very large, swirling storm with very low pressure at its center and wind speeds higher than 73 miles per hour.  
    ![20190617152650928.jpeg][]  
    *Hurricanes have an "eye" that forms at the center.*
142. ****hydrocarbon: **A compound made only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.  
    ![20190617152809440.jpeg][]
143. **hypothesis: **A testable statement about what someone thinks is logically true.  
    *A hypothesis is tested using an experiment that may either support or disprove it.*
144. **ice sheet: **A large covering of ice and snow that lasts a long time.  
    ![20190617153250788.jpeg][]  
    *Antarctic is covered in an ice sheet.*
145. **immune system: **The organ system that fights disease and helps heal injuries.  
    *The immune system includes cells that attack harmful organisms in the body.*
146. ****incisors: **The teeth in the front of the mouth.  
    ![20190617153541622.jpeg][]  
    *Inscisors are used for biting into food.*
147. **indicator: **A person or thing that indicates.
148. **inertia: **The tendency of a moving object to continue moving in a straight line.  
    *Gravity and friction affect an object's inertia.*
149. **infer: **To come up with an idea based on facts or observations.  
    *The data from an experiment can help you infer what happened.*
150. ****inhale: **To breathe in.  
    *When you inhale, air enters the body through the nose and mouth.*
151. **insulator: **Something that resist the flow of energy, such as heat, electricity, or sound.  
    *Most nonmetals, such as wood and rubber, are good insulators.*
152. **integumentary system: **The organ system that covers and protects the body from injury and infection.  
    *The integumentary system includes hair, skin, and nails.*
153. **invertebrate: **An animal that does not have a backbone.  
    *Mollusks, sponges, and arthropods are all invertebrates.*
154. ****jet stream: **Powerful high altitude global winds above high and low pressure systems.  
    ![20190617155749346.jpeg][]  
    *Jet stream winds can move faster than 150 miles per hour.*
155. **kidney: **A bean-shaped organ that filters waste out of the blood.  
    *The kidneys produce urine.*
156. **kingdom: **The broadest group into which organisms are classified.  
    *The animal kingdom and the plant kingdom are two of the six kingdoms.*  
    ![20190618140825511.jpeg][]
157. **land breeze: **The movement of air from land to water.  
    ![20190618140931744.jpeg][]
158. ****large intestine: **A thick, tubelike organ that removes waste from the body.  
    ![20190618141107765.jpeg][]  
    *The large intestine is shorter and thicker than the small intestine.*
159. **latitude: **A measure of how far north or south something is from the equator.  
    ![20190618141308891.jpeg][]  
    *You can describe an object's location on Earth in terms of its latitude and longitude.*
160. **leaf: **The part of a plant that collects light from the Sun and makes sugar.  
    ![20190618141452478.jpeg][]  
    *The leaves also take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.*
161. **lightening: **A large spark caused by the discharge of electricity in a thunderhead.  
    ![20190618141653220.jpeg][]  
    *Lightening can jump from one cloud to another or from a cloud to the ground.*
162. ****liquid: **Matter in a state that has a definite volume but not a definite shape.  
    *The particles in a liquid move faster than in a solid but remain relatively close together.*
163. **liver: **A large glandular organ that produces digestive juices and breaks down harmful substances in the blood.  
    ![20190618142026720.jpeg][]  
    *The liver is part of the digestive and the excretory system.*
164. **low pressure closure: **An area of low pressure surrounded by an area of high pressure.  
    ![20190618142343222.jpeg][]  
    *A low pressure closure can lead to the creation of a tornado.*
165. **lungs: **The main organ of the respiratory system.  
    ![20190618142535773.jpeg][]  
    *The lungs fill with air and allow gases to enter and leave the blood.*
166. ****malleable: **Capable of being rolled or pounded into flat sheets.  
    ![20190618142731491.jpeg][]  
    *Tin, copper, and aluminum are malleable metals.*
167. **mammal: **A vertebrate animal with hair that feeds its young milk.  
    ![20190618142922445.jpeg][]  
    *Some mammals, such as horses, live on land while others, such as whales, live in water.*
168. **mass: **The amount of matter in an object.  
    *Mass is measured in units called grams.*
169. **matter: **Anything that has mass and takes up space.  
    *Scientists think that matter is made up of particles.*
170. **measure: **To find the size, volume, area, mass, weight, or temperature of an object.  
    *When you measure something, you gather data or information about it.*
171. **melting point: **The particular temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid.  
    *The melting point of water is 0°C, or 32°F.*
172. ****metal: **A substance that conducts heat and electricity.  
    *Metals, such as gold and iron, are shiny when polished and can ben bent or flattened into shapes without breaking.*
173. **metalloid: **A small group of elements with some properties of both metals and nonmetals.  
    ![20190618145428860.jpeg][]  
    *Boron and silicon are metalloids.*
174. **metamorphosis: **A process in which something changes form from one thing into another thing.  
    ![20190618145652398.jpeg][]  
    *Catepillars undergo metamorphosis to change into moths.*
175. **meteor: **A small piece of ice, rock, or metal that enters Earth's atmosphere.  
    ![20190618150026430.jpeg][]  
    *Most shooting stars are also meteors.*
176. ****meteorologist: **A scientist who studies Earth's atmosphere and weather.  
    *Meteorologists try to predict the weather.*
177. **microscope: **A tool that magnifies objects.  
    *A microscope allows us to see and study very small objects like cells.*
178. **mitochondria: **Structures within a cell that break down food and turn it into energy.  
    ![20190618150736166.jpeg][]  
    *The more energy a cell needs, the more mitochondria it will have.*
179. **mixture: **A physical combination of two or more substances taht does not form a new substance.  
    *A bowl of raisins, nuts, and pretzels is a mixture.*  
    ![20190618151132561.jpeg][]*<--- raisins *![20190618151245615.jpeg][]<--- *nuts** *![20190618151213114.jpeg][]*<--- pretzel  
    **Note: **raisin: 葡萄干; pretzel: 椒盐饼干*
180. ****m****olars: **The flat teetch in the back of the mouth. (*cf. ***incisors, canines**)  
    ![20190618151503871.jpeg][]  
    *Molars are useful for crushing and grinding food.*
181. **molecule: **A particle that contains two or more atoms joined together.  
    ![20190618151714544.png][]  
    *Oxygen molecules are made up of two oxygen atoms.*
182. **mollusk: **Invertebrate animals with an external or internal shells.  
    ![20190618151835795.jpeg][]  
    *Snails, clams, and octopuses are mollusks.*
183. **monsoon: **A seasonal wind usually associated with heavy rains.  
    *Monsoon winds occur in southern Asia and the southwestern U.S.*
184. **Moon: **An object that circles around a planet.  
    *Some planets have many moons of different shapes and sizes.*
185. **mucus: **A slippery liquid inside the body.  
    *Mucus in the esophagus keeps food from getting stuck.*
186. **multicellular: **Made up of more than one cell.  
    *Animals and plants are multicellular organisms.*
187. **muscular system: **The organ system made up of muscles attached to bones.  
    ![20190618153207496.jpeg][]  
    *The muscular system helps you move.*
188. ****nanotechnology: **Science that works with materials at the atomic or molecular level.  
    *Nanotechnology refers to devices and procedures that are very, very small in size.*
189. **nephron: **Small individual filters within the kidneys.  
    ![Image result for nephron][]  
    *Nephrons separate waste from useful substances in the blood.*
190. **nervous system: **The organ system that controlls all other body systems.  
    ![2019061815395819.jpeg][]  
    *The nervous system includes the brain, the spinal chord, and nerves.*
191. **neutralization reaction: **The reaction that occurs when an acid and a base react to form water and salt.  
    ![2019061815414342.jpeg][]
192. ****newton: **A basic unit that measures a force, such as gravity.  
    *A person's weight can be expressed in newtons.*
193. **noble gases: **The nonmetallic elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.  
    ![2019061815444129.jpeg][]  
    *Noble gases rarely react with other elements.*
194. **nonmetals: **A group of elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity.  
    ![20190618154700388.jpeg][]  
    *Many nonmetals, such as oxygen and helium, are gases at room temperature.*
195. **nonvascular: **Containing no plant tissue through which food or water moves.  
    *Mosses are nonvascular plants that get water and food directly from the ground.*
196. ****neucleus: **An object positioned at the center; in cells, the structure that controls all activity wihin a cell.  
    *The neucleus is the central command center of the cell.*
197. **nutrient: **An substance that is useful to an organism.  
    *Cells draw their energy from nutrients.*
198. **observe: **To use one or more of your senses to identify or learn about an object or event.  
    *You conduct an experiment to observe what happens in a particular situation.*
199. **ocean: **A large body of salt water.  
    ![20190621094900800.jpeg][]  
    *The Atlantic and the Pacific are both oceans.*
200. **orbit: **The path an object takes as it travels around another object.  
    *Earth's orbit requires about 365 days to complete.*
201. **order: **A smaller group within a class of similar organisms.  
    *Orders are made up of even smaller groups called families.*
202. **organ: **A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific bodily function.  
    *The lungs, heart, and stomach are all organs.*
203. **organism: **An individual living thing.  
    *All organisms carry out five basic life functions.*
204. **organ system: **A group of organs that work together to perform a specific bodily function.  
    *The digestive system and the respiratory system are examples of animal organ systems.*
205. **oscillation: **Movement back and forth.  
    *Shifting wind patterns can lead to an oscillation in weather conditions.*
206. **pancreas: **A gland that produces digestive fluids and other helpful chemicals.  
    ![20190621100154452.jpeg][]  
    *The pancreas is located on top of the small intestine.*
207. **paramecium: **A common-animal like protist that cannot produce its own food.  
    ![20190621100503807.png][]  
    *A paramecium moves using hairlike structures that stick out of its cell membrane.*
208. **pericardium: **The sac of tissue around the heart.  
    *The pericardium protects the heart.*
209. **periodic table: **A chart that shows all of the known elements and their properties.  
    *The periodic table places elements with similar chemical properties in groups of families.*
210. **petiole: **The part of a plant that connects the leaf to the stalk.  
    ![20190621101201674.jpeg][]  
    *Veins in a leaf usually branch out from the petiole.*
211. **pharynx: **The part of the throat that connects the mouth to the digestive tube.  
    ![20190621101728445.jpeg][]  
    *The pharynx is located just above the esophagus.*
212. ****pH scale: **The scale that measures the amount of acid or base solution.  
    ![20190621102742984.png][]  
    *Fourteen on the pH scale is basic (alkaline).*
213. **phloem: **The tissue in a plant that moves food down from the leaves to other parts of the plant.  
    ![20190621142948818.jpeg][]  
    *The location of phloem depends on the type of stem.*
214. **Photosynthesis: **The process by which plants turn sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and other nutrients from the soil into food.  
    ![20190621143307468.jpeg][]  
    *Most photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of the plant.*
215. **phylum (***pl.* ***Phyla*): **The level of classification of living things below kingdom and above class.  
    *The two phyla in the animal kingdom are vertebrates and invertebrates.*
216. **pistil: **The parts of a plant that produce the female sex cells.  
    ![20190621144523982.jpeg][]  
    *The ovary is part of the plant's pistil.*
217. **plasma: **A fluid in which other materials are suspended, as with blood cells in blood.  
    ![2019062114490224.jpeg][]  
    *Blood plasma is made up of water and proteins.*
218. **platelet: **Small cell fragments that help the body heal.  
    ![Image result for blood platelet][]  
    *Platelets clump together to form patches that stop bleeding.*
219. **pollen: **The powder-like grains in a flower that contain the male sex cells.  
    ![201906121347519.jpeg][]  
    *During pollination, pollen is transferred from stamen to pistil.*
220. ****pollination: **The process in which the male and female cells of plants come together.  
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]  
    *After pollination a seed develops that lets the plant reproduce.*
221. **pollute: **To make dirty, unclean, or contaminated.  
    *Litter pollutes the landscape.*
222. **pore: **A small opening.  
    *Pores in the skin are connected to sweat glands and assist in waste elimination.*
223. **precipitate: **The solid product of a chemical reaction in a solution.  
    *Magnesium carbon is the precipitate formed when Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate**) react with washing soda.  
    **Note:** Epsom: a place name in Surrey, England.*  
    ![20190623095648174.jpeg][]![20190623095658258.jpeg][]
224. **precipitation: **Water droplets that form in the atmosphere and fall to the ground.  
    *Precipitation can take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.*  
    ![Image result for sleet][]
225. **product: **A new substance resulting from a chemical change.  
    *Glass is the product of heated sand.*
226. **property: **A trait of something that can be observed and measured.  
    *The physical property of matter include volume, mass, and weight.*
227. **prop root: **Roots that grow like fingers out of the stem of a plant.  
    ![Image result for prop root][]  
    *Corn plants and mangroves have prop roots.*
228. ****protist: **A member of the kingdom Protista, which contains mostly unicellular organisms with distinct nulei.  
    ![20190623101145246.jpeg][]  
    *Protists can be like animals, plants, or fungi in terns of how they get food.*
229. **proton: **A particle in the space inside the nucleus of an atom that carries one unit of positive electric charge.  
    ![20190623101420345.jpeg][]  
    *Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons.*
230. **pulmonary: **Having to do with the lungs.  
    *A pulmonary artery brings oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs; a pulmonary vein brings oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.*  
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2][]
231. **reactant: **An original substance at the beginning of a chemical reaction.  
    *Carbon and oxygen atoms are reactants that yield the product carbon dioxide when carbon is burned.*
232. ****reactivity: **The ability of elements to take part in chemical reactions.  
    *Most metals have high reactivity, while the noble gases do not.*
233. **reclamation: **The act of recycling or restoring something to a usable state.  
    *Land reclamation efforts can convert poor soil back into fertile farmland.*
234. **record data: **To make note of an observation in a permanent way, as in writing.  
    *When you record data on a chart, you organize your observations.*
235. **rectum: **The last part of the large intestine.  
    ![20190623105359283.jpeg][]  
    *Solid waste is stored in the rectum until it can be expelled.*
236. ****renal: **Having to do with the kidneys.  
    *The renal artery brings blood into the kidneys.*  
    ![20190623105543690.jpeg][]
237. **reproduction: **The process of creating more of the same kind of organism.  
    *Reproduction is one of the basic life processes of all living things.*
238. **reproductive system: **The organ system that produces offsprings.  
    *The reproductive system differs between males and females.*  
    ![20190623105911260.jpeg][]
239. **reptile: **A land vertebrate with thick, dry, scaly skin.  
    *Snakes, lizards, and turtles are reptiles.*
240. ****reservoir: **A man-made lake that stores water for later use.  
    ![20190623110452985.jpeg][]  
    *Most reservoirs are created by damming a stream or river.*
241. **respiration: **The life process in which energy is released from food (sugar).  
    *Plants and animals take in oxygen during respiration.*
242. **respiratory system: **The organ system that brings oxygen to body cells and removes waste gas.  
    ![20190623110731314.jpeg][]  
    *The lungs are part of the respiratory system.*
243. **root: **The part of a plant that absorbs water and mineral, stores food, and anchors the plant.  
    ![20190623111339166.png][]  
    *The roots usually spread out and down into the soil.*
244. ****saliva: **A watery fluid that moistens and softens food.  
    *Saliva helps digestion by chemically breaking down food.*
245. **salt: **A white substance that is found in sea water and in the earth.  
    ![20190623111729713.jpeg][]
246. **salivary glands: **Glands that produce a watery fluid that aids in digestion.  
    ![20190623111914182.jpeg][]  
    *You have salivary glands in your mouth and throat.*
247. **satellite: **An object in space that circles around another object.  
    *Earth's moon is a satellite.*
248. ****sea breeze: **The movement of air from water to land.  
    ![20190623112258425.jpeg][]  
    *You feel sea breezes on beaches.*
249. **seed: **An undeveloped plant with stored food in a protective covering.  
    ![20190623112435548.jpeg][]![20190623112532797.jpeg][]  
    *Seeds are formed when a male and a female cell join.*
250. **skeletal system: **The organ system made up of bones that support the body.  
    *The skeletal and muscular system work together to help you move.*
251. **small intestine: **A coiled, tubelike digestive organ connected to the stomach.  
    *Partially digested food is broken down into nutrients inside the small intestine.*
252. ****solar flare: **A huge burst of heat and energy from the surface of the Sun.  
    ![20190623114659229.jpeg][]  ![Image result for solar flare diagram][]  
    *Solar flares can affect electronic equipment even on Earth.*
253. **solar system: **The sun and the objects in orbit around it.  
    ![20190623115855133.jpeg][]  
    *Our solar system is in the Milky Way galaxy.*
254. **solid: **Matter in a state that has a definite shape and volume.  
    *The particles in a solid are not moving around.*
255. **solubility: **The greatest amount of a solute that can be dissolved by a given amount of solvent.  
    *The solubility of table salt is 37 grams per 100 grams of water at room temperature.*
256. **solute: **The substance in a solution that dissolves.  
    *In salt water, salt is the solute.*  
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3][]
257. **solution: **A mixture that is blended so completely that it looks the same everywhere.  
    *When sugar dissolves in water, it forms a solution.*
258. **solvent: **The substance in a solution into which other substances dissolve.  
    *In salt water, water is the solvent.*
259. **species: **The narrowest group in the classification system of living things.  
    *Organisms in the same species are very closely related.*
260. **spore: **A single cell that can develop into a plant exactly like the one that produced it.  
    ![20190623161350319.jpeg][] ![Image result for spore][]  
    *Spores will not grow and produce plants unless they are near water.*
261. **stamen: **The part of the plant that holds the male cells for reproduction.  
    ![20190623161657748.jpeg][]  
    *The stamen is part of the plant's anther.*
262. **star: **An object in space that produces its own light and heat.  
    *The nearest star to the Earth is the Sun.*
263. **starch: **A complex carbonhydrate made of thousands of sugar units.  
    *Plants store sugar in the form of starch.*
264. ****state of matter: **One of three forms that matter can take.  
    *The states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases.*
265. **stem: **The main stalk of a plant.  
    *A plant's stem holds it uprights and carries food and water.*
266. **sternum: **The vertical bone in the center of the chest.  
    ![20190623162629145.jpeg][]  
    *The sternum helps to protect the heart from injury.*
267. **stomach: **The main digestive organ in most animals.  
    ![20190623162835896.jpeg][]  
    *The human stomach has three layers of muscles and glands that produce chemicals for breaking down food.*
268. **stomata (**pl. **stoma): **Small pores on plants, usually on the bottoms of leaves, through which air and water pass.  
    *Stoma open and close to let in and give off gases.*  
    ![Image result for stomata][]
269. **storm surge: **A bulge of water created by an area of very low pressure in the ocean.  
    ![20190623163349439.jpeg][]  
    *The storm surge can be the most destructive part of a hurricane along the coast.*
270. **sublimation: **The process in which matter changes state from a solid directly into a gas.  
    *When dry ice is exposed to room temperature, the crystals sublime rapidly into a vapor.*
271. **subscript: **A number in a chemical formula that tells how many atoms of a particular element are in the compound.  
    ![20190623163820107.png][]  
    *The subscript is usually a small number written to the right and lower than the symbol for the element.*
272. ****sunspot: **A dark spot that occurs on the Sun's surface.  
    ![20190623164801504.jpeg][]  
    *The number of sunspots changes over time.*
273. **superconductor: **A material that loses all resistance to electrical flow at extremely low temperature.  
    *Superconductors are used today in some fast-moving trains in Germany, Japan, and China.*
274. **suspension: **A mixture whose visible particles settle and separate over time.  
    *Oil and vinegar shaken together create a suspension.*
275. **sweat: **Fluid that helps the body eliminate excess water and waste materials through pore in the skin.  
    *Sweat also helps the body to cool off.*
276. **taproot: **A root that grows deep into the ground and has few hairy branches.  
    ![20190623165534883.jpeg][]  
    *Dandelion, carrot, and beet plants have taproots.*
277. **telescope: **A tool that makes distant objects appear closer and larger.  
    *The Hubble telescope allows us to see distant planets and stars more clearly.*  
    ![20190623165944869.jpeg][]
278. **temper: **To warm up something cold, or cool down something hot.  
    *Cold air that comes in contact with warm water is tempered.*
279. **thunder: **The noise caused by rapidly expanding air heated by lightning.  
    *Thunder can sound like a big bang or a low rumble.*
280. ****thunderhead: **A cloud in which a thunderstorm forms.  
    ![20190624102943775.jpeg][]  
    *Most thunderheads are cumulonimbus clouds.*
281. **thunderstorm: **A rainstorm that includes thunder and lightning.  
    ![20190624103158646.jpeg][]  
    *Thunderstorms are the most common types of severe weather.*
282. **tide: **The rise and fall of the ocean's surface.  
    ![Image result for tide][]  
    *The moons gravitational pull affects tides on Earth.*
283. **tissue: **A group of similar cells that work together to do the same job.  
    ![Image result for tissue body][]  
    *The cells in muscle tissue all work to move parts of the body.*
284. **tornado: **A rotating, funnel-shaped cloud with extremely high-winds.  
    ![Image result for tornado][]  
    *Tornados are also called "twisters" because they often twist as they move.*
285. **toxin: **A poisonous substance within the body.  
    *The liver and kidneys both help to remove toxins from blood.*
286. **trachea: **The strong tube that connects the throat to the bronchi of the lungs.  
    ![Image result for trachea][]  
    *The trachea, or windpipe, is a major part of the respiratory system.*
287. **trade winds: **Winds that blow between 30˚N latitude and 30˚S latitude.  
    ![20190624105034856.jpeg][]  
    *Sailors relies on trade winds to transport items for sale around the globe.*
288. **tropical storm: **A large storm near the equator with low pressure at its center and rotating winds.  
    ![20190624105315202.jpeg][]  
    *A tropical storm becomes a hurricane when its winds reach a certain speed.*
289. **troposphere: **The layer of Earth's atmosphere that is closest to the surface.  
    ![20190624105552312.jpeg][]  
    *All of the organisms on Earth exist in the troposphere.*
290. **unicellular: **Made up of only one cell.  
    *A unicellular organism can carry out all the basic life processes in once cell.*
291. **ureter: **A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.  
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4][]  
    *Ureters are part of the body's excretory system.*
292. **urethra: **A tube that carries urine from bladder to the outside of the body.  
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5][]  
    *The urethra is part of the excretory system.*
293. **urinary system: **The part of the excretory system that handles most liquid wastes.  
    ![20190624110557860.jpeg][]  
    *The kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract are parts of the urinary system.*
294. **urination: **The process of releasing urine from the bladder and out of the body through urethra.  
    *Urination may become more frequent shortly after a person drinks more fluids.*
295. **urine: **A fluid consisting of body waste and excess water.  
    *The kidneys produce urine by filtering the blood.*
296. ****vacuole: **A cell structure used for storage.  
    ![Image result for vacuole][]  
    *Vacuols can hold water, food, and waste products.*
297. **valve: **A flap that allows fluids to flow in only one direction.  
    *In the heart, valves allow blood to pass from the atrium into the ventricle and not the other way.*  
    ![Image result for heart valves][]
298. **variable: **Something that can be changed or controlled.  
    *When measuring solubility, temperatur is a significant variable.*
299. **vascular: **Containing vessels that transport water and food.  
    ![20190624111828266.jpeg][]  
    *Vascular plants have tissue that allows them to grow tall and still move food and water throughout the organism.*
300. **vein: **A blood vessel that transports blood back to the heart.  
    *Veins, such as vena cava, connect to the heart's atriums.*
301. **vena cava: **The main vein leading from the body back to the heart.  
    ![Image result for vena cava][]  
    *The vena cava enters the right atrium of the heart.*
302. **ventricle: **A lower chamber of the human heart.  
    *In the heart, blood flows from an atrium into a ventricle and is then pushed out into the body.*
303. **vertebrate: **An animal that has a backbone.  
    *Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all vertebrates.*
304. **villi: **Small hairlike structures that protrude from a surface.  
    *Villi in the small intestine increase absorption by providing more surface area.*  
    ![Image result for villi][]
305. **volume: **The amount of space that an object takes up.  
    *The unit measure of volume for liquids is the liter (L); for solids it is the cubic meter. *
306. **water cycle: **The continuous movement of water from a liquid state on the ground to a vapor state in the air and back again.  
    ![Image result for water cycle][]  
    *Cloud formation and rainfall are two parts of the water cycle.*
307. **watershed: **An area of land that drains into a specific river.  
    ![20190624135619238.jpeg][]  
    *There are ten watersheds in California.*
308. **Water vapor: **The gas state of water.  
    *You cannot see water vapor in the air.*
309. **weight: **A measurement how strongly gravity pulls on an object.  
    *Weight can be measured in newtons or in pounds and ounces.*
310. **weather map: **A model or representation of one or more weather variables.  
    ![20190624135956873.jpeg][]  
    *A weather map might show temperatures, precipitation amounts, or wind speeds.*
311. **xylem: **Plant tissue that moves water and minerals up from the roots.  
    ![Image result for xylem][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6][]  
    *Most of the layers in a tree trunk are made of xylem.*****

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