【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【C】Animal Diversity 目录及术语表

ゝ一世哀愁。 2021-12-11 05:27 250阅读 0赞

**Table of Contents**

简要目录（Simple Contents）

详细目录（Detailed Contents）

术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）

术语表（Glossary in Page Order）

--------------------

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

Glencoe Science模块系列教材，模块C - Animal Diversity，2005版，227页。全书分为5大章（Chapter），每章由若干小节（Section）构成，各章后附有Study Guide，Review与Standardized Test Practice。  
![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

**Cover Description: **This Alaskan brown bear is catching a migrating salmon. This species of bear is the largest carnivore in Alaska, growing up to 9 feet tall and weighing up to 1,700 pounds. All Alaskan salmon hatch in freshwater, migrate to the sea, and then eventually return to where they hatched to reproduce.

# 简要目录（Simple Contents） #

# Chapter 1: Introduction to Animals #

# Chapter 2: Mollusks, Worms, Arthropods, Echinoderms #

# Chapter 3: Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles #

# Chapter 4: Birds and Mammals #

# Chpater 5: Animal Behavior #

# **详细目录（Detailed Contents）** #

# Chapter 1: Introduction to Animals #

*  ## Section 1: Is it an animal? ##
 *  ## Section 2: Sponges and Cnidarians ##
 *  ## Section 3: Flatworms and Roundworms ##

# Chapter 2: Mollusks, Worms, Arthropods, Echinoderms #

*  ## Section 1: Mollusks ##
 *  ## Section 2: Segmented Worms ##
 *  ## Section 3: Arthropods ##
 *  ## Section 4: Echinoderms ##

# Chapter 3: Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles #

*  ## Section 1: Chordates and Vertebrates ##
 *  ## Section 2: Fish ##
 *  ## Section 3: Amphibians ##
 *  ## Section 4: Reptiles ##

# Chapter 4: Birds and Mammals #

*  ## Section 1: Birds ##
 *  ## Section 2: Mammals ##

# Chpater 5: Animal Behavior #

*  ## Section 1: Types of Behavior ##
 *  ## Section 2: Behavioral Interactions ##

# **术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）** #

1.  **142: aggression: **forceful behavior, such as fighting, used by an animal to control or dominate another animal in order to protect their young, defend territory, or get food.
2.  **91: amniotic egg: **egg covered with a shell that provide a complete environment for the embryo's development; for reptiles, a major adaptation for living on land.
3.  **25: anus: **opening at the end of the digestive tract through which wastes leave the body.
4.  **48: appendages: **jointed structures of arthropods, such as legs, wings, or antennae. 
5.  **134: ****behavior: **the way in which an organism interacts with other organisms and its environment; can be innate or learned. 
6.  **13: bilateral symmetry: **body parts arranged in a similar way on both sides of the body, with each half being nearly a mirror image of the other half.
7.  **9: carnivore: **animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other animals; mammal having large sharp canine teeth and strong jaw muscles for eating flesh. (*see also p115*)
8.  **73: cartilage: **(Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kert-* 'to weave, twist together') tough, flexible tissue that joins vertebrae and makes up all or part of the vertebrae endoskeleton. 
9.  **72: chordate: **animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, pharygeal pouches, and a postanal tail present at some stage in its development. (notochord - from Greek *nōton* ‘back’ + *chord* 'rope, string')
10. **40: closed circulatory system: **blood circulatory system in which blood moves through the body in closed vessels. 
11. **138: conditioning: **occurs when the response to a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus. 
12. **108: contour feathers: **strong, lightweight feathers that give birds their coloring and shape and that are used for flight. 
13. **143: courtship behavior: **behavior that allows males and females of the same species to recognize each other and prepare to mate.
14. **44: crop: **digestive system sac in which earthworms store ingested soil.
15. **146: cyclic behavior: **behavior that occurs in repeated patterns. 
16. **146: down feathers: **soft, fluffy feathers that provide an insulating layer next to the skin of adult birds and that cover the bodies of young birds. 
17. **75: ectotherm: **vertebrate animal whose internal temperature changes when the temperature of its environment changes.
18. **73: endoskeleton: **supportive framework of bones and/or cartilage that provides an internal place for muscle attachment and protects a vertebrate's internal organs. 
19. **75: endotherm: **vertebrate animal with a nearly constant internal temperature. (*see also p108*)
20. **85: estivation: **(from *aestivare* ‘spend the summer’, from *aestus* ‘heat’) inactivity in hot, dry months.
21. **48: exoskeleton: **thick, hard, outer covering that protects and supports arthropod bodies and provides places for muscle to attach. 
22. **77: fin: **structure used by fish for steering, balancing, and movement. 
23. **22: free-living organisms: **organism that does not depend on another organism for food or a place to live. 
24. **119: gestation period: **(from *gestare* ‘carry, carry in the womb’) period during which an embryo develops in uterus; the length of time varies among species. 
25. **38: gills: **organs that exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the water.
26. **44: gizzard:** (based on Latin *gigeria* ‘cooked entrails of fowl’) muscular digestive system structure in which earthworms grind soil and organic matter. 
27. **9: herbivore: **animal that eats only plants or parts of plants; mammals with large premolars and molars for eating only plants. (*see also p115*)
28. **16: hermaphrodite: **(From *[Hermaphroditus][]*, the mythical son of *[Hermes][]* and *[Aphrodite][]* who merged bodies with a [naiad][] and thereafter possessed both male and female qualities.) animal that produces both sperm and eggs in the same body.
29. **85: hibernation: **cyclic response of inactivity and slowed metabolism that occurs during periods of cold temperatures and limited food supplies. (*see also 147*)
30. **137: imprinting: **occurs when an animal forms a social attachment to another organism during a specific period following birth or hatching. 
31. **135: innate behavior: **behavior that an organism is born with and does not have to be learned, such as a reflex or instinct. 
32. **139: insight: **form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve new problems.
33. **136: instinct: **complex pattern of innate behavior, such as spinning a web, that can take weeks to complete.
34. **12: invertebrate: **animal without a backbone.
35. **114: mammals: **endothermic vertebrates that have hair, teeth specialized for eating certain foods, and mammary glands; in females, mammary glands produce milk for feeding their young. 
36. **114: mammary glands: **milk-producing glands of female mammals used to feed their young.
37. **38: mantle: **thin layer tissue that covers a mollusk's body organs; secretes the shell or protects the body of mollusks without shells. 
38. **118: marsupial: **(\[mɑːr'suːpiəl\] from Greek *marsupion* ‘pouch’) a mammal with an external pouch for the development of its immature young.
39. **17: medusa:** (named by association with Medusa) cnidarian body type that is bell-shaped and free-swimming. (cnidarian - \[nɑɪ'deəriːən\] from knídē “nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape")
40. **50: metamorphosis: **process in which many insect species change their body form to become adults; can be complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) or incomplete (egg. nymph, adult).
41. **148: migration: **instinctive seasonal movement of animals to find food or to reproduce in better conditions.
42. **48: molting: **(based on Latin *mutare* ‘to change’) shedding and replacing of an arthropod's exoskeleton. 
43. **118: monotreme: **(from mono- ‘single’ + Greek *trēma* ‘hole’) a mammal that lay eggs with tough, leathery shells and whose mammal glands do not have nipples.
44. **73: nerve cord: **tubelike structure above the notochord that in most chordates develops into the brain and spinal cord.
45. **72: notochord: **firm but flexible structure that extends along the upper part of a chordate's body. 
46. **9: omnivore: **animal that eats plants and animals or animal flesh; mammals with incisors, canine teeth, and flat molars for eating plants and other animals. (*see also p115*)
47. **38: open circulatory system: **blood circulatory system in which blood moves through vessels and into open spaces around the body organs.
48. **73: pharyngeal pouches: **in developing chordates, the paired openings found in the area between the mouth and digestive tube.
49. **143: pheromone: **(from Greek *pherein* ‘convey’ + hormone) powerful chemical produced by an animal to influence the behavior of another animal of the same species. 
50. **119: placenta: **an organ that develops from tissue of the embryo and tissues that line the inside of the uterus and that absorbs oxygen and food from the mother's blood.
51. **119: placental: **a mammal whose offspring develop inside the female's uterus. 
52. **17: polyp:** (from *polys* "many"  + *pous* "foot") cnidarian body type that is vase-shaped and is usually sessile. (**cnidarian** \- \[nɑɪ'deəriːən\] from knídē “nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape"; **sessile** \- from *sess-* ‘seated’)
53. **72: postanal tail: **muscular structure at the end of a developing chordate.
54. **108: preening: **process in which a bird rubs oil from an oil gland over its feathers to condition them. (here, 'condition' is acting as a verb, meaning 'bring (something) into the desired state for use')
55. **13: radial symmetry: **body parts arranged in a circle around a central point. 
56. **39: radula:** (from Latin, literally ‘scraper’, from *radere* ‘to scrape’) in gastropods, the tounguelike organ with rows of teeth used to scrape and tear food. 
57. **135: reflex: **simple innate behavior, such as yawning or blinking, that is an automatic response and does not involve a message to the brain.
58. **77: scales: **thin, hard plates that cover a fish's skin and protect its body. 
59. **15: sessile: **(from *sess-* ‘seated’) describe an organism that remains attached to one place during most of its lifetime. 
60. **43: setae: **(from Latin, ‘bristle’) bristlelike structures on the utside of each body segment that helps segmented worms move. 
61. **140: social behavior: **interactions among members of the same species, including courtship and mating, getting food, caring for young, and protecting each other. 
62. **141: society: **a group of animals of the same species that live and work together in an organized way, with each member doing a specific job. 
63. **49: spiracles: **(from *spirare* ‘breathe’) openings in the abdomen and thorax of insects through which air enters and waste gases leave. 
64. **18: stinging cells: **capsules with coiled triggerlike structures that help cnidarians capture food. 
65. **18: tentacles: **armlike structures that have stinging cells and surround the mouths of most cnidarians. 
66. **58: tube feet: **hydraulic, hollow, thin-walled tubes that end in suction cups and enable echinoderms to move. 
67. **119: umbilical cord:** (\[ˌəmˈbilək(ə)l\], related to 'the navel; the center of anything') connects the embryo to the placenta; moves food and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo and removes the embryo's waste products. 
68. **73: vertebrae: **backbones that are joined by flexible cartilage and protect a vertebrate's spinal nerve cord.
69. **12: vertebrate: **animal with a backbone. 
70. **58: water-vascular system: **network of water-filled canals that allows echinoderms to move, capture food, give off wastes, and exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen.

# 术语表（Glossary in Page Order） #

<table> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:32pt;">Index</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:28pt;">Page</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:126pt;">Terminology</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">Description</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;carnivore</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other animals; mammal having large sharp canine teeth and strong jaw muscles for eating flesh. (see also p115)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">27</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;herbivore</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;animal that eats only plants or parts of plants; mammals with large premolars and molars for eating only plants. (see also p115)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">46</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;omnivore</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;animal that eats plants and animals or animal flesh; mammals with incisors, canine teeth, and flat molars for eating plants and other animals. (see also p115)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">34</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;invertebrate</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;animal without a backbone.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">69</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;vertebrate</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;animal with a backbone.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;bilateral symmetry</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;body parts arranged in a similar way on both sides of the body, with each half being nearly a mirror image of the other half.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">55</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;radial symmetry</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;body parts arranged in a circle around a central point.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">59</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;sessile</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;sess-&nbsp;‘seated’) describe an organism that remains attached to one place during most of its lifetime.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">28</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;hermaphrodite</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(From&nbsp;Hermaphroditus, the mythical son of&nbsp;Hermes&nbsp;and&nbsp;Aphrodite&nbsp;who merged bodies with a&nbsp;naiad&nbsp;and thereafter possessed both male and female qualities.) animal that produces both sperm and eggs in the same body.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">39</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;medusa</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(named by association with&nbsp;Medusa)&nbsp;cnidarian body type that is bell-shaped and free-swimming. (cnidarian - [nɑɪ'deəriːən] from knídē&nbsp;“nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape")</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">52</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;polyp</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from polys "many" &nbsp;+ pous "foot") cnidarian body type that is vase-shaped and is usually sessile. (cnidarian - [nɑɪ'deəriːən] from knídē&nbsp;“nettle”, from stem of knizein "to scratch scrape"; sessile - from&nbsp;sess-&nbsp;‘seated’)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">64</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;stinging cells</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;capsules with coiled triggerlike structures that help cnidarians capture food.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">65</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;tentacles</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;armlike structures that have stinging cells and surround the mouths of most cnidarians.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;free-living organisms</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;organism&nbsp;that does not depend on another organism for food or a place to live.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;anus</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;opening at the end of the digestive tract through which wastes leave the body.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;gills</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;organs that exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the water.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">37</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;mantle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;thin layer tissue that covers a mollusk's body organs; secretes the shell or protects the body of mollusks without shells.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">47</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;open circulatory system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;blood circulatory system in which blood moves through vessels and into open spaces around the body organs.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">56</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">39</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;radula</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from Latin, literally ‘scraper’, from&nbsp;radere&nbsp;‘to scrape’) in gastropods, the tounguelike organ with rows of teeth used to scrape and tear food.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">40</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;closed circulatory system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;blood circulatory system in which blood moves through the body in closed vessels.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">60</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">43</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;setae</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from Latin, ‘bristle’) bristlelike structures on the utside of each body segment that helps segmented worms move.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">44</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;crop</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;digestive system sac in which earthworms store ingested soil.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">26</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">44</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;gizzard</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(based on Latin&nbsp;gigeria&nbsp;‘cooked entrails of fowl’)&nbsp;muscular digestive system structure in which earthworms grind soil and organic matter.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;appendages</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;jointed structures of arthropods, such as legs, wings, or antennae.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;exoskeleton</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;thick, hard, outer covering that protects and supports arthropod bodies and provides places for muscle to attach.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">42</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;molting</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(based on Latin&nbsp;mutare&nbsp;‘to change’) shedding and replacing of an arthropod's exoskeleton.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">63</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">49</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;spiracles</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;spirare&nbsp;‘breathe’) openings in the abdomen and thorax of insects through which air enters and waste gases leave.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">40</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">50</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;metamorphosis</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;process in which many insect species change their body form to become adults; can be complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) or incomplete (egg. nymph, adult).</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">66</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">58</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;tube feet</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;hydraulic, hollow, thin-walled tubes that end in suction cups and enable echinoderms to move.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">70</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">58</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;water-vascular system</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;network of water-filled canals that allows echinoderms to move, capture food, give off wastes, and exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">72</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;chordate</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, pharygeal pouches, and a postanal tail present at some stage in its development. (notochord - from Greek&nbsp;nōton&nbsp;‘back’ +&nbsp;chord&nbsp;'rope, string')</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">45</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">72</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;notochord</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;firm but flexible structure that extends along the upper part of a chordate's body.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">53</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">72</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;postanal tail</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;muscular structure at the end of a developing chordate.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">73</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;cartilage</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European kert- 'to weave, twist together') tough, flexible tissue that joins vertebrae and makes up all or part of the vertebrae endoskeleton.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">73</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;endoskeleton</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;supportive framework of bones and/or cartilage that provides an internal place for muscle attachment and protects a vertebrate's internal organs.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">44</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">73</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;nerve cord</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;tubelike structure above the notochord that in most chordates develops into the brain and spinal cord.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">73</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pharyngeal pouches</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;in developing chordates, the paired openings found in the area between the mouth and digestive tube.</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">68</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">73</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;vertebrae</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;backbones that are joined by flexible cartilage and protect a vertebrate's spinal nerve cord.</td> 
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 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">75</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;ectotherm</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;vertebrate animal whose internal temperature changes when the temperature of its environment changes.</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">75</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;endotherm</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;vertebrate animal with a nearly constant internal temperature. (see also p108)</td> 
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 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">77</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;fin</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;structure used by fish for steering, balancing, and movement.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">58</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">77</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;scales</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;thin, hard plates that cover a fish's skin and protect its body.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">85</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;estivation</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;aestivare&nbsp;‘spend the summer’, from&nbsp;aestus&nbsp;‘heat’) inactivity in hot, dry months.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">29</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">85</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;hibernation</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;cyclic response of inactivity and slowed metabolism that occurs during periods of cold temperatures and limited food supplies. (see also 147)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">91</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;amniotic egg</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;egg covered with a shell that provide a complete environment for the embryo's development; for reptiles, a major adaptation for living on land.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">108</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;contour feathers</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;strong, lightweight feathers that give birds their coloring and shape and that are used for flight.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">54</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">108</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;preening</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;process in which a bird rubs oil from an oil gland over its feathers to condition them. (here, 'condition' is acting as a verb, meaning 'bring (something) into the desired state for use')</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">35</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">114</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;mammals</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;endothermic vertebrates that have hair, teeth specialized for eating certain foods, and mammary glands; in females, mammary glands produce milk for feeding their young.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">36</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">114</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;mammary glands</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;milk-producing glands of female mammals used to feed their young.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">118</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;marsupial</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;([mɑːr'suːpiəl]&nbsp;from Greek&nbsp;marsupion&nbsp;‘pouch’) a mammal with an external pouch for the development of its immature young.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">43</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">118</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;monotreme</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;mono-&nbsp;‘single’ + Greek&nbsp;trēma&nbsp;‘hole’) a mammal that lay eggs with tough, leathery shells and whose mammal glands do not have nipples.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;gestation period</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;gestare&nbsp;‘carry, carry in the womb’) period during which an embryo develops in uterus; the length of time varies among species.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">50</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;placenta</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;an organ that develops from tissue of the embryo and tissues that line the inside of the uterus and that absorbs oxygen and food from the mother's blood.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">51</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;placental</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;a mammal whose offspring develop inside the female's uterus.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">67</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">119</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;umbilical cord</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;([ˌəmˈbilək(ə)l], related to 'the navel;&nbsp;the center of anything') connects the embryo to the placenta; moves food and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo and removes the embryo's waste products.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">134</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;behavior</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;the way in which an organism interacts with other organisms and its environment; can be innate or learned.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">31</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">135</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;innate behavior</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;behavior that an organism is born with and does not have to be learned, such as a reflex or instinct.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">57</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">135</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;reflex</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;simple innate behavior, such as yawning or blinking, that is an automatic response and does not involve a message to the brain.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">33</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">136</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;instinct</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;complex pattern of innate behavior, such as spinning a web, that can take weeks to complete.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">30</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">137</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;imprinting</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;occurs when an animal forms a social attachment to another organism during a specific period following birth or hatching.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">138</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;conditioning</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;occurs when the response to a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">32</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">139</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;insight</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve new problems.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">61</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">140</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;social behavior</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;interactions among members of the same species, including courtship and mating, getting food, caring for young, and protecting each other.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">62</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">141</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;society</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;a group of animals of the same species that live and work together in an organized way, with each member doing a specific job.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">142</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;aggression</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;forceful behavior, such as fighting, used by an animal to control or dominate another animal in order to protect their young, defend territory, or get food.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">143</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;courtship behavior</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;behavior that allows males and females of the same species to recognize each other and prepare to mate.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">49</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">143</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pheromone</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;pherein&nbsp;‘convey’ +&nbsp;hormone) powerful chemical produced by an animal to influence the behavior of another animal of the same species.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">146</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;cyclic behavior</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;behavior that occurs in repeated patterns.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">146</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;down feathers</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;soft, fluffy feathers that provide an insulating layer next to the skin of adult birds and that cover the bodies of young birds.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">41</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">148</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;migration</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:446pt;">&nbsp;instinctive seasonal movement of animals to find food or to reproduce in better conditions.</td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20211211/6da0aaebf94a479eb8feb69eee7c9181.png
[Hermaphroditus]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hermaphroditus
[Hermes]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hermes
[Aphrodite]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aphrodite
[naiad]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/naiad