【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【D】Human Body Systems 目录及术语表

柔光的暖阳◎ 2021-12-11 02:47 352阅读 0赞

**Table of Contents**

简要目录（Simple Contents）

详细目录（Detailed Contents）

术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）

术语表（Glossary in Page Order）

--------------------

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

Glencoe Science模块系列教材，模块D - Human Body Systems，2005版，276页。全书分为7大章（Chapter），每章由若干小节（Section）构成，各章后附有Study Guide，Review与Standardized Test Practice。

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**Cover Description: **Parts of the human body systems are shown here. Although each system has a different role, they function together to maintain homeostasis. A human needs all systems operating together in order to survive.

# 简要目录（Simple Contents） #

## Chapter 1: Structure and Movement ##

## Chapter 2: Nutrients and Digestion ##

## Chapter 3: Circulation ##

## Chapter 4: Respiration and Excretion ##

## Chapter 5: Control and Coordination ##

## Chapter 6: Regulation and Reproduction ##

## Chapter 7: Immunity and Disease ##

# **详细目录（Detailed Contents）** #

## Chapter 1: Structure and Movement ##

*  ### Section 1: The Skeletal System ###
 *  ### Section 2: The Muscular System ###
 *  ### Section 3: The Skin ###

## Chapter 2: Nutrients and Digestion ##

*  ### Section 1: Nutrition ###
 *  ### Section 2: The Digestive System ###

## Chapter 3: Circulation ##

*  ### Section 1: The Circulatory System ###
 *  ### Section 2: Blood ###
 *  ### Section 3: The Lymphatic System ###

## Chapter 4: Respiration and Excretion ##

*  ### Section 1: The Respiratory System ###
 *  ### Section 2: The Excretory System ###

## Chapter 5: Control and Coordination ##

*  ### Section 1: The Nervous System ###
 *  ### Section 2: The Senses ###

## Chapter 6: Regulation and Reproduction ##

*  ### Section 1: The Endocrine System ###
 *  ### Section 2: The Reproductive System ###
 *  ### Section 3: Human Life Stages ###

## Chapter 7: Immunity and Disease ##

*  ### Section 1: The Immune System ###
 *  ### Section 2: Infectious Diseases  ###
 *  ### Section 3: Noninfectious Diseases ###

# **术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）** #

1.  **179: active immunity: **long-lasting immunity that results when the body makes its own antibodies in response to a specific antigen. 
2.  **191: allergen: **substance that causes an allergic reaction.
3.  **190: allergy: **overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance.
4.  **95: alveolus / alveoli: **(from Latin, ‘small cavity’, diminutive of *alveus*) tiny, thin-walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surround by capillaries; carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange takes place. 
5.  **37: amino acid: **building block of protein.
6.  **159: amniotic sac: **thin, liquid-filled, protective membrane that forms around the embryo.
7.  **178: antibody: **a protein made in response to a specific antigen that can attach to the antigen and cause it to be useless. 
8.  **178: antigen: **any complex molecules that is foreign to your body. 
9.  **68: artery: **blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, and has thick, elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue. 
10. **100: asthma: **(from Greek *asthma* 'breathe hard') lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction. 
11. **65: atrium: **two upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat.
12. **119: axon: **neuron structure that carries messages away from the cell body. 
13. **185: biological vector: **disease-carrying organism, such as a rat, mosquito, or fly, that spreads infectious disease.
14. **104: bladder: **elastic, muscular organ that holds urine until it leaves the body through the urethra.
15. **122: brain stem: **connects the brain to the spinal cord and is made up of midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
16. **95: bronchi: **two short tubes that branch off at the end of the trachea and carry air into the lungs.
17. **69: capillary: **microsopic blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; has walls one cell thick, through which nutrients and oxygen diffuse into body cells, and waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse out of body cells.
18. **38: carbonhydrate: **nutrient that usually is the body's main source of energy. 
19. **17: cardiac muscle: **striated, involuntary muscle only found in the heart.
20. **10: cartilage: **in humans, thick, smooth, flexible and slippery tissue layer that covers the ends of bones, makes movement easier by reducing friction and absorbs shocks.
21. **121: central nervous system: **division of the nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord. 
22. **122: cerebellum: **part of the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements, maintains muscle tone, and helps maintain balance.
23. **122: cerebrum: **largest part of the brain, where memory is stored, movements are controlled, and impulses from the senses are interpreted. 
24. **47: chemical digestion: **occurs when enzymes and other chemicals break down large food molecules into smaller one.
25. **194: chemotherapy: **use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells.
26. **51: chyme: **(from late Latin *chymus*, from Greek *khūmos* ‘juice’) liquid product of digestion.
27. **132: cochlea: **(from Greek *kokhlias '*snail shell, screw, or spiral object*'*) fluid-filled structure in the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
28. **65: coronary circulation: **flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.
29. **119: dendrite: **(from Greek *dendritēs* ‘treelike’) neuron structure that receives messages and sends them to the cell body. 
30. **21: dermis: **skin layer below the epidermis that contains blood vessels, nerves, oil and sweat glands, and other structures.
31. **96: diaphragm: **muscle beneath the lungs that contracts and relaxes to move gases in and out of the body. 
32. **47: digestion: **mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules that cells can absorb and use. 
33. **159: embryo: **(from *em-* ‘into’ + *bruein* ‘swell, grow’) fertilized egg that has attached to the wall of uterus. 
34. **99: emphysema: **(from *emphusan* ‘puff up’) lung disease in which the alveoli enlarge.
35. **48: enzyme: **a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body without being changed or used up itself. 
36. **20: epidermis: **outer, thinnest skin layer that constantly produce new cells to replace the dead cells rubbed off its surface.
37. **39: fat: **nutrient that stores energy, cushions organs, and helps the body absorb vitamins. 
38. **162: fetal stress: **can occur during the birth process or after birth as an infant adjusts from a watery, dark, constant-temperature environment to its new environment. 
39. **160: fetus: **in humans, a developing baby after the first two months of pregancy until birth. 
40. **44: food group: **group of foods --- such as bread, cereal, rice, and pasta --- containing the same type of nutrients. 
41. **75: hemoglobin: **chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells, and carries some carbon dioxide from body cells back to the lungs. 
42. **119: homeostasis: **regulation of an organism's internal, life-maintaining. 
43. **146: hormone: **in humans, chemical produced by the endocrine system, released directly into the bloodstream by ductless glands; affects specific target tissues, and can speed up or slow down cellular activities. 
44. **176: immune system: **complex group of defenses that protects the body against pathogens --- includes the skin, respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. 
45. **185: infectious disease: **disease caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protist that is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organisms. 
46. **15: involuntary muscle: **muscle, such as heart muscle, that cannot be consciously controlled. 
47. **11: joint: **any place where two or more bones come together; can be movable or immovable. 
48. **102: kidney: **bean-shaped urinary system organ that is made up of about 1 million nephrons and filters blood, producing urine. 
49. **95: larynx: **airway to which the vocal cords are attached. 
50. **11: ligament: **tough band of tissue that holds bones together at joints. 
51. **80: lymph: **tissue fluid that has diffused into lymphatic capillaries. 
52. **80: lymph nodes: **bean-shaped organs found throughout the body that filter out microorganisms and foreign materials taken up by the lymphocytes. 
53. **80: lymphatic system: **carries lymph through a network of lymph capillaries and vessels, and drains it into large veins near the heart; helps fight infections and diseases. 
54. **80: lymphocyte: **a type of white blood cell that fights infection. 
55. **47: mechanical digestion: **breakdown of food through chewing, mixing, and churning. 
56. **21: melanin: **(from Greek *melas*, *melan-* ‘black’ + *-in '*chemical compounds') pigment produced by the epidermis that protects skin from sun damage and gives skin and eyes their color. 
57. **154: menstrual cycle: **hormone-controlled monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system that includes maturation of an egg and preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy. 
58. **154: menstruation: **monthly flow of blood and tissue cells that occur when the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed. 
59. **42: mineral: **inorganic nutrient that regulates many chemical reactions in the body. 
60. **14: muscle: **organ that can relax, contract, and provide the force to move bones and body parts. 
61. **103: nephron: **tiny filtering unit of the kidney. 
62. **119: neuron: **basic functioning unit of the nervous system, made up of a cell body, dendrites, and axons. 
63. **190: noninfectious disease: **disease, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, that is not spread from one person to another.
64. **36: nutrients: **substances in foods --- proteins, carbonhydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water --- that provide energy for cell development, growth, and repair. 
65. **133: olfactory cell:** (from Latin *olfactare* ‘to smell’) nasal nerve cell that becomes stimulated by molecules in the air and send impulses to the brain for interpretation of odors.
66. **153: ovary: **in humans, female reproductive organ that produces eggs and is located in the lower part of the body. 
67. **153: ovulation: **monthly process in which an egg is released from an ovary and enters the oviduct, where it can become fertilized by sperm.
68. **179: passive immunity: **immunity that results when antibodies produced in one animal are introduced into another's body; does not last as long as active immunity.
69. **182: pasteurization: **(from the name of Pasteur, Louis) process in which a liquid is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria.
70. **9: periosteum: **touch, tight-fitting membrane that cover a bone's surface and contains blood vessels that transport nutrients into the bone. 
71. **121: peripheral nervous system: **division of the nervous system, made up of all the nerves outside the CNS (central nervous system); connects the brain and spinal cord to other body parts.
72. **50: peristalsis: **(from Greek *peristallein* ‘wrap around’, from *peri-* ‘around’ + *stallein* ‘to place’) waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
73. **94: pharynx: **tubelike passageway for food, liquid, and air. 
74. **74: plasma: **liquid part of blood, made mostly of water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and minerals are dissolved. 
75. **75: platelet: **irregularly shaped cell fragement that helps clot blood and releases chemicals, that help form fibrin.
76. **158: pregnancy: **period of development --- usually about 38 or 39 weeks in female humans --- from fertilized egg until birth.
77. **37: protein: **large molue that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and is made up of amino acids; used by the body for growth and for replacement and repair of body cells.
78. **66: pulmonary circulation: **flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
79. **125: reflex: **automatic, involuntary reponse to a stimulus; controlled by the spinal cord.
80. **129: retina: **light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye; contains rods and cones.
81. **152: semen: **mixture of sperm and a fluid that helps sperm move and supplies them with an energy source. 
82. **186: sexually transmitted disease (STD): **infectious disease, such as chlamydia, AIDS, or genital herpes, that is passed from one person to another during sexual contact. (chlamydia 衣原体 - from Greek *khlamus* ‘cloak’; herpes 泡疹 -  from Greek *herpēs* ‘shingles’, literally ‘creeping’)
83. **17: skeletal muscle: **voluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs, and is attached to bones by tendons.
84. **8: skeletal system: **all the bones in the body; forms an internal, living framework that provides shape and support, protects internal organs, moves bones, forms blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorus compounds for later use. 
85. **17: smooth muscle: **involuntary, nonstriated muscle that controls movement of internal organs.
86. **152: sperm: **in humans, male reproductive cells produced in the testes.
87. **121: synapse: **small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron. 
88. **67: systemic circulation: **largest part of the circulatory system, in which oxygen-rich blood flows to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs, and oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart.
89. **134: taste bud: **major sensory receptor on the tongue; contains taste hairs that send impluses to the brain for interpretation of tastes.
90. **17: tendon: **thick band of tissue that attaches bones to muscles.
91. **152: testis: **male organ that produces sperm and testosterone.
92. **95: trachea: **air-conducting tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi, is lined with mucous membranes and cilia, and contains strong cartilage rings. 
93. **104: ureter: **tube that carries urine from each kidney to the bladder.
94. **104: urethra: **tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
95. **101: urinary system: **system of excretory organs that rids the blood of wastes, controls blood volume by removing excess water, and balances concentrations of salts and water.
96. **102: urine: **wastewater that contains excess water, salts, and other wastes that are not reabsorbed by the body.
97. **153: uterus: **in humans, hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg develops into a baby.
98. **179: vaccination: **process of giving a vaccine by mouth or by injection to provide active immunity against a disease.
99. **153: vagina: **muscular tube that connects the lower end of the uterus to the outside of the body; the birth canal through which a baby travels when being born.
100. **68: vein: **blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart, and has one-way valves that keep blood moving toward the heart.
101. **66: ventricles: **two lower chambers of the heart, that contract at the same time, during a heartbeat.
102. **52: villi: **fingerlike projections covering the wall of small intestine that increase the surface area for food absorption.
103. **182: virus: **strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating that can infect and multiply in a host cell.
104. **40: vitamin: **water-soluble or fat-soluble organic nutrient needed in small quantities for growth, for preventing some diseases, and for regulating body functions.
105. **15: voluntary muscle: **muscle, such as a leg or arm muscle, that can be consciously controlled.

# 术语表（Glossary in Page Order） #

<table> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:48pt;">Index</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:48pt;">Page</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:174px;">Terminology</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">Description</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">84</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">8</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;skeletal system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;all the bones in the body; forms an internal, living framework that provides shape and support, protects internal organs, moves bones, forms blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorus compounds for later use.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">70</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;periosteum</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;touch, tight-fitting membrane that cover a bone's surface and contains blood vessels that transport nutrients into the bone.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;cartilage</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;in humans, thick, smooth, flexible and slippery tissue layer that covers the ends of bones, makes movement easier by reducing friction and absorbs shocks.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">47</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">11</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;joint</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;any place where two or more bones come together; can be movable or immovable.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">50</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">11</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;ligament</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;tough&nbsp;band of tissue that holds bones together at joints.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">60</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">14</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;muscle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;organ that can relax, contract, and provide the force to move bones and body parts.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">46</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;involuntary muscle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;muscle, such as heart muscle, that cannot be consciously controlled.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">105</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;voluntary muscle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;muscle, such as a leg or arm muscle, that can be consciously controlled.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">19</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;cardiac muscle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;striated, involuntary muscle only found in the heart.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">83</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;skeletal muscle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;voluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs, and is attached to bones by tendons.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">85</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;smooth muscle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;involuntary, nonstriated muscle that controls movement of internal organs.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">90</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;tendon</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;thick band of tissue that attaches bones to muscles.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">36</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;epidermis</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;outer, thinnest skin layer that constantly produce new cells to replace the dead cells rubbed off its surface.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">30</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">21</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;dermis</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;skin layer below the epidermis that contains blood vessels, nerves, oil and sweat glands, and other structures.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">56</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">21</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;melanin</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;melas,&nbsp;melan-&nbsp;‘black’ +&nbsp;-in 'chemical compounds') pigment produced by the epidermis that protects skin from sun damage and gives skin and eyes their color.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">64</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">36</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;nutrients</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;substances in foods --- proteins, carbonhydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water --- that provide energy for cell development, growth, and repair.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">37</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;amino acid</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;building block of protein.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">77</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">37</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;protein</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;large molue that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and is made up of amino acids; used by the body for growth and for replacement and repair of body cells.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">18</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;carbonhydrate</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;nutrient that usually is the body's main source of energy.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">37</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">39</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;fat</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;nutrient that stores energy, cushions organs, and helps the body absorb vitamins.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">104</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">40</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;vitamin</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;water-soluble or fat-soluble organic nutrient needed in small quantities for growth, for preventing some diseases, and for regulating body functions.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">59</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">42</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;mineral</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;inorganic nutrient that regulates many chemical reactions in the body.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">40</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">44</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;food group</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;group of foods --- such as bread, cereal, rice, and pasta --- containing the same type of nutrients.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">24</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">47</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;chemical digestion</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;occurs when enzymes and other chemicals break down large food molecules into smaller one.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">32</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">47</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;digestion</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules that cells can absorb and use.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">55</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">47</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;mechanical digestion</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;breakdown of food through chewing, mixing, and churning.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">35</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;enzyme</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body without being changed or used up itself.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">72</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">50</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;peristalsis</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;peristallein&nbsp;‘wrap around’, from&nbsp;peri-&nbsp;‘around’ +&nbsp;stallein&nbsp;‘to place’) waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">26</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">51</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;chyme</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from late Latin&nbsp;chymus, from Greek&nbsp;khūmos&nbsp;‘juice’) liquid product of digestion.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">102</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">52</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;villi</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;fingerlike projections covering the wall of small intestine that increase the surface area for food absorption.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">11</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">65</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;atrium</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;two upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">28</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">65</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;coronary circulation</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">78</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">66</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;pulmonary circulation</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">101</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">66</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;ventricles</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;two lower chambers of the heart, that contract at the same time, during a heartbeat.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">88</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">67</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;systemic circulation</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;largest part of the circulatory system, in which oxygen-rich blood flows to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs, and oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;artery</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, and has thick, elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">100</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;vein</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart, and has one-way valves that keep blood moving toward the heart.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">69</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;capillary</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;microsopic blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; has walls one cell thick, through which nutrients and oxygen diffuse into body cells, and waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse out of body cells.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">74</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">74</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;plasma</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;liquid part of blood, made mostly of water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and minerals are dissolved.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">41</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">75</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;hemoglobin</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells, and carries some carbon dioxide from body cells back to the lungs.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">75</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">75</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;platelet</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;irregularly shaped cell fragement that helps clot blood and releases chemicals, that help form fibrin.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">51</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">80</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;lymph</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;tissue fluid that has diffused into lymphatic capillaries.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">52</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">80</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;lymph nodes</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;bean-shaped organs found throughout the body that filter out microorganisms and foreign materials taken up by the lymphocytes.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">53</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">80</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;lymphatic system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;carries lymph through a network of lymph capillaries and vessels, and drains it into large veins near the heart; helps fight infections and diseases.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">54</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">80</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;lymphocyte</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;a type of white blood cell that fights infection.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">73</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">94</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;pharynx</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;tubelike passageway for food, liquid, and air.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">95</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;alveolus / alveoli</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from Latin, ‘small cavity’, diminutive of&nbsp;alveus) tiny, thin-walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surround by capillaries; carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange takes place.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">16</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">95</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;bronchi</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;two short tubes that branch off at the end of the trachea and carry air into the lungs.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">49</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">95</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;larynx</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;airway to which the vocal cords are attached.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">92</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">95</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;trachea</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;air-conducting tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi, is lined with mucous membranes and cilia, and contains strong cartilage rings.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">31</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">96</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;diaphragm</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;muscle beneath the lungs that contracts and relaxes to move gases in and out of the body.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">34</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">99</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;emphysema</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;emphusan&nbsp;‘puff up’) lung disease in which the alveoli enlarge.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">100</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;asthma</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;asthma 'breathe hard') lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">95</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">101</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;urinary system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;system of excretory organs that rids the blood of wastes, controls blood volume by removing excess water, and balances concentrations of salts and water.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">102</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;kidney</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;bean-shaped urinary system organ that is made up of about 1 million nephrons and filters blood, producing urine.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">96</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">102</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;urine</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;wastewater that contains excess water, salts, and other wastes that are not reabsorbed by the body.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">61</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">103</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;nephron</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;tiny filtering unit of the kidney.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">14</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">104</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;bladder</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;elastic, muscular organ that holds urine until it leaves the body through the urethra.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">93</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">104</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;ureter</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;tube that carries urine from each kidney to the bladder.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">94</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">104</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;urethra</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">12</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;axon</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;neuron structure that carries messages away from the cell body.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">29</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;dendrite</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;dendritēs&nbsp;‘treelike’) neuron structure that receives messages and sends them to the cell body.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">42</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;homeostasis</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;regulation of an organism's internal, life-maintaining.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">62</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;neuron</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;basic functioning unit of the nervous system, made up of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">21</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">121</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;central nervous system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;division of the nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">71</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">121</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;peripheral nervous system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;division of the nervous system, made up of all the nerves outside the CNS (central nervous system); connects the brain and spinal cord to other body parts.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">87</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">121</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;synapse</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">122</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;brain stem</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;connects the brain to the spinal cord and is made up of midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">22</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">122</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;cerebellum</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;part of the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements, maintains muscle tone, and helps maintain balance.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">23</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">122</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;cerebrum</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;largest part of the brain, where memory is stored, movements are controlled, and impulses from the senses are interpreted.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">79</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">125</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;reflex</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;automatic, involuntary reponse to a stimulus; controlled by the spinal cord.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">80</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">129</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;retina</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye; contains rods and cones.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">27</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">132</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;cochlea</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;kokhlias 'snail shell, screw, or spiral object') fluid-filled structure in the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">65</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">133</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;olfactory cell</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from Latin&nbsp;olfactare&nbsp;‘to smell’) nasal nerve cell that becomes stimulated by molecules in the air and send impulses to the brain for interpretation of odors.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">89</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">134</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;taste bud</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;major sensory receptor on the tongue; contains taste hairs that send impluses to the brain for interpretation of tastes.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">43</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">146</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;hormone</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;in humans, chemical produced by the endocrine system, released directly into the bloodstream by ductless glands; affects specific target tissues, and can speed up or slow down cellular activities.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">81</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">152</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;semen</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;mixture of sperm and a fluid that helps sperm move and supplies them with an energy source.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">86</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">152</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;sperm</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;in humans, male reproductive cells produced in the testes.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">91</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">152</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;testis</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;male organ that produces sperm and testosterone.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">66</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">153</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;ovary</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;in humans, female reproductive organ that produces eggs and is located in the lower part of the body.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">67</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">153</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;ovulation</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;monthly process in which an egg is released from an ovary and enters the oviduct, where it can become fertilized by sperm.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">97</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">153</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;uterus</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;in humans, hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg develops into a baby.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">99</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">153</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;vagina</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;muscular tube that connects the lower end of the uterus to the outside of the body; the birth canal through which a baby travels when being born.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">57</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">154</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;menstrual cycle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;hormone-controlled monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system that includes maturation of an egg and preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">58</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">154</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;menstruation</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;monthly flow of blood and tissue cells that occur when the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">76</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">158</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;pregnancy</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;period of development --- usually about 38 or 39 weeks in female humans --- from fertilized egg until birth.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">159</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;amniotic sac</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;thin, liquid-filled, protective membrane that forms around the embryo.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">33</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">159</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;embryo</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;em-&nbsp;‘into’ +&nbsp;bruein&nbsp;‘swell, grow’) fertilized egg that has attached to the wall of uterus.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">39</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">160</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;fetus</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;in humans, a developing baby after the first two months of pregancy until birth.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">162</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;fetal stress</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;can occur during the birth process or after birth as an infant adjusts from a watery, dark, constant-temperature environment to its new environment.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">44</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">176</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;immune system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;complex group of defenses that protects the body against pathogens --- includes the skin, respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">7</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">178</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;antibody</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;a protein made in response to a specific antigen that can attach to the antigen and cause it to be useless.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">8</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">178</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;antigen</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;any complex molecules that is foreign to your body.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">179</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;active immunity</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;long-lasting immunity that results when the body makes its own antibodies in response to a specific antigen.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">179</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;passive immunity</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;immunity that results when antibodies produced in one animal are introduced into another's body; does not last as long as active immunity.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">98</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">179</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;vaccination</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;process of giving a vaccine by mouth or by injection to provide active immunity against a disease.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">69</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">182</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;pasteurization</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;(from the name of Pasteur, Louis) process in which a liquid is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">103</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">182</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;virus</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating that can infect and multiply in a host cell.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">13</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">185</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;biological vector</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;disease-carrying organism, such as a rat, mosquito, or fly, that spreads infectious disease.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">45</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">185</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;infectious disease</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;disease caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protist that is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organisms.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">82</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">186</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;"> &nbsp;sexually transmitted disease (STD) </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;infectious disease, such as chlamydia, AIDS, or genital herpes, that is passed from one person to another during sexual contact. (chlamydia 衣原体&nbsp;- from Greek&nbsp;khlamus&nbsp;‘cloak’; herpes 泡疹 -&nbsp;&nbsp;from Greek&nbsp;herpēs&nbsp;‘shingles’, literally ‘creeping’)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">190</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;allergy</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">63</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">190</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;noninfectious disease</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;disease, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, that is not spread from one person to another.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">191</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;allergen</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;substance that causes an allergic reaction.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">25</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">194</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:174px;">&nbsp;chemotherapy</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:518px;">&nbsp;use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells.</td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

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