大学英语四级考试核心高频词汇突破

痛定思痛。 2024-02-19 10:13 12阅读 0赞

**前****言**

大学英语四、六级考试改革已有一段时间了。但无论其形式如何变化，掌握并有效地运用英语词汇仍是每一个英语学习者亟待解决的问题。

几乎每个学习英语并想通过各类英语考试的人都在背单词，都希望在最短的时间内掌握考点词汇，但通常是顾此失彼。这就要求考生在面对英语考试的时候，要目标明确。《大学英语四级考试核心高频词汇突破》一书给考生提供了有效学习单词的方法，帮助考生有的放矢、高效地掌握必须掌握的词汇，从而顺利地通过英语考试。

《大学英语四级考试核心高频词汇突破》一书以词在考试中的频率为纲，词在句中的理解为线，词在阅读中的辨析为点，贯穿全书。其中还以真题训练为本，以时间为单位进行科学合理的巩固练习，进而使广大考生全面、有效地掌握英语词汇在句中的语义及使用。

本书的具体特点如下：

1. 阐释全面，强调辅助记忆的环环相扣。所选词汇都配有音标、大纲释义与例句。值得一提的是每个例句还配有中文的译文。

2. 目标明确，强调应试学习的事半功倍。高频词汇皆从真题中选出，词汇的例句都是从真题的阅读理解、词汇与结构题中精选出来的，这既能给考生提供真实的语境，又是一种潜在的应试准备与技巧训练。

3. 效用词汇，强调频率出现的高低。我们通过计算机对1993年至今的四级考试真题认真地进行了分析、汇总，准确记录其间出现的全部四级大纲词汇及其出现频率，因此书中所录词汇皆为四级考试中频繁出现而且必须掌握的。

4. 主次分明，强调重点记忆的先后。本书词条的编排以单词在历年的真题中出现的频率高低为排列依据，频率高的在先，打破以往的编排常规，以便考生最早、最快、最有效地消化那些出现频率高而又重要的词汇。

本书凝结了编著者的多年教学经验与心血，为在摸索中的广大莘莘学子点亮了一盏前进的明灯。祝广大考生在即将到来的四级考试中取得好成绩!

编者

第1天……………………………1

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第5人……………………………67

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第11人…………………………153

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第12人…………………………169

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常考词组

附录………………………………387

单词索引

**第****1****天**

**频率为****24****次的单词**

consumer n. 消费者，用户，消耗者The price increases were passed on by the firm to the consumers. 公司把价格上涨转嫁给了消费者。/The factory is a big coal consumer in the region. 这家工厂是这一地区的用煤大户。

**频率为****23****次的单词**

social adj. ①社会的The family is a social unit. 家庭是社会的组成单位。②交际的，社交的a social engagement社交约会

【记忆】soci(词根)社会→social社会的，社交的

product n. ①产品，产物He was a typical product of his generation and background. 他是那个时代背景下那代人的典型代表。②乘积40 is the product of 8 and 5. 40是8和5的乘积。

**词汇辨析**

product, produce, production

product意为“产品，产物”，是最普通用词。指由劳动力或土地生产的东西，一般是工业产品，有时也借喻文学艺术作品。This work was the product of twenty years of labor. 这部作品是二十年劳动的结晶。

produce意为“产品，产物，农产品”，特指农产品的总称，因为具有“集合的”意味，所以不能用复数形式。大体来说，produce指自然的产物。The rich produce of the mountainous district is conveyed by rail to the neighbouring cities. 这个山区丰富的农产品由火车运到邻近的城市。

production意为“产品，生产”，它有两个含义：一是指生产的行为，一是指生产的结果，主要是根据身心的劳动而得到的产物。借喻时指文学艺术作品。He put forward a plan for improving the rate of production. 他提出一个提高生产率的计划。

likely adj. ①可能的，有希望的It seemed hardly likely that they would agree. 看上去他们不太可能同意。 ②适合的It is really a likely spot to build a house on. 那儿真是建造房屋的合适地点。/There were several likely candidates for the job. 有好几个比较适合这项工作的人选。

adv. 可能They'll likely buy a new car this year. 他们今年可能会买辆新车。

【用法】be likely to do sth. 和It is likely that...表示“很可能”。The train is likely to be late. 这趟火车很可能晚点。/It is very likely that he will not consent. 很可能他不会同意。

**频率为****19****次的单词**

system n . ①系统，体系We have a large system of railway. 我们有一个庞大的铁路系统。②制度，体制What system of government do you have in your country?你们国家的政体是什么?③方法，做法a good system of teaching English教英语的一种好方法4身体Too much anxiety has weakened his aunt's system. 他姑姑因为过于焦虑而变得虚弱。

activity n. ①活动，行动Too many extracurricular activities take up too much of our precious time for study. 课外活动太多，占去了我们很多宝贵的学习时间。②活跃，活力The classroom was full of activity；every child was busy. 教室里充满了活跃的气氛，每个孩子都忙个不停。

**频率为****18****次的单词**

reward n. ①报答，奖赏Clare offered a fifty-dollar reward for the return of her lost dog. 克莱尔为了找回她丢失的狗悬赏50美元。2报酬，酬金get nothing in reward for one's hard work辛苦工作而无任何报酬/give sb. a reward of￥100给某人100元人民币的报酬vt. 报答，酬谢，奖励How can I reward your generosity?我怎样才能报答你的慷慨呢?

**频率为****17****次的单词**

stress n. ①压力，紧张(同义：strain，pressure, tension)He was under financial stress. 他经济状况十分窘迫。/Some young people are completely struck down by the stress of examinations. 有些年轻人被考试的压力完全压垮了。

②强调，重要性(同义：emphasis)Father always puts a lot of stress on good table manners. 父亲一向非常强调要有好的餐桌礼仪。3应力4重音The stress is on the first syllable. 重音在第一个音节上。

vt. 强调，着重，重读The speaker stressed the importance of education. 发言人强调了教育的重要性。/He stressed the need for better education. 他强调需要更好的教育。

**词汇辨析**

stress，pressure，strain，tension

stress表示使物体变形的力，如重力、压力；也可指由于某种原因而引起的心理或情绪乃至身体上的紧张。She couldn't cope with the stresses of the city life，so she decided to move to the countryside. 由于承受不了城市生活的紧张压力，她决定移居乡村。

pressure通常指压迫物体表面的压力，还指他人、外界或社会施加的强制力或影响力。Pressure was brought to bear on Smith to make him change his mind about not doing his work. 有人给史密斯施加压力，以期改变他原不想工作的想法。

strain在科技文中指使物体变形的力，尤指张力和拉力。用于与人有关的事情时，则多指非常吃力以致影响人健康的紧张状态。It's generally held that most earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of elastic strain when this becomes greater than the strength of the rock. 人们通常认为大部分地震是由于弹性应力变得比岩石强度大而突然释放出来造成的。

tension指两种引起弹性物体伸张的平衡力中的一种，非科技用法则指因关系不友好而造成的紧张状态。

To ease the Middle East tension will play an important part in promoting peace and development of the whole world. 缓和中东地区紧张局势对促进世界和平与发展将起到重要作用。

expert n. 专家，能手He is a leading expert on agriculture in China. 他是中国首屈一指的农业专家。

adj. 专家的，内行的，熟练的All the young men are expert drivers. 所有这些年轻人都是驾驶能手。

concern n. ①关心的事It's no concern of mine. 这事与我无关。/The managing director's only concern was how to improve the quality of their products. 总经理心里想的全是如何提高产品质量。②关心，担心a nurse's concern for a sick man护士对病人的关心③关系，关联a matter of the utmost concern关系重大的事，头等大事④公司，企业Our concern only makes shoes for children. 本公司专做童鞋。

vt. ①涉及，有关于an article that concerns the plight of homeless people关于无家可归者处境的文章②使关心，使担心The firm's weak financial posture is starting to concern its stockholders. 这个公司的财政危机困扰着股东们。

【词组】as/so far as…be concerned就…而言As far as they themselves are concerned, they are safe and sound. 至于他们自身，则安然无恙。

【用法】concerned作前置定语时，表示“关切的”，作后置定语时，表示“有关的”。the concerned parents of youthful offenders少年犯们忧心忡忡的父母/the authorities concerned有关当局

【记忆】cern(词根)搞清，区别→concern关心，涉及；关系到

**频率为****16****次的单词**

university n. 大学Oxford University牛津大学/a university professor大学教授/university course大学课程

individual adj. ①个别的，单独的，个人的The teacher gave individual instruction to the students before exams. 考前老师给学生们进行了个别指导。②独特的I can identify her handwriting because of its individual style. 我能认出她的字，因为其风格独特。

n. 个人，个体Knowledge is crucial in determining an individual's intelligence. 一个人的智慧取决于知识。

【辨析】参见private(P44)

**频率为****15****次的单词**

view n. ①看法，见解，观点In my view，the scheme seems impractical. 依我看，这计划似乎不实用。②观察，视野，眼界That hill blocks my view. 那座小山挡住了我的视野。③景色，风景The new building spoils the view from our windows. 那座新建筑破坏了我们窗外的景色。

vt. ①看待，考虑，估量In Britain，and on the Continent too，the Japanese are sometimes viewed as a threat to domestic industries. 在英国以及欧洲大陆，日本人有时被看作对本地工业的一种威胁。②观察，看The police viewed the scene of the crime. 警方察看了犯罪现场。

【词组】in view of鉴于，考虑到in view of these facts鉴于这些事实|| with a view to为了He has bought the land with a view to building a house. 他买这块地是要盖房子。

**词汇辨析**

view，scene

view指在某一位置所能看见的实物。A fine view of the city can be obtained from the tower of the Town Hall.站在市政厅的塔楼上可以俯瞰全城的美丽景色。

scene侧重指展现在眼前的可见的风景或景物。The sunrise was a wonderful scene. 日出是一种奇妙的景观。

opportunity n. 机会，时机(同义：chance, probability) Many new opportunities will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. 受过高等教育的人将来会有很多新机会。

hunt n. ①打猎，猎取a member of the hunt打猎队中的一员②搜寻，寻找Our hunt for a cheaper house is at last at an end. 我们想寻找一幢便宜些的房子的事终于有了结果。③驱逐，追逐，追捕witch hunt搜捕女巫；政治迫害v. ①打猎，猎取hunt the county在这个郡中打猎②搜寻，寻找We've been hunting for the lost boy all over. 我们一直都在到处寻找那个失踪的男孩。③驱逐，追逐，追捕They hunted him down and strung him up. 捉住他后，他们将他捆了起来。

【词组】hunt down对…穷追到底，追捕到The determined detective decided to hunt down the serial killer. 坚定不移的侦探决定对连环杀手穷追到底。

challenge n. ① 艰巨的任务a career that offers a challenge大有作为的事业②怀疑，质问a challenge to a theory对一项理论的质疑3挑战，邀请比赛This examination is a real challenge. 这次考试是个真正的挑战。vt. ①向…挑战f同义：confront)He challenged me to a game of chess. 他向我挑战下棋。②对…质疑，对…怀疑(同义：question, doubt，dispute)a book that challenges established beliefs质疑既定信念的书籍

**频率为****14****次的单词**

process n. ①过程，进程(同义：course，procedure) the process of obtaining a driver's license取得驾照的过程2工序，制作法a manufacturing process生产工序 ③(法律)程序，(诉讼)手续a complex legal process繁琐的法律程序

vt. 加工，处理，办理First we received the order，then processed it，and finally dispatched the goods. 我们首先接到订单，然后进行加工处理，最后发送货物。

**频率为****13****次的单词**

project n. ①方案，计划(同义：plan, scheme)A project to establish a new national park is under way. 建立一座新国家公园的计划正在进行中。②课题，项目The committee granted funds for a research project. 委员会已经给一个研究项目拨了专款。③工程The new dam is a major construction project，funded by the government. 新水坝是一项由政府出资的主要建设工程。

vt. ①投射，发射，放映I had n0 screen，so I projected the slides onto an old white sheet. 因为没有屏幕，我把幻灯片投射到一张白色的旧床单上。②伸出Some creatures project their tongue to catch flies and other insects.有些动物会伸出舌头捕捉苍蝇和其他昆虫。

vi. 伸出，突出His eyebrows project noticeably. 他的眉毛特别突出。

amount n. ①量，数量，数额He has saved a large amount of money for travelling in Europe next year. 为了明年游历欧洲，他已经积攒了一大笔钱。②总额，总数(同义：sum，total) What is the amount of my bill?我的账单一共是多少钱?

vi. (to)①合计，共计His debts amount to over $1,000. 他负债总共超过一千美元。② (在意义、价值等方面)等同，接近Your words amount to a refusal. 你说的话等于是拒绝。

【记忆】a-(前缀)表示“运动方向”→amount总计；等于

ability n. ①能力，本领We found him a job more suited to his abilities. 我们为他找到了更适合发挥他才能的工作。/a man of ability有本事的人②才能，才智great musical ability卓越的音乐才华

【词组】to the best of one's ability尽自己最大努力I have done the job to the best of my ability. 我已经尽力做这项工作了。

【用法】ability后可接动词不定式、介词in或for，但不能接of。 She has the ability to organize a club. 她有能力组织一个俱乐部。/She has the ability in/for organization. 她有组织能力。

【真题】He soon received promotion, for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ .

A) future B) possibility

C) ability D) opportunity

选C 他很快得到了提升，因为他的上司意识到他是一个非常有能力的人。这四个选项的意思分别是：A)“将来，未来，前景”；B)“可能(性)”；C)“能力，本领；才能，才智”；D)“机会”。C)符合题意。

**频率为****12****次的单词**

rate n. ①速度，进度They are driving at me rate of 50kilometres an hour. 他们以每小时50公里的速度开车。②比率，率Velocity is the rate of change of distance with respect to time. 速度是距离与时间之比。③价格，费There is now a rate war among the world’s airlines. 目前，全球各航空公司正在进行价格战。

vt. ①对…估价，评估We rate your services highly. 我们对你的服务评价很高。②给…定级，把…列为(同义：grade，rank) He rates himself above an ordinary clerk. 他认为自己的级别高于一般职员。③值得，应得That joke didn't rate a laugh. 那个笑话不值得一笑。

vi. 被评价，被列入特定级别She rates high. 她得到的评价很高。/Shanghai rates as the biggest trade center in China. 上海是中国最大的贸易中心。

【词组】at any rate无论如何，至少At any rate，I must go on Monday. 无论如何. 星期一我一定要去。|| at this rate照这种情形，既然这样At this rate，they can't afford this house. 照这种情形，他们买不起这座房子。

radiation n. ①放射物，辐射物The girl suffered from radiation exposure. 这个女孩因为暴露在辐射物中而受伤害。②辐射The prison authorities poisoned him with slow radiation. 监狱当局用慢性辐射毒害他。

feature n. ①当局特征，特色The magazine makes a marked feature of fashion. 这种杂志的显著特色就是时尚。②\[常pl.\]面貌，相貌He has a tall figure，and a good set of features. 他身材高大，五官端正。③特写，专题节目a front-page feature on coal-mining有关采煤的头版特写④故事片feature films故事片

vt. 突出，由…主演The play featured two well-known actors 这出戏由两位著名的演员主演。/a film featuring famous

actors由大明星主演的影片

February n. 二月I started learning English on February this year. 我今年二月开始学英语。

environment n. 环境，周围状况，自然环境(同义：surrounding, circumstance) We, the youth, should strive to maintain world peace and create a peaceful international environment for the nation's modernization drive.我们年轻人应该为维护世界和平以及为国家的现代化建设创造和平的国际环境而努力。

【辨析】参见background(P204)

create vt. ①创造，创作，创建Dickens created many wonderful characters in his novel. 狄更斯在小说中塑造了许多惟妙惟肖的人物。②引起，产生It's bound to create trouble sooner or later. 这肯定迟早会引起麻烦。

【记忆】ere(词根)创造，生长，增长→create创造，创作；产生，制造

crash vi. ①碰撞，倒下，坠落Their car crashed into a guardrail. 他们的车撞上了护栏。/The airplane crashed over the ocean. 飞机在海上坠毁。②发出撞击(或爆裂)声breakers crashing against the rocks海浪撞在岩石上的哗哗声③垮台，破产His business plan crashed. 他的商业计划失败了。

vt. ①撞击，砸碎crash the vase to the floor把花瓶砸碎在地上②冲，闯crash the party擅自闯入聚会

n. ①碰撞，坠落，坠毁a car crash撞车事故②破裂声，哗啦声The car hit the tree with a crash. 汽车轰隆一声撞到了树上。

advertise vt. ①为…做广告，宣传The enterprise advertised the products for sale on television.这家公司在电视上做广告以出售产品。②(在报刊、电视、广播等中)公布，通知 The notice of the conference is advertised in the newspaper. 报纸上刊登了会议公告。

vi. 登广告，做广告，登公告They will advertise for someone to manage the hotel. 他们要登广告招聘新人管理酒店。

【难句】Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. 在广告上花钱与在其他任何我所知的东西上花钱毫无两样。

**频率为****11****次的单词**

writer n. 作者，作家a speech writer讲稿执笔人/the writer of a letter写信人/a film writer-director电影编导tend \[tend\] vi. ①易于，往往会People who always smoke tend to get lung cancer. 常抽烟的人易患肺癌。②趋向，倾向(同义：incline) His style tends to elaboration. 他的风格倾向于精雕细琢。

vt. 照管，护理(同义：help, nurse，look after) tend plants照料花木/tend the sick and wounded护理伤病员

【难句】Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. 如果一段时间没有反复练习，那么学过的东西就有可能被忘记，适应的结果也好像并不明显。

status n. ①地位，身份(同义：standing，identity，position) the social status of women in China today今日中国妇女的社会地位/ Doctors have high status in most countries.在许多国家医生的地位都很高。②情形，状况a status report on foreign affairs一份外交形势报告

【真题】The clothes a person wears may express his \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or social position.

A) curiosity B) status

C ) determination D) significance

选B一个人的着装可大致体现他的身份或社会地位。四个选项的含义分别为：A)“好奇心”；B)“身份，地位”；C)“决定；判决”；D)“意义”。

statute n. ①成文法；法令，法规by statute依据法规②章程，规则，条例the statute of a university 大学规章制度

roader n. ①读者I'm a great reader of science fiction. 我很喜欢看科幻小说。②读物，读本We use the graded English readers. 我们使用分级英语教材。

per prep. 每，每一ten cents per pound每磅十美分

local adj. ①地方性的，当地的，本地的The writer's fame is local rather than national. 这位作家在当地比在国内其他地方有名。②局部的，狭隘的You'd better not hold a local viewpoint. 你最好不要持有狭隘的观点。

n. \[常pl. \]当地人，本地人It is difficult to make friends with the locals. 很难与当地人交朋友。

highway n. 公路，交通要道highways and byways 干道和支线/a highway to success成功之路

brand n. ①商标，(商品的)牌子②特殊类型He has his own brand of humour. 他有他独特的幽默。

vt. ①打烙印于，以烙铁打标记于Farmer Brown's cattle are branded with the letter B. 布朗农场里的牛身上都烙有字母“B”。②加污名于，谴责The opposition parties are branding the Premier as a man without principle. 反对党谴责首相是个没有原则的人。

【难句】Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. 当然，人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车——地点、地名以及名牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。

assume vt. ①假定，假设，臆断(同义：suppose, presume, believe, think；反义：conclude) I assume that you have heard the news. 想必你已听到了消息。 ②承担，担任，就职He assumed the premiership in 2000. 他于2000年担任总理之职。③呈现，具有；采取(同义：adopt) Her countenance assumed a smile. 她的脸上出现了笑容。

【难句】Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.另外一种思想会假设存在一个容量有限的记忆储存系统，这个系统会特别地通过遗忘来提供一种适应外部世界的灵活性。

【真题】\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that the demand for power continues to rise at the current rate, it will not be long before traditional sources become inadequate.

A) Concerning B) Ascertaining

C) Assuming D) Regarding

选C假如对能源的需求以现在的速度继续增加的话，不久，传统的能源就会不足了。assuming that=supposing/suppose that，意为“假定”，正合题意。A)为介词，意为“关于”；B)为ascertain“查明，弄清，确定”的现在分词形式；D)为介词，意为“关于”。

频率为10次的单词

physical adj. ①身体的，肉体的Mental readiness is sometimes more important than physical fitness.心理准备有时比身体健康更重要。②物理的，物理学的The book deals with many physical puzzles. 这本书论及了许多物理难题。③物质的，有形的We should let children have the opportunity to look at the physical world around them.我们应让孩子们有机会观察周围的物质世界。

n. 体检You don't look well. Why don't you go for a physical?你看上去脸色不好，为什么不去检查检查身体?

instant adj. ①立即的，即刻的The new book was an instant success. 新书一出版就大获成功。②紧急的，急迫的(同义：urgent，prompt，quick，immediate)We are in instant need of help. 我们急需帮助。③(食品)速溶的，方便的instant coffee速溶咖啡

n. 瞬间，时刻Come here this instant. 马上到这里来。

focus v. (on)(使)聚集，(使)集中；聚焦Many foreign firms are focusing on increasing their markets in China. 许多外国公司都注重扩大在中国的市场。/All eyes were focused on the speaker. 大家的目光都集中在发言人身上。/ This photograph looks funny; I think you forgot to focus the camera. 这张照片看上去有些滑稽，我想你是忘了给照相机调焦距了。

n. ①焦点，焦距，聚焦the principal focus主焦点②(注意、活动等的)中心The problem of pollution became the focus of public attention. 污染问题成了公众关注的焦点。

【真题】All her energies are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ upon her children and she seems to have little time for anything else.

A) guided B ) aimed

C) directed D) focused

选D她的精力全部倾注在孩子身上，似乎都没有时间顾及其他。动词介词搭配题。本题的关键是选项中动词与介词upon的搭配。A)guide sth./sb, to; B)aim sth. at; C)direct sb. to/towards; D)focus sth. on/upon。

fashion n. ①方式，样子(同义：style，mode，trend)she speaks in a very strange fashion. 她说话的方式非常奇怪。②流行款式，时新式样，时装She always wears the latest fashion in Paris. 她总是身着巴黎最新款式的服装。

**词汇辨析**

fashion, style

fashion既可指服饰等的时新式样或语言、行为等的方式；也可指某物一时流行或时兴起来。Using the perfumes of violet and rose formed a fashion of the day. 使用紫罗兰和玫瑰香水成了当时的风尚。

style一般指服装等的款式或发型，语气比fashion强，且含有独特和高雅之意。This style is very fashionable now. 这种款式现在很流行。

expand v. ①扩大，扩张，扩展China and the United States should expand their contacts, enhance mutual understanding, and deal with bilateral matters in the spirit of respecting each other. 中美两国应该扩大接触，增进相互理解，在相互尊重的精神指导下处理双边问题。②膨胀Heat causes air to expand. 热使气体膨胀。

【真题】Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 27 %.

A) by B) for

C) to D) in

选A 1974年至1997年间，海外游客的数量增加了27％。expand by意为“增加了…”，后接数字。

effective adj. ①有效的，生效的，起作用的They delayed the effective date from June 3 to June 28.他们把生效日期从6月3日推迟到6月28日。2给人印象深刻的She has turned out to be an effective speaker.最终证明，她是一位能够打动听众的演讲者。③实际的，事实上的The number of effective wage earners in this city only takes up 23％. 这个城市实际靠工资生活的人仅占23％。

decline n. 下降，减少，衰退In our city，interest in sports is on the decline. 本市对运动的兴趣每况愈下。/She is on the decline，and may die soon. 她的健康状况越来越糟，可能不久就会死去。

vi. ①下降，减少Last year，me crime rate in chicago sharply declined. 去年芝加哥的犯罪率急剧下降。②衰退，衰落(同义：sink，fall，weaken；反义：flourish) What caused the Roman Empire to decline?罗马帝国衰亡的原因是什么?③谢绝，拒绝(同义：refuse, reject；反义：accept, agree)The minister declined to make a statement to the newspaper. 部长拒绝向报界发表声明。

vt. 谢绝，拒绝We asked them to come to our party，but they declined the invitation. 我们邀请他们来参加聚会，但他们婉言谢绝了。

【记忆】clin(词根)斜坡→decline减少，下降，衰弱

bonefit n. ①益处，好处The changes are to our benefit. 这些变革对我们有利。②救济金，保险金These people draw unemployment benefits. 这些人领取失业救济金。

vt. 有益于The reforms will benefit working families. 这些改革将使有工作的家庭得到好处。

vi. 得益People who stole did not benefit from ill-gotten gains. 窃贼们并未从不义之财中得到过好处。

【用法】to one's benefit表示“对…有好处”。The changes are to out benefit. 这些变化对我们有好处。

【记忆】bene-(前缀)表示“善”→benefit利益

【辨析】参见profit(P58)

【难句】Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. 对水坝的影响及水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究有助于解决这些冲突。

adult n. 成年人(或动物)The adults in the family like the front page, the editorial page, and the world news section. 家里的大人们喜欢头版，即社论和世界新闻版。

adj. ①成年的，充分长成的He has a very adult manner although he’s only 12. 虽然他只有十二岁，但举止却很像大人。②成年人的，适宜于成年人的adult education成人教育

练习

1. His remarks left me \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ about his real purpose.

A) wondered B) wonder

C) to wonder D) wondering

2. I have heard both teachers and students \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ well of him.

A) to speak B) spoken

C) to have spoken D) speak

3. Our son doesn't know what to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at the university; he can't make up his mind about his future.

A) take in B) take up

C) take over D) take after

4. The house was very quiet, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as it was on the side of a mountain.

A) isolated B) isolating

C) being isolated D) having been isolated

5. He came back late, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which time all the guests had already left.

A) after B) by

C) at D) during

6. I'm very sorry to have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ you with so many questions on such an occasion.

A) interfered B) offended

C) impressed D) bothered

7. If the whole operation\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.

A) was not planned B) has not been planned

C) had not been planned D) were not planned

8. The price of beer \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season.

A) altered B) ranged

C) separated D) differed

**答案**

1. D 他的话让我怀疑他的真实意图。

题干中的left用法类似kept，故选D)，作宾语补足语。

2. D 我曾听到老师和同学都称赞他。

不定式在感官动词后面作宾补时，to应省略。类似的感官动词还有feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch等。

3. B 我们的儿子不知道在大学里该干些什么，他还没有决定将来做什么。

take in“领会，接受，欺骗”；take up“拿起，占据，开始从事；以…作为爱好或消遣”；take over“接收，接管，接任”；take after“与…相像”。

4. A 这幢房子十分安静，它位于山麓而被隔开了。分析句子结构，后半句中的主语为it，指代主句中的house，根据它和isolate的关系应选择A)过去分词，在该题中是过去分词作表语前置，表强调。

5. B 他回来晚了，到家时所有的客人都已经走了。在与表示时间的名词搭配时，at指具体时刻；by表示到某时为止动作已完成，和完成时连用；during表示一段时间内某事的进展。

6. D 在这种时候问了你这么多问题，真是不好意思。

interfer“干涉，妨碍；介入”；offend“激发；使憎恨；使不愉快”；impress“留下印象；引人注目”；bother“干扰；麻烦；忧虑”。根据句意，D)项正确。bother sb. with sth. 意为“打扰某人，给某人添麻烦”。

7. C 如果整个运作事先没有计划好，将会损失大量的时间和金钱。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟句，从句中该用“had+过去分词”。

8. B 夏季每升啤酒的价格从50美分到4美元不等。

alter“更改，改变”；range“在…范围内变化，分布”；separate“分开，隔离”；differ“有区别，发生分歧”。

**第****2****天**

**频率为****9****次的单词**

affect v. 影响We are interested in the weather because it affects us so directly—what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel. 我们对天气感兴趣，因为天气对我们穿衣、做事，甚至心情都有直接的影响。

compete vi. 竞争，比赛Five children competed in the race. 五个孩子参加了赛跑。/compete with others for a prize为得奖与人竞争

global adj. ①全球的，全世界的He gave a fairly accurate forecast of what might be expected to happen if another global War broke out. 他相当准确地预测到当另一次全球战争爆发时，可能会发生的情况。②总的，完整的They have doubled their global output. 他们的总产量翻了一番。

policy n. ①政策，方针The new policy may have an effect on small business. 新政策也许会对小企业产生影响。②保险单He took out a fire insurance policy for his house. 他买了房屋火灾保险。/contract policy合同保险单/life insurance policy人寿保险单

【记忆】poli(词根)国家，城市→policy政策，方针

account n. ①记述，描述，报告(同义：description, story，information，report，record) Don't always believe the media’s accounts of events. 不要老是相信媒体的报道。②账，账户I have an account to settle with him. 我有笔账要与他结算。③解释，说明No satisfactory account was given of these phenomena. 对这些现象不曾提出令人满意的解释。

vi. (for)l说明…的原因，是…的原因He could not account for his foolish mistake. 他无法解释他所犯的愚蠢错误。②(在数量、比例上)占It accounts for 30percent of all railway accidents. 这占了全部铁路交通事故的30％。

【词组】of no account不重要的It is of no account whether you come or not. 你来不来无所谓。|| on account of 为了…的缘故，因为，由于We got married on account of the baby. 我们因为孩子的缘故而结婚。|| on no account绝不，绝对不On no account should you go. 你绝对不能去。|| take account of考虑到，顾及，体谅You should take account of this element. 你应该考虑这个因素。|| take...into account见take account of

【难句】This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"这就解释了我们对于诸如塑料垃圾桶和带轮子的旅行包等那些使生活更加便利的看似简单的发明的反应：“为什么以前没有人想到这么做?”

【真题】I'd \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.

A) take into account B) account for

C ) make up for D) make out

选A我会把他在该地区其他农民和商人中的声誉考虑在内，然后决定是否同意贷款。四个选项的意思分别是：A)“把…考虑在内”；B)“说明…发生的原因”；C)“弥补，补偿”；D)“书写，拼凑”。

foundation n. ①\[pl. \]地基The workers are laying the foundations of a building. 工人们正在给房子打地基。②基础，基本原理，根据The rumour is without foundation in fact. 这谣言毫无事实根据。 ③基金会foundation school靠基金会维持的学校/Rockefeller foundation洛克菲勒基金/non-profit foundation公益基金/educational foundations教育基础；教育基金(会)④建立，设立，创办The foundation of P. R. China was in 1949. 中华人民共和国成立于1949年。

【记忆】found(词根)基础→foundation基础，地基；成立，建立，创办

involve vt. ① 包含，含有Taking this job involves living abroad. 接受这份工作就必须去国外居住。②使卷入，使参与This project is so complicated that hundreds of people will be involved in the whole range of work. 这项工程如此复杂，以致成百上千的人将参加到工作的全过程中去。③牵涉The changes in the business involve the interests of all stock owners. 业务上的变化要牵涉所有股东的利益。

【用法】involve的被动形式表示“卷入…，专心做…，牵涉到…”，其形式为be/get involved in；involve后接动名词时表示“涉及…”，其形式为involve doing sth. 。Not long ago，a person whom I know Very well was involved in an accident. 不久前，我的一位熟人卷入了一场纠纷中。/Building that railway was very difficult and involved digging ten tunnels. 铺设那条铁路很困难，需要挖掘十条隧道。

【记忆】volve(词根)转，卷→involve卷入，陷入

【难句】It is a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.这是一种在不同时期都会涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。

lightning n. 闪电lightning arrester避雷器/lightning bug(美)萤火虫/lightning way闪电战

technology n. 工艺，技术the new technology of microprocessor微型处理器的新工艺

leak v. ①(使)漏，(使)渗出a damaged reactor leaking radioactivity into the atmosphere一座损坏的向大气泄漏放射性物质的反应堆2泄露，走漏The policeman leaked classified information to a reporter. 警察将机密情报透露给了记者。

n. ①漏洞，裂缝A small leak will sink a great ship. <谚>小洞沉大船(小患不治成大灾)。 ②泄漏，漏出量equipment used in cleaning up oil leaks用来清除漏油的设备③(消息等的)走漏Sometimes we can't respond to stories based on leaks. 有时候我们不该对泄露出去的消息作出回应。

competition n. 竞争，比赛He was in competition with ten others and won the race. 他与十个人比赛并获得了胜利。

behavior n. ①行为，举止，表现artificial behavior矫揉造作的举止/political behavior政治表现②(机器等的)运转情况，(事物的)反应The ship’s behavior was satisfactory on its trial run. 那艘船在试航时的表现令人满意。/the behavior of interest rates利率的升降情况

**词汇辨析**

behavior, conduct, manner

behavior指“行为，品行，态度”，指有意或无意的行为、举止或活动，可以视为是个性的自然表现，也可认为是培养的结果。A recent investigation by scientists shows that strange animal behaviour might help predict earthquakes. 最近科学家们的调查表明，动物的反常行为可能有助于预测地震。

conduct指“行为，表现，进行，管理”，这种行为含有较深的道德责任的意味，因而指品行，而behavior则可用于指动物乃至物质的行为、活动。The prisoner was released early because of good conduct.这名罪犯因表现良好而被提前释放。

manner指“举止，态度，方式，风格，礼貌”，指做某事及某事发生的方式、途径，待人接物的举止或态度。多用单数，复数往往表示“礼貌”。He has a very rode manner which keeps himself away from other people. 他举止粗鲁，这使得人们不愿和他接近。

community n. ①社区，社会He belongs to the Chinese community in Ottawa. 他是渥太华华人社区的一分子。②团体，界She joined the community of retired persons in 2001. 她于2001年加入了这个退休人员社团。③(动植物的群落animal community动物群落/aquatic community水生群落

【记忆】muni(词根)服务→community社区

频率为8次的单词

range n. ①一系列 These experts were questioned on a range of subjects from politics to economics.这些专家被询问了从政治学到经济学的一系列问题。2幅度，范围(同义：scope, extent，limit，length)Several cars are available within this price range. 在这个价格幅度内有几种车型可供选择。③射程，距离What is the range of your gun?你的枪射程有多远?④(山)脉The Himalaya ranges are very magnificent. 喜玛拉雅山脉巍巍壮观。⑤靶场，射击场a rifle range步枪靶场

vi. ①(在某范围内)变动，变化Attending the conference were 500 people，ages ranging from 18 t0 70. 有500人参加大会，年龄从18岁到70岁不等。② (over)论及，涉及The lecture ranged over much of both eastern and western cultures.讲座涉及了大量东西方文化的内容。③漫游；来回行动；四处搜索His thoughts range over past, present and future.他想着过去、现在和将来，思绪联翩。

vt. 使排列成行range the chairs in front of the desk把几张椅子一溜排开在书桌前

【真题】The price of beer\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from 50 cents to 4 dollars per liter during the summer season.

A) altered B) ranged

C) separated D) differed

选B夏季每升啤酒的价格从50美分到4美元不等。四个选项的意思分别为：A)“更改，改变”；B)“在…范围内变化，分布”；C)“分开，隔离”；D)“有区别，发生分歧”。

**词汇辨析**

range, extent, field, scope

range既可指人感觉能力等所达到的范围，也可指物可供选择的范围。The company puts out a large range of products. 这家公司供应的产品范围很广。extent着重指某物朝一个方向延伸的范围或长度，但常用于引申意义，指广度或研究、知识等的范围。The extent of a judge's power is limited by law. 法官的权限受法律约束。

field指学术领域活动和作用的范围等，强调选择和必要的限制。He is known in the field as a fine mathematician. 他在数学界被认为是位优秀的数学家。scope着重指在理解、思考、调查、活动或应用等方面所能达到的范围。This subject is not within the scope of our investigation. 这论题不属于我们调查的范围。

maintain vt. ①维持，保持(同义：remain, keep, hold. preserve；反义：abandon)Only on unusual occasions do the police carry small arms to maintain public order. 只有在非常情况下，警察才会携带小型武器维持公共秩序。②维修，保养The railway is maintained with public funds. 这条铁路靠公款养护。③坚持，主张Each driver maintains that the accident was the others fault. 两个司机都坚持认为事故是对方的责任。④赡养；负担This poor old woman had to maintain the high lifestyle of her son until he started a job. 这位不幸的老妇人不得不在她儿子找到工作之前一直供养他。

action n. ①行动，行动过程The time has come for action. 行动的时间到了。②已做的事，行为Actions are more important than words. 行动胜于言语。③用the action of light on photographic film光线对感光片的作用④情节The action took place in a village. 故事发生在一个乡村。

【词组】out of action不(再)起作用，不(再)运转The bridge is out of action after the USA bombing. 美军轰炸之后，桥梁已毁坏。

obvious adj. 显然的，明显的There are obvious disadvantages in this proposal. 这项提案有明显的不足之处。

【难句】At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.与此同时，美国法律研究所——由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他们的建议分量极重——发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。

primarily adv. 主要地，首先He was many things, but he was primarily a general.他一身兼有多种身份，但主要先是位将军。

appeal n. ①呼吁，恳求A TV appeal she made to ask for money for AIDS research raised $2,000，000. 在电视里她为艾滋病研究所做的呼吁筹集到了两百万美元。②感染力，吸引力 Films of that sort have lost their appeal for me.那类影片对我已经失去吸引力了。③申诉，上诉The appeal to the Supreme Court was turned down. 向最高法院的申诉被驳回了。

vi. ①呼吁，恳求We are appealing for money to build a teacher's club. 我们在呼吁集资建立一个教师俱乐部。②有吸引力，有感染力I have never managed to make housekeeping appeal to my daughter. 我从未能使我女儿对家务活产生兴趣。③上诉，申诉I will appeal against being found guilty. 若被判有罪，我将上诉。④(to)诉诸，诉请裁决(或证实等)We have to appeal to the law. 我们不得不诉诸法律。

vt. 将…上诉，将…移交上级法院审理appeal a case为某案提出上诉

【记忆】peal(词根)驱动→appeal呼吁；吸引力；上诉

detail n. ①细节，详情He knew the last detail of her romance. 他知道她浪漫史的每一个细节。②枝节，琐事She does not enjoy the details of housekeeping. 她不喜欢琐碎的家务。

vt. 详述，详细说明In a special report the magazine details the fighting. 那份杂志在一篇特约报道中详述了战斗情况。

【词组】go into detail(s)详细叙述，逐一说明He went into great details about his new house. 他极其详细地描述了他的新房子。|| in detail详细地work out a plan in great detail极其具体地制定计划

decade n. 十年，十年期Prices have risen steadily during the past decade. 过去十年物价稳定上涨。

pollution n. 污染，污染物Pollution in the air reduced the visibility near the airport. 空气中的污染物降低了机场附近的能见度。/noise pollution噪音污染/nuclear pollution核污染/aerial pollution空气污染/aquatic pollution水污染/indoor air pollution室内空气污染

advantage n. ①优点，有利条件，有利因素(同义：upper hand；反义：disadvantage, handicap) Sitting President hold built-in advantages when seeking another term. 现任总统在谋求连任时拥有内在的有利条件。②利益，好处(同义：gain，benefit；反义：disadvantage) The advantages of the proposal outweigh the disadvantages. 这项建议利大于弊。

【词组】take advantage of利用，占…的便宜We had better take advantage of the warmer weather by going for a walk this afternoon. 我们最好趁着天气比较暖和，今天下午出去散散步。|| to advantage有利地，使优点突出地lay out one's money to advantage把钱花在刀刃上

【难句】Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. 敏锐的国外观察者们把关国的适应性和创新性与这种教育优势联系在一起。

【辨析】参见profit(P58)

culture n. ①文化，文明religious culture in the Middle Ages中世纪时期的宗教文化2教养，教育a man of little culture没有教养的人 ③培养，培植the culture of grapes葡萄栽培④培养菌aseptic culture无菌培养

auto 见automobile(P41)

autobiography n. 自传Lee Iaccoco's autobiography was acknowledged to be number one on the bestseller list of 1985. 李·雅科卡的自传被公认为是1985年第一畅销书。

【记忆】auto-(前缀)表示“自己”→autobiography自传

leader n. 领袖，领导者a loss leader失势的领袖

accordingly adv. ①照着，相应地The regulations have been established. Please act accordingly.规则已建立，请照此执行。②因此，所以，于是He was asked to leave me city and accordingly he went. 有人叫他离开该市，所以他就走了。

【难句】At the same time these computers record which hours are the busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.同时，这些计算机记录下哪些时段是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排，而且它们也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。

plastic n. ①\[常pl. \]塑料，塑料制品Plastics tend to be resistant to acids. 塑料往往耐酸。②信用卡plastic money信用卡

adj. 塑料(制)的，可塑的Clay and wax are plastic substances. 黏土和蜡是可塑性物质。

approve vi. (of)赞成，同意I don't approve of smoking. 我不赞成抽烟。

vt. ①赞成，称许I couldn't approve his conduct. 我不能赞同他的所作所为。②批准，核准，对…表示认可The senate approved the bill. 参议院通过了这一法案。

performance n. ①演出，表演Here are two tickets for the afternoon performance. 这里有两张下午表演的入场券。②履行，执行He is faithful in the performance of his duties. 他忠于职守。③工作情况，表现，(机器等)工作性能Her performance in the exams was rather disappointing. 她在考试中的表现令人十分失望。

【难句】Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. 不断的练习会对记忆产生如下的效果：比如能够练就富于技巧的钢琴演奏，能够背诵诗歌，甚至能够阅读并看懂这些文字。

recognize vt. ①认出，识别(同义：acknowledge. distinguish) He recognized me although he hadn't seen me for 10 years. 虽然他有十年没见过我了，但他还是认出了我。②承认，确认，认可The people recognized the new government. 人民承认了这个新政府。③赏识，表彰，报偿His merit should be recognized. 他的功绩应受到表彰。

【记忆】cognis(词根)知道→recognize认出，承认

【辨析】参见identify(P60)

factor n. 因素，要素Endurance is an important factor of success in sports. 耐力是在运动中取得胜利的重要因素。

enormous adj. 巨大的，极大的，庞大的The Nazis committed enormous crimes against all humanity.纳粹对世界人民犯下了滔天罪行。

**词汇辨析**

enormous, gigantic, immense, tremendous

enormous表示“巨大的，大量的”，指大小或程度超过惯常的范围或标准，有极度、异常、超出比例或过分巨大的意思。The princes of the Renaissance lavished upon private luxury and displayed enormous amounts of money. 文艺复兴时期的王公贵族们奢侈浪费，喜好炫耀他们的巨额财富。

gigantic表示“巨人般的，巨大的”，多用它的比喻、引申意义。The new gigantic building located in the centre of the city looks magnificent.坐落在市中心的新建的巨大楼宇看上去富丽堂皇。

immense表示“极大的，广大的”，指大小远远超出一般标准或习惯概念，非一般衡量单位或标准所能测量的，如海洋或天空等，也指抽象事物。Once progress has been made, the gains are likely to be immense. 一旦有了进展，收获就可能非常大。

tremendous表示“巨大的，非常的”，指规模、体积、程度大得惊人，不同寻常，另外还含有“第一流的”之意。The problem is how to harness the tremendous power which the earth receives from the sun every day.问题是如何利用地球每天从太阳接受到的巨大能量。

avoid vt. 避免，预防，避开He avoided answering my questions. 他对我的问题避而不答。

【用法】avoid表示“避免”时，后面接动名词或动名词短语作宾语，不能接不定式。You must try your best to avoid meeting him in that street. 你必须设法避免在那条街上遇见他。

【真题】Tryon was extremely angry, but cool-headed enough to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ storming into the boss's office.

A) prevent B) prohibit

C) turn D) avoid

选D特耐恩很生气，但他头脑足够冷静，避免了冲进老板的办公室发脾气。选项中四个动词只有D)可直接接动名词。

shift v. ①移动，转移Will you help me to shift the furniture around please?请你帮忙移动家具，好吗?/Don't try to shift the blame onto me !别想把责任推到我身上!/When the wind shifted from south to north it began to get cold.当风向由南风变成北风时，天气开始变冷。②改变，转变When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer in this building will force it to shift in the opposite direction. 当地面摇动、建筑物前倾时，建筑物内设置的计算机会迫使其向相反方向转变。

n. ①转换，转变the shift of leadership/power领导层/权力的更迭/a shift in attitude态度上的转变/Experts have noticed the gradual shift of workers away from manufacturing and towards the service industries.专家们注意到制造业的工人正逐渐转到服务行业。②(轮或换)班the early/morning shift 早班/They waited for the day shift to appear.他们等待日班工人的到来。/I'm on the day shift this week. 我这星期上白班。

source n. ①源(泉)，发源地Do you know where the Rhine takes its source?你知道莱茵河发源于何处吗?②来源，出处 It's desirable to have the light source accurately located. 最好找到光源的准确位置。

fulfill vt. ①履行，实现，完成(同义：perform，do, execute，finish，complete) fulfill a contract履行合同/fulfill a promise实现诺言/have one's request fulfilled实现某人的要求/fulfill one's responsibility尽职/fulfill the doctor's instructions遵医嘱/fulfill a work programme完成工作计划②满足，使满意(同义：satisfy) fulfill one's needs/expectations满足某人的需要/期望

moral adj. 道德(上)的，有道德的The parents feel responsible for their daughter's moral welfare.父母感到应对他们女儿道德上的健康成长负责。

n. ①\[pl. \]道德，品行，道德规范He has no morals and will do anything for money. 他毫无道德。为了弄钱什么事都干得出来。②寓意The moral of the story is that "Solidarity is strength". 这个故事的寓意是“团结就是力量”。

【记忆】mot(词根)风俗，习惯→moral道德

rank n. ①军衔，职衔the rank of general将军衔②地位，社会阶层people of all ranks各阶层人民③\[the～s\](政党、组织等的)普通成员My brother joined the ranks one year ago. 哥哥参军一年了。④排，行列Let’s take the taxi at the head of the rank. 我们乘坐排在前头的那辆出租车吧。

vt. 把…分等，给…评定等级I rank his achievement very highly. 我对他的成就评价很高。

vi. 列入，(在序列中)占特定等级She ranked first in the class. 她在班上排名第一。

【词组】the rank and file普通士兵，普通成员I'm only the rank and file of the party. 我只不过是普通党员。

replace vt. ①代替，取代(同义：substitute) While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television will replace the newspaper completely.虽然人们可以从电视了解最新消息，但电视不大可能完全取代报纸。②归还，赔还I’ll replace the cup I have broken with a new one. 我愿用一只新的杯子赔我打碎的那只。③放回原处Jeff decided not to buy the magazine，and replaced it in the rack. 杰夫决定不买那本杂志了，于是就把它放回了架子。

complex adj. ①由许多部分组成的，复合的a complex sentence复合句

n. ①综合体，集合体The new sports complex has everything needed for many different activities. 新建的综合体育馆能为多种活动提供所需要的设施。②情结，夸大的情绪反应a complex about bugs对小虫的病态恐惧

【记忆】ple(词根)重，倍→complex复杂的，复合的

【难句】As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.就如同在任何一个发达社会里一样，在美国，所有社会的相互关系下面都隐含着一系列复杂的文化信号、猜想和传统观念。

**词汇辨析**

complex, complicated, sophisticated

complex表示“复杂的”，指由相互联系且相互作用的部分组成，要想解决、处理这样的问题，必须有一定的专业知识或经过专门研究。The economic situation is so complex, so intricate in the interdependence of delicately balanced factors. 经济形势与这些微妙的制衡因素之间的相互依存关系是这样地错综复杂。

complicated表示“复杂的，难懂的，难弄的”，形容非常复杂，因此很难理解、解决、解释的问题或事物，语气比complex更强。Only those who have had much practice can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully. 只有那些经过大量训练的人，才能够成功完成这一连串复杂的事情。

sophisticated表示“复杂的，不易懂的”，指机械、设备、武器装备等的结构复杂或技术高、精、尖。另外，也指人的“世故老练”，或心灵活动的“复杂高深”。She studied many books about fashion and correct social behaviour as she wanted to appear sophisticated.她研究了许多关于时装和正确的社交行为的书，因为她想显得老练些。

练习

1. I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ .

A) where I'd like to visit B) in which I'd like to visit

C) I most want to visit D) that I want to visit it most

2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others.

A) Dislike B) Unlike

C) Alike D) Liking

3. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.

A) being B) been

C) to be D) having been

4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ you are leaving tomorrow, we can have dinner together tonight.

A) For B) Since

C) Before D) While

5. Tony is very disappointed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the results of the exam.

A) with B) for

C) toward D) on

6. William Perm, the founder of Pennsylvania, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.

A) peculiarly B) indifferently

C) vigorously D) inevitably

7. I hope all the precautions against air pollution, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

A) while B) since

C) after D) as

8. When people become unemployed, it is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which is often worse than lack of wages.

A) laziness B) poverty

C) idleness D) inability

**答案**

1. C 我从未到过北京，但那是我最想去的地方。

visit是及物动词，先行词place为其宾语，而A)、B)两项引导的是状语从句，即place需在句中作状语，与前面的分析矛盾，故A)、B)错误。D)项中that和it重复了。C)项中的关系代词在从句中作宾语，故可省略。

2. B 与他姐姐不同，杰克很文静，不轻易交朋友。

从词义上看B)符合句意。dislike vt. /n. “不喜欢，厌恶”；unlike prep. /adj. “不像(的)，和…不同(的)”；alike adj./adv. “相似的(地)，相像的(地)”；liking n. “爱好”。从语法上看，后半句为完整句子，且两句间没有连接词，故填空处只能填入动名词、动词不定式或介词。unlike为选项中唯一的介词，所以为正确选项。

3. A 该农作物与先前的那种很相似，都适应同一种土壤并具有抗风的特性。

根据句子结构，空格后通常用两种结构：to do sth. 或doing sth. ，前一种表示目的，后一种表示补充说明、伴随等。本题属于后一种，故A)正确。

4. B 既然你明天才走，那今晚我们可以一起吃顿饭。for作连词表原因，一般不出现在句首。before“在…之前”和while“在…的时候”，不符合本题逻辑。而since可表示“既然”之意，故B)正确。

5. A 托尼对考试成绩非常失望。

be disappointed with sth. 为固定搭配，表示“对…感到失望”。

6. C 宾夕法尼亚州的开创者威廉·佩恩积极捍卫每个公民宗教信仰自由的权利。

peculiarly“特有地，特别地”；indifferently“漠然地，漠不关心地”；vigorously“精力充沛地，有活力地”；inevitably“不可避免地，必然地”。

7. D 我希望所有预防空气污染的措施——如同当地政府建议的那样——都能予以郑重考虑。

本题测试as引导的非限制性定语从句，as常指代句子或句子的一部分。

8. C 当人们失业时，比拿不到工资更糟糕的是那种空虚无聊的感觉。

laziness“懒惰，无精打采”；poverty“贫穷”；idleness “虚无，空虚，无聊”；inability“无力，无能”。

**第****3****天**

频率为7次的单词

injure vt. 伤害，损害，损伤There were two people injured in the car accident. 有两个人在车祸中受了伤。/She was injured badly in an accident during the work.她在一次工伤事故中受了重伤。

outcome n. 结果(同义：result, effect) Everyone is eager to know the outcome of the election. 人人都很想知道选举结果。

insurance n. 保险，保险费He has $50，000fire insurance on his house. 他给自己的房子买了5万美元的火灾险。/The holiday cost fifty pounds plus insurance and airport taxes. 这次度假的费用是50镑，另加保险费和机场税。/I bought a few extra for insurance. 保险起见，我多买了几个。

impression n. ①印象，感觉She gave me the impression of an innocent woman. 她给我的印象是单纯。②印记，压痕the impression of a foot in the mud泥地里的一只脚印

household n. 家庭，户In future，there will be more single-person households than any other kind.未来，单亲家庭将会多于任何其他类型的家庭。

adj. ①家庭的，家用的，普通的household affairs家务事/household appliances家用电器2家喻户晓的a household talk show hostess家喻户晓的脱口秀主持人

claim vt. ①声称，断言He claimed he had won the race. 他声称他赢得了比赛。/a candidate claiming many supporters宣称有许多支持者的候选人②对…提出要求，索取claim a reward索求回报③(灾难等)使失踪或死亡，夺走生命a hurricane that claimed two lives夺走了两条生命的一场飓风④需要，值得problems that claim her attention 值得她留意的问题

n. ①要求，认领，索赔have a strong legal claim to the property对财产强烈的合法要求②声称，断言make no claim to be a cure不能断言为有效对策

【词组】lay claim to声称对…有权利

**词汇辨析**

claim, demand, request, require

claim表示“要求(得到)，请求(给予)”，根据法律、产权或其他理由，强调有权利或宣称有权利得到所要求的东西。Every citizen in a democratic country may claim the protection of the law. 民主国家的每个公民都可要求法律的保护。

demand表示“要求，需要”，强调因某人有权限、权利或需要而坚持要求获得某种东西或做某种事情。He demanded to be told everything. 他要求被告知所发生的一切。

request表示“要求得到，需要得到，索要”，正式用语。比ask正式一些，比demand客气一些。The public are requested not to leave litter in these woods. 请大家不要在这些树林里乱扔东西。

require指根据权利要求所需要的东西。语气比demand 弱。What material do you require to complete the job?你还需要什么资料才能完成这项工作?

personality n. ①人格，个性That boy may be smart，but he has no personality. 那男孩也许很聪明，但没有个性。②人物，名人She is a personality in the news. 她是个新闻人物。

personnel n. ①\[总称\]人员，员工(同义：staff)Networked stores can also reduce their personnel and inventory costs. 网络零售店同样可以降低人员成本和库存成本。/There were five airline personnel on the plane that crashed. 失事的飞机上有五位工作人员。②人事部门She is the head of personnel for the harbour authority.她是港务局的人事处长。/personnel department人事部，人事处，人事科

employee n. 受雇者，雇工，雇员There are 100 employees in his firm. 他的公司有一百名雇员。

【记忆】-ee(后缀)表示“人”，有被动的意思→employee 雇员

reserve vt. ①保留，留存(同义：keep，store)I reserve the right to disagree. 我保留持不同意见的权利。 ②预订The travel agency has reserved a room for you at the hotel.旅行社已在旅馆为你预订了一间房。

n. ①储备(物)reserve of food食物储备②保留，(言语、行动的)拘谨，矜持reserve of manner态度冷淡③替补队员，后备部队the first reserve【军】预备役④自然保护区a nature reserve自然保护区

【真题】We'd like to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a table for five for dinner this evening.

A) preserve B) sustain

C ) retain D) reserve

选D我们想预订一张今晚五人用的餐桌。从句子的意思可以看出这里应选一个有“预订”意义的单词。这四个选项的意思分别是：A)“保护，维持；保存，保藏”；B)“支撑，维持”；C)“保留；保持”；D)“储备；预订，预约”。

approach v. 靠近，接近(同义：reach, come near;反义：separate, part)John is approaching manhood. 约翰行将成年。

n. ①靠近，接近，临近Our approach drove away the birds.我们一走近，鸟儿都飞走了。②途径This book provides a good approach to electronics. 这是一本很好的电子学入门书。③方式，方法How can teachers fine-tame their classroom approaches?教师是如何很好地调整他们的教学方法的?

【记忆】ap-(前缀)表示“运动方向”→approach接近

capacity n. ①容量，容积The seating capacity of this theatre is 1，000. 该剧场有一千个座位。②才能，能力This book is beyond the capacity of the young readers. 这本书非少年读者所能理解。③身份，职位He served the government in several capacities. 他曾担任政府中的几个职位。

【真题】Mobile telecommunications\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is expected to double in Shanghai this year as a result of a contract signed between the two companies.

A) capacity B) potential

C) possession D) impact

选A由于这两个公司签订了合同，上海今年的移动电信容量预计会翻一番。四个名词的意思分别是：A)“能力；容量”；B)“潜力，潜能”；C)“拥有，所有”；D)“影响，效果”。

generally adv. ①一般地，通常Generally speaking，he is a good guy. 大致上说，他是个好人。②普遍地，广泛地This song is generally popular. 这首歌广受欢迎。

automobile n. 汽车death from automobile车祸死亡/gasoline automobile汽油汽车

【记忆】auto-(前缀)表示“自己；汽车”→automobile汽车

male adj. 男(性)的，雄的(反义：female) The hospital assigned a male nurse for him. 医院给他派了一位男护士。

n. 男子，雄性动物，雄性植物This is a male-dominated legislature. 这是一个由男子控制的立法机构。

regardless adj. 不顾后果地，不管怎样，无论如何He says what he minks，regardless of other people's feelings. 他怎么想就怎么说，不考虑别人的情绪。

【词组】regardless of不顾，不惜Regardless of danger，he climbed the tower. 他不顾危险攀登高塔。/I’m buying the book，regardless of the cost. 我打算买下那本书，不管什么价钱。

【真题】 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.

A) Besides B) Regardless of

C) But for D) Despite

选C要不是他们组的协助，我们不可能在调查中取得成功。虚拟语气与介词短语题。句中是典型的虚拟语气，故C)为答案。A)“除…之外(还有)”；B)“不顾”；D)“尽管”。

contact n. ①接触，联系，交往Friendly contacts between different peoples facilitate the cultural and economic interchange. 各国人民之间的友好接触促进文化和经济交流。②熟人；社会关系 She comes into contact with many people. 她和许多人有联系。③(电路的)触点，接头The two wires were in contact. 这两根电线接通了。

vt. 与…取得联系，与…接触Contacting with realities indisposed him to any more idle speculations.接触实际使他不再沉浸于无益的空想。

【记忆】tact(词根)接触→contact接触，联系，交往

wealthy adj. 富裕的This is a land wealthy in flowers and fruits. 这是一个花果之乡。

estimate n. ①估计，估量In my estimate，your plan will not work. 据我估计，你的计划行不通。②评价，看法He stands high in the estimate of the public. 公众对他评价很高。

vt. 估计，估量It was roughly estimated that the work could be finished in two months. 粗略估计这项工作可在两个月内完成。

【记忆】-ate(后缀)动词后缀→estimate估计

**词汇辨析**

estimate, assess, evaluate

estimate指个人经过推理或做出大致的判断，但并非绝对客观或确定无疑的。It is estimated that the total investment in the country will continue to increase this year. 据估计国内投资总额今年将继续增加。

assess原指为确定应缴纳的税额而进行的估计，引申为确定某物的确切价值并据此做出决定或评定。It is these documents that enable the importing customs to assess consignment at the correct rate of duty.进口国海关凭借这些文件按正确税率对货物估价征税。

evaluate指根据某种等价物来对事物的价值(一般并非货币价值)做出确定无疑的判断。Conventional ethical codes are assumed to be invalid Or at least impractical for evaluating life as it is. 就如实地评价生活来说，传统的道德准则被认为是无用的，或者至少是不切实际的。

incident n. ①发生的事She told us about some of the amusing incidents of her holiday. 她给我们讲了几件她假期中遇到的趣事。2事件，事变These incidents were caused by increasing unemployment. 这些事件是由失业人数的增加引起的。/There was a strange incident in the supermarket today. 今天那家超市发生了一件怪事。/a border incident边境事件

device n. ①装置，设备，器械I have fitted a device to my car which opens the garage doors automatically.我在车上装了一个能自动开启车库门的装置。②手段，策略By a subtle device, the thief gained access to the vault.贼用巧妙的手段潜进了地下室。

【词组】leave to one's own devices听任…自便，让…自行发展Our son is eighteen years old and we should leave him to his own devices. 我们的儿子十八岁了，应让他自己去发展了。

error n. 错误，差错He has committed an error of judgment. 他判断失误。

【难句】Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. 遗憾地讲，这次(新闻机构可信度)调查计划大体上只获得了一些低层次的发现，比如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，此外还有关于读者到底想读些什么的烦人的困惑。

private adj. ①私人的，个人的(同义：personal；反义：public，official)a private party私人聚会/private property私人财产②秘密的，私下的private papers秘密文件③私立的，私营的a private sanatorium私营疗养院/a private school私立学校

n. 士兵，列兵a basic private(美)陆军三等兵

【词组】in private在私下，秘密地Can I speak to you in private?我可以私下与你谈谈吗?

【记忆】priv(词根)私有的；使丧失→private私人的；秘密的

**词汇辨析**

private, individual, personal

private表示“个人的，私有的”，与public“公共的，公有的”相反，也含有明确的隐私、不愿或不应公之于众的意思。He has asked the secretary of the state to apply to the President for a private interview.他已经要国务卿向总统提出申请，要求秘密会见。

individual表示“个体的，个人的”，区别于集体、整体或普通，明确指某类单一、个别的人或物，常用作定语。She was determined to do good, not to any individual person but to a country.她决心为国家而不是(仅仅)为任何个人做好事。

personal表示“个人的，私人的，亲自的”，着重强调属于、涉及本人，而非他人所能代表、代替的事物。According to etiquette in western countries, it's good manners to avoid making personal remarks.按照西方礼仪，避免发表涉及个人的评论是礼貌的。

relationship n. 关系，关联The boss has a very good relationship with his employees. 这位老板和雇员们关系很好。

recently adv. 最近The company has recently bought a new office building in central New York.这家公司最近在纽约市中心买了一幢新的办公楼。

scale n. ①重大小，规模on a large scale大规模地/on the nationwide scale在全国范围内/As me cost declines on the economic scale we can use robots more.随着规模经济成本的下降，我们可以更多地使用机器人。②等级，级别Her father is of high social scale. 她父亲社会地位高。③\[常pl. \]天平，磅秤The butcher weighed the turkey on the scales. 肉店老板用磅秤称了火鸡的重量。④比例(尺)I need a map with the scale of ten kilometers to the centimeter.我需要一幅按一厘米代表十公里的比例绘制的地图。⑤刻度，标度the scale of a thermometer温度计的标度/This ruler has one scale in centimeters and another in inches.这把尺子上有厘米的刻度和英寸的刻度。⑥(鱼等的)鳞Wash the fish and take off the scales with a knife. 把鱼洗一洗，用刀把鱼鳞刮掉。

vt. 攀登，爬越(同义：climb，ascend) Monica scaled the ladder and painted her house. 莫妮卡爬上了梯子然后粉刷房子。

【词组】on a…scale…规模地，在…规模上They are preparing a war on a large scale. 他们正在大规模备战。|| scale down缩减All wages were scaled down by ten percent. 所有工资都被削减了10％。

【记忆】scal(词根)爬，攀；成长→scale标度，比例尺；音阶

union n. ①工会，联盟In some industries you are compelled to join a union as a condition of getting a job.在有些行业中，人们被迫加入工会以作为获得工作的条件。②结合，联合，合并They are working for the union of the two countries. 他们正在为这两个国家的合并而努力。③团结，一致，融洽In union there is strength. 团结就是力量。

climate n. ①气候，气候区The climate of Africa did not agree with her. 非洲的气候不适合她。②风气，气氛a favorable climate of opinion有利的舆论氛围/a climate of fear恐怖气氛

available adj. ①现成可使用的，在手边的，可利用的There were no tickets available for Friday's performance. 弄不到星期五演出的入场券。②可取得联系的，可得到的The doctor is not available now. 医生现在不能接待你。

【记忆】vail(词根)价值→available可利用的，可得到的

【难句】They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad and they make many banking services available as well. 信用卡使其持有人在本地、国内的其他地方，甚至国外的商店、餐厅和饭店消费时获得自动信贷，同时它们也能够提供多项银行服务。

criticism n. ①批评，批判，指责These two criticisms provide a good starting point. 这两条批评意见开创了良好的开端。②评论，评论文章ideological criticisms思想评论

diet n. ①日常饮食Proper diet and exercise are both vital for one's health. 适当的饮食和运动对健康都非常重要。②(病人或减肥者的)特种饮食，规定饮食The lady had stomach trouble and had to follow a strict diet. 那位女士有胃病，不得不严格按规定进食。

vi. 进特种饮食；节食You ought to diet and take more exercise. 你应该节食并多做运动。

【词组】on a diet节食The doctor says I've got to go on a diet. 医生说我得节食。

civilian n. 平民，百姓What does it feel like to be a civilian after 20 years in the army?在军队待了20年后再做平民，有何感受?

ground n. ①地，地面He fell to the ground from the horse's back. 他从马背上摔了下来。②\[常pl. \]场地，场所The royal family usually has hunting grounds. 王室通常都有狩猎场。③理由，根据You have no grounds for doing so. 你没有理由这么做。

【词组】gain ground进展，占优势How can we gain ground on our competitors?我们怎样才能赶超我们的竞争对手?|| get off the ground开始，(使)取得进展We got off the ground in our business. 我们的事业进展顺利。|| on the grounds of根据…，以…为理由On the grounds of the regulations, you are not qualified for this position. 根据规定，你不够资格胜任这个职位。

【难句】The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression.人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没有使他的日子好过一些。莱文一向以它是一种“富于表现力的演唱方式”这个理由来为公司的说唱音乐辩护。

liberal adj. ①心胸宽阔的，开明的They are liberal parents and let their children make their own decisions on different things. 他们是开明的父母，让儿女对各种事情自己做主。②自由的，不受约束的He possessed a liberal tongue that was always offending people. 他口无遮拦而常得罪人。③(指政治观点上的)自由主义的The Liberal Party favors reform and progress. 自由党提倡改革与进步。④慷慨的，大方的(同义：generous；反义：mean)He is liberal with promises but not with money. 他承诺慷慨，但给钱吝啬。

【记忆】liber(词根)自由的→liberal慷慨的，大方的；自由的，开明的

establish vt. ①建立，创办，设立It has been one hundred years since the university was established.该大学建校已有百年。②确定，确立，证实He has established himself firmly in business. 他已在商业界牢固地确立了自己的地位。

indicate vt. ①标示，指示，指出A signpost indicated the road to City B. 一个路标给我们指明了通往B 城的路。②表明，示意(同义：show, reflect，evidence，imply, suggest) He indicated that my help was not welcome.他表示我的帮助不受欢迎。

【记忆】dict(词根)言，说→indicate指示，表示，暗示

【真题】1. These surveys indicate that many crimes go \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.

A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded

C) unrecording D) to have been unrecorded

选A这些调查表明，很多犯罪行为未被警方记录下来，因为许多受害者并没有报案。go+过去分词构成系表结构。

【真题】2. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olympic Games had a unique Australian flavor, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of their multicultural communities.

A) noticeable B ) conspicuous

C) implicit D) indicative

选D 2000年奥运会上的所有庆典仪式都带有独特的澳大利亚风格，代表了其多元文化社会的特色。indicative of 是“表明，说明”，符合题意。A)“可以看出来的，引人注意的”，不与of连用；B)“引人注目的，明显的”，常与for连用；C)“不言明的，含蓄的，暗示的，内隐的”，后可跟in。

accomplish vt. 达到(目的)，完成(任务)，实现(计划、诺言等)(同义：realize, complete, perform, achieve, fulfil, finish.) Mike accomplished the mission with his extraordinary wisdom. 迈克以非凡的智慧完成了那项使命。

【记忆】pli(词根)满，全→accomplish完成，实现，达到

finally adv. 最后，终于I finally agreed with her. 我最终同意了她(的意见)。

spot n. ①地点，处所We climbed up towards our picnic spot. 我们攀登至野餐地点。②斑点，污点My dog is white with black spots. 我的狗是斑点狗。③少量we didn't have a spot of rain last month. 上个月我们这里没有下过一滴雨。

vt. ①认出，发现He was the first to spot the danger. 他是第一个发现险情的人。/The teacher spotted every mistake in my paper. 老师发现了我考卷上的每一个错误。②玷污His trousers were spotted with mud. 他的裤子上有泥渍。/spot one's character玷污某人的人格

【词组】on the spot ①. 在场，到场Certain decisions had to be taken by the man on the spot. 某些决定必须由现场人员做出。②. 立即，马上，当场I’ll attend to it on the spot. 我立即办理这件事。

练习

1. I was\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.

A) to B) on

C) at D) in

2. In no country\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

A) other than B) more than

C) better than D) rather than

3. A lorry \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Jane's cat and sped away.

A) ran over B ) ran into

C) ran through D) ran down

4. The project\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by the end of 2015, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.

A) accomplished B) being accomplished

C) to be accomplished D) having been accomplished

5. In previous times, when fresh meat was in short\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.

A) store B ) provision

C) reserve D) supply

6. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for our defense.

A) had been taken B ) would be taken

C) be taken D) to be taken

7. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the sort of candles used only in churches.

A) had come B ) coming

C) come D) that came

8. After the guests left, she spent half an hour \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the sitting-room.

A) ordering B ) arranging

C) tidying up D) clearing away

**答案**

1. B 他的信到达的时候，我正准备给他打电话。

on the point of doing sth. 是习惯用语，表示“正要做某事”。

2. A 据说。除了英国，其他国家的人都不能在一天内经历四季。

other than表示“除了…”之意；rather than表示“而不是”。

3. A 一辆卡车辗过简的猫后加速跑了。

ran over“辗过”；ran into“撞到，偶然碰见”；ran through“匆匆跑着穿过，匆匆处理”；ran down“用完，撞到”。

4. C 预计在2015年前完成的这项工程将使该市的电话网扩充至100万用户。

分词和不定式都可做定语，根据谓语will可知这项工程还未完成，而不定式表将来，故选择C)项。

5. D 先前鲜肉供应不足时，许多人家养鸽为食。in short supply是固定短语，意为“供应不足的，缺乏的”。

6. C 作为武装力量的总司令，我已下令采取一切措施加强保卫。

主句中谓语动词为direct，宾语从句要用虚拟语气，其谓语形式应为should+动词原形，should可省略。

7. A 闯入教堂的小偷被抓住了，因为在他衣服上发现的蜡迹来自教堂专用的那种蜡烛。

此句后半句为because引导的原因状语从句，found on his clothes为插入语，修饰wax，在答题时可跳过。空格处的部分作谓语，据此排除B)、D)两项；根据时态可排除C)项。

8. C 客人离开后。她花了半个小时整理客厅。

order“订货，点菜”；arrange“安排，整理，布置”；tidy up是固定短语，表示“整理，收拾”；clear away“消散，消失”。虽然B)、C)均有“整理”的意思，但B)更强调摆放和布置，而C)隐含“清洁，打扫”之意。

**第****4****天**

**频率为****6****次的单词****(****一****)**

potential adj. 潜在的，可能的(同义：possible，hidden, underlying) Be aware of the potential danger.注意潜在的危险。/ The dispute has scared away potential investors.这场争论吓跑了可能的投资者。

n. 潜力，潜能This new invention has enormous sales potential. 这项新发明有巨大的销售潜力。/Has she got executive potential??她有没有可能成为管理人才?

【记忆】potent(词根)有力的→potential潜在的，可能的

【难句】As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there Are. 随着国际互联网变得越来越商业化，上网的普及是符合商业利益的——毕竟，上网的人越多，潜在的消费群体就越大。

professional adj. 职业的，专业的，专门的start one's professional life as an actor开始演员生涯

n. 自由职业者，专业人员The band consists of a professional and three amateurs. 乐队由一名职业乐师和三名业余人员组成。

【难句】But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.但是. 对一小部分学生来说，职业教育也许是条可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能是否娴熟是能否得到工作的关键。

ideal adj. ①理想的，完满的The weather is ideal for a picnic. 这种天气去野餐是最理想的。 ②想象的，空想的ideal plans for making a lot of money赚大钱的空想计划

n. ①理想He has a high ideal in life. 他的一生有很高的理想。②理想的东西(或人)I am looking for a house in the suburb but haven't found my ideal yet. 我正在郊区找一栋房子，但还没有找到理想的。

reflect vt. ①反射，映现A mirror reflects a picture of you when you look in it. 当你照镜子时，镜子映出你的形象。 ②反映，显示This letter reflects how I really think. 这封信表达了我的真实想法。

vi. 深思，考虑，反省she reflected before answering my question. 她在回答我的问题之前仔细考虑了一下。

【记忆】flect(词根)弯曲，转向→reflect反射，反映

considerable adj. 相当大(或多)的He gave me considerable trouble. 他给我添了很多麻烦。/He has been ill for a considerable time. 他病了好长一段时间。

influence n. ①影响，影响力Literature has a great influence on people’s ideology. 文学对一个民族的思想意识有很大的影响。2产生影响的人(或事)My parents considered my friend to be a bad influence on me. 我父母认为我的朋友对我有不好的影响。 ③势力，权势The monitor has succeeded in establishing an influence over his classmates. 班长非常成功地在班里树立起威信。

vt.. 影响 His parents powerfully influenced him in choosing this job. 他父母在他选择这个职业时施加了很大的影响。

trace vt. ①查出，找到She opened the purse in an effort to trace the owner. 她打开钱包想弄清谁是钱包的主人。②追溯，探索This custom can be traced back to very early ages. 这种风俗可以追溯到很古老的年代。③描绘，草拟trace(out)a policy草拟一项政策

n. ①痕迹，踪迹Did the police find any trace of the murderer?警方发现那个谋杀犯的线索了吗?②微量，少许There was a trace of sadness in her voice. 她的话语中略带几分悲伤。

attitude n. ①态度，看法Her work attitude was poor. 她的工作态度不好。②姿态，姿势He knelt in the attitude of prayer. 他以祈祷的姿势跪着。

【难句】In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. 在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、寿命延长技术和变化中的社会态度等因素都在发挥作用，其他国家也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。

chemical adj. 化学的A chemical change takes place in any substance when it burns. 物质燃烧时产生化学变化。

n. 化学制品carcinogenic chemicals致癌化学物

network n. ①网状物Blood is transported around the body via a network of veins and arteries.血液是通过静脉和动脉网输送到全身的。②广播网，电视网Many people want to be employed by the Cable News Network. 很多人希望能被有线新闻网雇用。③(电信与计算机)网络，网状系统We have well developed marketing networks. 我们已充分发展了销售网络。

positive adj. ①确实的，明确的He was positive that he had seen it in the newspapers. 他确信他在报上读到过。②积极的，肯定的You should have a positive attitude towards life. 你应该对生活持积极态度。③正的，阳性的(反义：negative)Twelve is a positive amount. 12是正数。

territory n. ①领土，版图(同义：land, realm, domain)The former U. S. S. R. had territories in both Asia and Europe. 前苏联在亚洲和欧洲都有领土。②领域，范围Everyone has his own territory. 各人有各人从事的领域。

engage vt. ①吸引，占用(时间、精力等)We tried to engage a foreigner in conversation，but in vain. 我们想与一位外国人交谈，但没成功。②使从事，使忙于The puzzle engaged him all evening. 他整个晚上都在应对那个难题。③雇，聘John is engaged as their economic adviser. 约翰被他们聘为经济顾问。④使订婚My brother and she are engaged. 我兄弟和她订婚了。

vi. (in)参加，从事于If you engage in politics，you cannot expect to have much time for your family. 你若从政，就别指望有时间照顾家人。

【用法】engage表示“订婚”时，无论后面接不接宾语，都用被动形式。Tom is engaged to Anne. 汤姆和安妮订婚了。/Anne is engaged. 安妮订婚了。

【难句】The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.这种变化通过引入许多专业因素而适应了新时代的技术要求，并且(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。家族企业的财富在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代的时候，经常会由于这种效率的降低而被毁掉。

witness n. ①目击者，见证人We were witnesses to the accident and some of us had to testify in court.我们是此事件的目击者，因此我们中的一些人必须出庭作证。②证据，证言It stands there in witness of the event. 它屹立在那里，为这个事件作证。

vt. ①目击，注意到(同义：see，observe)The problems we are now witnessing are the consequences of years of neglect.我们目前注意到的问题是多年忽视的结果。②为…作证，证明None could witness that he was present. 没人能证明他当时在场。/Your actions witness your guilt你的行为足以证明你有罪。

welfare n. ①福利(同义：good，benefit，interest，well-being)A welfare state is a country with state-financed social services. 福利国家是利用国家财政支持社会服务的国家。/welfare fund福利基金/social welfare社会福利/welfare work福利事业②福利救济on welfare接受社会救济

career n. 生涯，职业(同义：employment, job，occupation, profession, vocation) Washington's career as a soldier 华盛顿的军人生涯/make teaching as one's career以教书为生/begin one's Hellywood career开始在好莱坞谋生

【难句】 "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”上星期参议员罗伯特·多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员说：“难道这就是你们希望能够成就的事业吗?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子吗?”

attach vt. ①系，贴，连接Attach a label to your suitcase. 在你的行李上贴张标签。②使依恋，使喜爱Naturally they are attached to the place where they worked. 很自然地，他们喜欢曾经工作过的地方。③认为有(重要性、责任等)She attached no significance to his warning.她不重视他的警告。④使附属 This apartment includes a bedroom with a bathroom attached. 这套公寓里有一间带有浴室的卧室。

profit n. 利润，收益，益处(同义：gain, benefit, advantage; 反义：loss) The company made a profit of 100 percent. 那家公司获得了百分之百的利润。

vt. 有益于，有利于It will profit you nothing to do that. 那样做对你没有利。

vi. (by，from)得益Have you profited from the experience?你从该经验中获益了吗?

【难句】I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can't make a definite promise to help you. 我也不能肯定是否可以从投资中获利，所以我不能做出明确的承诺来帮助你。

**词汇辨析**

profit, advantage, benefit

profit专指物质利益和金钱，与精神的或抽象的利益无关。It's selfish of them to prefer their own immediate profit to what will benefit us all in the future.他们只顾自己的眼前利益而不管将来能对我们大家都有好处的事情，真是太自私了。

advantage常指优于他人或他物的条件，亦可指因这些条件带来的好处或利益。You cannot say that the desire for material advantage is the basic motive in human behaviors, for there're many exceptions to this.你不能说对物质利益的渴望是人类行为的基本动力，因为还存在着许多的例外情况。

benefit指任何精神或物质的好处、利益，用于人时，常指在不损害他人的情况下获益或获利。I have read the book many times in order to derive the full benefit from it. 为了从中充分获益，我把这本书读了好多遍。

musician n. 音乐家，乐师I wish to be a

fine musician. 我希望成为一名优秀的音乐家。

【记忆】-ian(后缀)表示“人”→musician音乐家

purchase vt. 买，购买(同义：buy)The slaves purchased freedom with blood. 奴隶们以血的代价换来了自由。

n. 购买，购买的物品Do you wish us to deliver your purchases?你想让我们把你购买的物品送过去吗?

competitive adj. ①竞争的，比赛的We must realize that we live in a highly competitive society.我们必须认识到我们生活在一个高度竞争的社会。②好竞争的，求胜心切的I have realized I am not at all competitive. 我意识到自己没有一点竞争心。③(价格等)有竞争力的Their products are very competitive in the world market.他们的产品在国际市场上极具竞争力。

【难句】Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected.由于大多数美国人视竞争为进步和成功的主要源泉，因此竞争性的商业体系倍受尊敬。

particularly adv. 特别，尤其He particularly dislikes quiz shows. 他尤其不喜欢智力竞赛节目。

assign vt. ①指派，选派I assigned him the job. 我派他担任这一职务。②指定(时间、地点等)We assigned tomorrow morning for our meeting. 我们指定明天上午为开会时间。③分配，给予，布置(作业)The professor assigned us a new lesson. 教授给我们布置了新课。

response n. ①回答，答复The agent made a quick response to my inquiry. 代理人很快对我的询问做了答复。②反应，响应There is no response to our call for help. 我们的求援没有得到回应。

【词组】in response to作为对…的反应open the door in response to a knock应声开门

pace n. ①(一)步(同义：walk，stride)She finished only a few paces behind the winner. 她只比优胜者差几步。②步行速度，节奏(同义：speed，rate)The ease and pace of his turns and the precision of his beat place him in the line of the great Russian dancers. 他轻松自如、富有节奏的旋转以及恰到好处的拍子使得他成为伟大的俄罗斯舞蹈家之一。

vi. 踱步The lion paced up and down restlessly. 狮子不耐烦地来回走动。

【词组】keep pace(with)(与…)齐步前进，(与…)并驾齐驱Price increases failed to keep pace with rising costs.价格的提高跟不上成本的增加。|| set the pace起带头作用 an agency that sets the pace in advertizing 在广告业领先的一家公司

complaint n. ①抱怨，诉苦Our complaints fell on deaf ears. 我们的抱怨被置若罔闻。②投诉，控告If your neighbours are too noisy，then you have cause for complaint. 如果你的邻居太吵闹，你就有理由投诉。③疾病Do you consider his complaint dangerous?你认为他的病危险吗?

identify vt. ①认出，鉴定(同义：recognize, distinguish) His loud voice quickly identifies him.他响亮的声音使人一听就知道是他。②(with)等同于He is identified with another man. 他被误认为是另一个人。

vi. (with)认同He identifies with the hero of a novel. 他把自己设想成一部小说中的主人公。

【记忆】-fy(后缀)动词后缀→identify 识别

**词汇辨析**

identify, distinguish, recognize

identify指证实或识别某人的身份或认出某物是谁的或是什么。The markings are so blurred that it is difficult to identify. 标记模糊不清，难以识别。

distinguish指通过感觉清楚地认出。People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blind. 不能分辨颜色的人被称为色盲。

recognize指认出原来曾经见过或听过的人或事。I recognized Peter although I hadn't seen him for 10years. 虽然有十年没看到彼得了，但我还是认出了他。

arise vi. ①产生，出现，发生At a later stage there arose new problems which seemed insoluble.在后面的阶段出现了一些似乎无法解决的新问题。②(from)(由…)引起，(由…)产生，起源于Serious obligations may arise from the proposed clause. 这项被提议的条款可能会产生一些重大的责任。③起身，起床arise early in the morning早上很早起床

victim n. 牺牲品，受害者A fund was created to help the victims of the earthquake. 一笔专款被设立用来救助地震灾民。/a victim of an air-crash空难事故的罹难者

**词汇辨析**

victim, prey

victim通常指被其他残忍的人或非人力的东西所杀害或严重伤害的人或动物。He was a victim of a severe accident. 他是一次重大事故的受害者。

prey通常指被其他动物捕获或吃掉的动物，也可用来表示某人成为某掠夺性动物或行为的牺牲品。The huge bird flew off with its prey in its claw. 那大鸟用爪子带着它捕获的猎物飞走了。

sample n. 样品，试样，样本(同义：specimen，example) Many companies give free samples of new products to customers in the store. 在商场里，许多公司向消费者免费赠送新产品的样品。

vt. ①从…抽样(试验或调查)He spent an hour sampling wines. 他花了一个小时抽样检验各种葡萄酒。②品尝，体验I have sampled all the cakes and I like Jane's best. 我品尝了所有的蛋糕，认为简的最好。

**词汇辨析**

sample, specimen

sample指从整体中按一定的规格抽取出的一部分，一般被认为能代表该整体，如工业产品的样品。Many firms give away small quantities of their produce as samples, so that people can try them before buying.许多公司都将少量的产品包装起来作为样品赠送，这样人们在购买前可以先试用一下。

specimen表示“样品，标本”，但它的整体多是由相关的各独立实体组成；作“标本”解时，可指动植物及矿物的标本。In some products, the evolution from the earliest specimen to the finished form was affected surprisingly little by scientific process. 在有些产品中，从最初的雏形到最终的形式，这一发展过程受到的科学进程的影响实在是小得惊人。

modify vt. ①修改，更改r同义：change, alter)These plans must be partially modified if they are to be carried out successfully. 这些计划要成功实施就必须做部分修改。②(语法)修饰Adverbs modify verbs，adjectives and other adverbs. 副词修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。

property n. ①财产，资产，所有物(同义：possession，belongings)That car is my property；you mustn't use it without my permission. 那辆车是我的财产，未经我允许你不得使用。②房产，地产，物业my country property我在乡下的地产③性质，特性，性能These are herbs with healing properties. 这些是具备治疗性能的草药。

structure n. ①结构，构造We learnt about the structure of the brain today. 今天我们学习了大脑的构造。②建筑物The workers have put up a tall structure between shops. 工人们已经在商店之间建起了一座高层建筑。

vt. 构造，建造structure a building建造一座大楼

【记忆】struct(词根)建造→structure结构，构造

target n. 目标，对象，靶子(同义：goal，aim) My first two shots missed the target. 我头两枪都脱了靶。/a target for ridicule嘲笑的对象

vt. 瞄准We are targeting budget balance for 2015. 我们打算把预算平衡定为2015年度要达到的目标。

【难句】In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使公司可以直接将信息“推给”顾客。直接把营销讯息传递给目标顾客。

belief n. ①相信，信任I haven't much belief in this doctor. 我不大相信这个医生。/He came to me in the belief that I could help him. 他找到我是因为他相信我能帮助他。/To the best of my belief, he has never come back to England. 据我所知，他从未回过英国。②信念，信仰He has lost his belief in God. 他已不信上帝了。

【词组】beyond belief难以置信His story is beyond belief.他的故事令人难以置信。

**词汇辨析**

belief, confidence, credit, faith, reliance

belief指“相信”，词义较广，指在思想上相信某事物或接受其真实性，至于有没有确凿的证据，并不影响这种相信。There is nothing more natural than a child’s belief in his parents. 没有任何事情比一个孩子对其父母的信赖更为自然了。

confidence指“信心，自信，信念，信任”，指对自己或自己的能力非常有信心，也指基于经验而对事物有把握。He has won the confidence of the people，who continue to elect him. 他得到了人民的信任，他们继续选举他。

credit指“相信，信誉”，信任的含义较弱，特指由于某人具有令人信服的名望，因而他所做出的事或他本人得到信任。If you cannot ensure prompt delivery，it will affect the credit of your store. 如果你不能保证迅速交货，就会影响你们商店的信誉。

faith指“信任，信仰，信念”，指有充分确凿的证据或充足的理由而相信。They acted in bad faith using my name to bolster up their dishonest scheme, because they knew my name carried weight with the public.他们采取欺骗手段，用我的名字玩弄诡计，因为他们知道我的名字对公众具有影响力。

reliance指“信任，信赖，依靠”，不仅指心理或感觉上的信任，也指在行动上客观表现出来的信赖乃至依靠。He had such reliance on the doctor's skill that he allowed himself to be operated up at once. 他很信赖这位医生的医术. 所以同意立刻进行手术。

练习

1. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in Cuba.

A) being cultivated B) been cultivated

C) having cultivated D) cultivating

2. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on benches, chairs or boxes.

A) having seated B) seating

C) seated D) having been

3. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ comfortably.

A) is worn B) wears

C) wearing D) are worn

4. Some diseases are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by certain water animals.

A) transplanted B) transformed

C) transported D) transmitted

5. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ too long.

A) has been reading B) had read

C) is reading D) read

6. Niagara Falls is a great tourist\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ drawing millions of visitors every year.

A) attention B) attraction

C) appointment D) arrangement

7. I don't mind \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the decision as long as it is not too late.

A) you to delay making B) your delaying making

C) your delaying to make D) you delay to make

8. The hopes, goals, fears and desires \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.

A) alter B) shift

C) transfer D) vary

**答案**

1. A 玉米起源于新大陆，因此直到哥伦布发现古巴人在种植玉米时才被传至欧洲。

cultivate为及物动词，空格后没有宾语，常用被动形式。可先排除C)、D)两项。句中缺宾语补足语，所以B)项错误。

2. C 拍卖通常在室外进行，观众坐在长凳、椅子或箱子上。因为seat是及物动词，意为“使…就坐”，根据句意，audience应为seat的逻辑宾语，所以应该用seat的过去分词形式。

3. B 这种由熟练的工匠制作的眼镜戴着非常舒适。

此句表明this kind of glasses的特点，这种特点是客观存在的一般情况，故用一般现在时。相似的动词还有feel等。

4. D 一些疾病是由某些水生动物传播的。

transplant“移植”；transform“改造，改革”；transport“运输”；transmit“传染，传播”。

5. A 她应该停止工作；她头疼是因为看书时间太长了。

分号前的句子为一般现在时，she ought to stop work表明她还在工作，即从过去时间开始到现在一直在工作，故分号后的句子应该用现在完成进行时。

6. B 尼亚加拉瀑布是著名的旅游景点，每年吸引几百万游客。

attention“注意力”；attraction“吸引点”；appointment “约会”；arrangement“安排”。

7. B 我不在意你推迟做出决定，只要不是太迟。

mind和delay后都接动名词作宾语，所以选B)。

8. D 希望、目标、恐惧和欲望在男人与女人、穷人与富人身上表现得极为不同。

alter“改变，改动”；shift“替换，移动，转变”；transfer “转移，传递”；vary“改变，变化，不同”。

**第****5****天**

**频率为****6****次的单词****(****二****)**

minority n. ①少数，少数派The senator was supposed by only a minority of voters. 这个参议员只得到少数选民的支持。②少数民族The Chinese people include over 50 national minorities besides the Han. 中华民族除汉族之外还有50多个少数民族。

resistant adj. (to)抵抗的，抗…的，耐…的This kind of metal is resistant to rusting. 这种金属不会生锈。

【记忆】sist(词根)站，立→resistant抵抗的，反抗的

theory n. ①理论，原理One theory about the moon is that it is a piece broken off the earth. 有一种关于月球的理论认为，它是从地球分离出来的一部分。②学说Darwin's theory of evolution达尔文的进化论③意见，看法He has a theory that wearing hats can make man bald. 他有种看法是戴帽子会使人秃顶。

signal n. ①信号，暗号American Indians sometimes used to send smoke signals. 美国印第安人过去时常用烟传递信号。②标志，表示as a signal of respect作为尊敬的表示

vt. ①向…发信号The men on the sinking ship signaled a passing ship for help. 即将沉没的船上的人向一艘从旁驶过的船发出求救信号。②标志着Waiter with tray signals a cafe. 有侍者端盘子标志的是咖啡馆。

vi. 发信号The teacher signaled to the boy to begin. 老师示意男孩开始。

adj. 显著的，重大的Winning the football match was a signal victory. 赢得这场足球比赛是个重大的胜利。

【记忆】sign(词根)记号，信号→signal(发)信号

【辨析】参见gesture(P304)

bloom n. ①花The tulips are in full bloom now. 郁金香正在盛开。②开花(期)The roses are in bloom. 玫瑰花开了。③青春焕发(的时期)in the bloom of youth正当青春/in the bloom of beauty正值豆蔻年华

vi. 开花(同义：flower, flourish，blossom；反义：fade，wither)That bush will bloom soon. 那棵矮树很快就要开花了。

【真题】With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ before their time.

A) be bloomed B) blooming

C) bloom D) bloomed

选C随着科学和技术的发展，人们可以让各种花卉在它们的花季之前开放。make后面的宾语既可以接现在分词也可以接不带to的不定式作补语。其区别在于：现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，不定式作补语表示一般情况。本题讲的是一般情况，故C)是正确答案。

cheat vt. 欺骗，骗取Amy protested she was being cheated of her rightful share. 艾米抗议说她被人骗去了她依法应得的份额。

vi. 行骗，作弊(同义：trick，deceive) He always cheats at cards，and I never play with him. 他打牌老是作弊，我从来不和他一起打牌。/He didn't play the game fairly—he cheated. 他没有正当地玩游戏——他作弊了。

n. ①欺骗，欺诈行为His financial activity has turned out to be a shameful cheat. 他的财务活动原来是见不得人的欺骗勾当。②骗子Here is the place where phonies and cheats could not survive for long. 这是一个任何骗子都难以长久存身的地方。

instance n. 例子，实例，事例There are many instances of good people and good deeds nowadays. 现在好人好事的例子很多。

【词组】for instance例如，比如I like eating fruits，apple，banana，lichee，for instance. 我喜欢吃水果，比如说苹果、香蕉和荔枝。|| in the first instance首先，起初 In the first instance I was inclined to refuse，but then I reconsidered. 起初我想拒绝，但后来还是重新考虑了。

【辨析】参见sample(P61)

transfer nt. ①搬，转移The headquarters have been transferred to Chicago. 总部已迁到了芝加哥。②调动，使转学The clerk was transferred from the warehouse to the accounts office. 那个办事员被调离仓库到会计室工作了。③转让，过户The house was transferred to his niece. 这所房子已转让给了他的侄女。

vi. ①迁移，转移(同义：move, change) The company has transferred to an eastern location. 这家公司已搬往东部某地。②调动，转学He transferred from the state university to a college nearer to his home. 他从州立大学转到一所离家较近的学院。③转车We transferred in Frankfurt，which delayed us for two hours. 我们在法兰克福转机，因此耽误了两个小时。

n. ①转移，调动I was given a transfer to headquarters. 我被调到总部工作。②转车，换乘He arrived at New York at 8 a. m. and took a transfer there to Hong Kong. 他于早上八点到达纽约，然后从那儿转机前往香港。

bacteria n. (bacterium的复数)细菌All bacteria are larger than viruses. 所有的细菌都比病毒大。

threaten vt. ①威胁，恐吓The strikers were threatened with dismissal if they did not return to work. 罢工者受到威胁，如果不复工将被解雇。②预示(危险)快要来临，是…的征兆The black clouds threatened rain. 乌云预示着快要下雨了。

vi. 构成威胁，可能发生The owner threatened to chuck us out of the pub if we got drunk. 酒店老板威胁说，如果我们喝醉了就把我们赶出酒吧。

【用法】threaten…with表示“以…相威胁”I was threatened with a beating if I didn't obey. 如果我不服从，就被威胁要挨揍。

【记忆】-en(后缀)动词后缀→threaten威胁

abroad adv. ①到国外，在国外He has traveled abrood in many lands. 他曾经去许多国家游历过。②在传播，在流传The rumour soon got abroad. 谣言很快就传开了。

audience n. 听众，观众，读者Many works of literature and art have a wide and devoted audience. 许多文学作品都拥有众多忠实的读者。

【用法】audience指“观众，听众”，当一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数；当各成员看待时，谓语动词用复数。The audience consists of about 5,000 people. 观众由大约五千人组成。/The audience are leaving their seats. 观众们正在退场。

【记忆】audi(词根)听→audience听众，观众

scan vt. ①细看，审视He scanned the horizon for any sign of a ship. 他注视着远方看是否有船。②扫描Several medical specialists were scanning the patient's brain for tumors. 几个医学专家正在扫描病人的大脑，以确诊是否有肿瘤。③浏览She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it. 她浏览了一遍名单想看看自己的名字是否在上面。

n. 扫描 The next scan of the radar confirmed the ship’s location. 雷达的第二次扫描确认了那条船的位置。

corporation n. 公司The corporation is branching out all through the west. 那家公司正向整个西部地区扩展业务。

【记忆】corpor(词根)体→corporation公司，团体

threat n. ①威胁，恐吓He took no notice of his father's threat. 他不理会父亲的恐吓。②凶兆，征兆There was a threat of typhoon. 有刮台风的兆头。

flash vi. ①闪光，闪烁Her eyes were flashing with excitement. 她的眼睛因兴奋而闪闪发亮。②飞驰，掠过A fleet of aircrafts flashed low across the field. 一队飞机低掠过田野。③闪耀，闪现It flashed upon me that I should take this chance. 我突然想到应该抓住这个机会。

n. ①闪光，闪烁，闪现Her sweet smile inspired him with a sudden flash of merriment. 她甜美的微笑使他非常开心。②闪光灯Do you use flash?你用闪光灯吗?

【难句】This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. 这种成功并非昙花一现；在过去的几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预期水平。

gas n. ①气体There are several kinds of gas in the air. 空气中有各种气体。②煤气I can smell a gas leak from the kitchen. 我闻到厨房有漏出的煤气味。③汽油Fill up the car with gas. 给车子加满油。④毒气The civilians in this village have suffered from gas attack. 这个村子的居民遭受过毒气攻击。

vt. ①用毒气毒(死)She couldn't face the cruelty of life，and gassed herself. 她无法面对生活的残酷，用煤气自杀了。②给(汽车)加油Gas up the car before the trip. 出发之前给汽车加满油。

promote vt. ①促进，增进，发扬The government could do more to promote economic growth．政府可以更进一步促进经济的增长。②提升，提拔The young army officer was promoted to captain．年轻的军官被提升为上尉。③宣传，推销(商品等)He was assigned to promote the sales of remote-control TV sets．他被指派去推销遥控电视机。

【记忆】mot(词根)运动→promote提升，晋升

【难句】The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.得到升职的工人，成绩进步的学生，学会一门新语言的外国人——这些都是人们通过努力取得可衡量的结果的例证。

style n．①风格，文体The young scholar writes in a concise style．那位年轻的学者写文章很简洁。②式样，类型Susan always dresses in the latest style．苏珊总是穿着入时。③流行式样，时尚That dress is in the latest style. 那件衣服很时尚。

vt. (根据新款式)设计style an evening dress设计晚礼服

【辨析】参见fashion(P14)

grant n. 拨款，授予物The university got a research grant from the local government．这所大学从当地政府得到一笔研究经费。

vt. 授予，同意，准予(同义：give，offer，award; 反义：refuse，disagree，oppose) We are granted a seven-day holiday for the National Day．国庆节我们获准放七天假。

【词组】take for granted 1．认为…是理所当然He spoke English so well that I took it for granted that he was an American．他英语讲得好极了，我理所当然地认为他是美国人。②．(因视作当然而)对…不予重视He's so busy with his job that he takes his family for granted．他工作太忙，以至于不把家当回事儿。

apply vi. ①申请，请求They applied to return to China．他们申请回中国。②适用a rule that applies to everyone 适用于每个人的规则

vt. ①使用，运用，实施Scientific discoveries are often applied to industrial production methods．科学发现常被应用于工业生产方法。②涂，敷，施He applied two coats of paint to the table．他给那张桌子上了两道漆。

【难句】His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. 他的同事迈克尔·比尔说，有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公司内部的重整，没有充分考虑能否长期获利就削减了成本。

extent n．①程度，范围，限度It think to a certain extent you are right．我认为在一定程度上你是对的。②广度，宽度。大小From the air you can see the full extent of the Great Wall．从空中你可以鸟瞰长城的全貌。

【词组】to a certain extent在一定程度上I agree with you to a certain extent．我在某种程度上同意你的观点。

【记忆】tent(词根)伸展→extent伸，延伸

【辨析】参见range(P24)

install vt. ①安装，设置，安置An increasing number of peasants have telephones installed in their households.越来越多的农民家里也安装了电话。②使就职，任命a ceremony to install the new governor新州长的就职仪式

impact n．①影响，作用(同义：influence，effect，touch) The professor's remarks had a great impact on the students．教授的一番话在学生中引起了强烈反响。②冲击，碰撞the tremendous impact of the shot子弹的巨大冲击力

v．①影响，作用How will the war impact on such a poet?战争对这样一个诗人会产生什么影响呢?②冲击，碰撞The ball impacted against the bat with a loud noise．球撞击球拍发出很大的声音。

【用法】impact on表示“对…的影响”Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong impact on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.泰勒教授的讲话表明，科学对科学家以及非科学家的日常生活都具有很大的影响。

function n. ①功能，作用，职能As the market economy is carried forward, many enterprises have unified the function of production with that of distribution.随着市场经济的发展，许多企业已将其生产功能与分配功能统一起来。②重大聚会(或宴会)This hall may be hired for weddings and other functions．这个大厅可租来举行婚礼或其他聚会。3函数，随他物变化而变化的事物In x=2y，x is a function of y．在x=2y中，x 是y的函数。v. 工作，运行，起作用When her mother was ill，she had to function as both cook and nurse．母亲生病时，她既当厨师又做护士。/The government functions through numerous divisions to control the situation．政府通过许多部门来控制局面。

industrial adj．工业的，产业的Many European countries are developed industrial nations．许多欧洲国家都是发达的工业国。

user n. 用户，使用者a user of public transportation 公共交通的使用者

propose v. ①提议，建议，提出He proposed that we should go for a walk．他提议我们去散步。②提名，推荐be proposed as a candidate for被推荐为…的候选人③打算，计划He proposed to set off immediately．他打算马上动身。④求婚He proposed to her，but she refused．他向她求婚，但她拒绝了。

【用法】表示建议的动词或相应的名词，其后的宾语从句或同位语从句用“(should)+动词原形”表示虚拟。He proposed that we should go for a walk．他提议我们去散步。

alter v. 改变，改动，变更(同义：change，modify, transform；反义：preserve, conserve)His attitude toward life was being altered．他对人生的态度正在发生改变。/alter one's mind改变主意

agency n. ①代理行，经销处He found a job through an employment agency．他通过职业介绍所找到了一份工作。②(政府等的)专业行政部门Miss Alcott is working in the Agency for International Development．阿尔科特小姐现就职于国际开发署。

contribute vi. ①捐款，作出贡献contribute to several charities捐助一些慈善团体②(to)有助于，促成Exercise contributes to better health．锻炼能促成更强健的体魄。③投稿contribute to a literary journal向文学杂志投稿vt. 捐，捐献(同义：give, donate, provide)contribute food and clothing for the relief of the poor捐助食品和衣物救济贫民

【记忆】tribut(词根)给予→contribute贡献，捐助

【真题】Eating too much fat can \_\_\_\_\_\_ heart disease and cause high blood pressure.

A) contribute to B) attribute to

C) attend to D) devote to

选A吃太多的脂肪可能导致心脏病，引起高血压。A)“促成，造成”；B)“归因于”；C)“专心于”；D)“专心于，献身于”。根据句意选A)是正确的。

educate vt. 教育，培养，训练Children are educated at very good schools．孩子们在很好的学校受教育。

absent adj．①缺席的，不在场的He is absent on business．他因事缺席。/He is absent from Hong Kong．他不在香港。②缺乏的，不存在的a country in which morality is absent一个缺乏道德的国家③心不在焉的，出神的He looked at me in an absent way．他茫然地望着我。

【真题】So many directors \_\_\_\_\_\_ , the board meeting had to be put off.

A) were absent B) been absent

C) had been absent D) being absent

选D如此多的董事缺席，董事会不得不延期了。分析句子会发现，逗号后面是一个完整的句子，故逗号前面部分应当是一个独立结构，而不是句子，因此空格处只能填非谓语动词形式。填入being absent可构成独立主格结构，而填入其他三个选项都构成完整的句子，不符合原句的结构，所以D)项是正确答案。

poison n．毒物，毒药We put down some poison to kill the rats．我们放了些毒药杀老鼠。

vt. 使中毒，放毒于，毒害He tried to poison my dog．他想毒死我的狗。

airline n．①航线domestic airline国内航线②\[常pl. \]航空公司United Airlines(美国)联合航空公司

possibility n. ①可能(性)Is there any possibility that you'll be able to come tomorrow?你明天来的可能性有多大?②可能的事Let's consider the possibilities．让我们来讨论一下可能发生的事。

【难句】In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first．为了成长，为了走新的道路，人们需要心甘情愿地冒风险，面对未知世界，接受他们也许会先遭遇“失败”的可能性。

练习

1. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded \_\_\_\_\_\_ 27 %.

A) by B) for

C) to D) in

2. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful \_\_\_\_\_\_ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviours.

A) by which B ) to which

C) in that D) so that

3. He is \_\_\_\_\_\_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.

A) optimistic B ) optional

C) outstanding D) obvious

4. Sometimes I wish I \_\_\_\_\_\_ in a different time and a different place.

A) be living B) were living

C) would live D) would have lived

5. The words of his old teacher left a \_\_\_\_\_\_ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them.

A) long B) lively

C ) lasting D) liberal

6. Mike's uncle insists \_\_\_\_\_\_ in this hotel.

A) staying not B ) not to stay

C) that he would not stay D) that he not stay

7. We agreed to accept \_\_\_\_\_\_ they thought was the best tourist guide.

A) whatever B ) whomever

C ) whichever D) whoever

8. It is our\_\_\_\_\_\_ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.

A) consistent B) continuous

C) considerate D) continual

**答案**

1．A 1974年至1997年间，海外游客的数量增加了27％。expand by意为“增加了…”，后接数字。expand to意为“增加到”。

2．C 尽管许多人把冲突看成是有害的，但它迫使人们去检测他们相关的观念和行为的优劣，因而有时是有益的。

从句中不缺任何成分，可先排除A)、B)项。根据句意应构成原因从句，in that表原因，so that表目的，故选C)。

3．A 对于在明年的奥运会上获得一枚金牌他很乐观。

optimistic“乐观的，乐观主义的”；optional“可任意选择的，非强制的”；outstanding“杰出的，优秀的”；obvious “明显的”。

4．B 有时我真希望生活在不同的时代，不同的地方。

A)项不成立，先排除；B)项是对现在的虚拟；C)项是对将来的虚拟；D)项是对过去的虚拟。句首的sometimes 隐含了时间是现在，所以是对现在，即一般情况的虚拟，选B)。

5．C 以前的老师说的话给他留下了长久的印象，至今还影响着他。

long“长的”；lively“活泼的，快活的”；lasting“持久的，耐久的”；liberal“自由主义的；慷慨的”。

6．D 迈克的叔叔坚持认为他不应待在这个旅馆里。

当insist表示“坚持主张”时，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，结构为“should+动词原形”，其中should可省略。类似的动词还有：suggest，ask，order，demand，tell，recommend，direct，prescribe等。

7．D 我们同意接受任何导游，只要他们认为那人是最好的。

分析句子结构，空格处应作accept的宾语，同时作was的主语，且表示人，所以应选D)项。

8．A 通过和平方式取得统一是我们一贯的政策。

consistent“一贯的，始终如一的”；continuous“连续的，延伸的”；considerate“考虑周到的，体谅的”；continual“不断的，连续的，频繁的”。

**第****6****天**

**频率为****5****次的单词****(****一****)**

nuclear adj．①核子的，核能的，核武器的China stands for prohibition and destruction of nuclear weapons.中国主张禁止和销毁核武器。②核心的，中心的A family consisting only of a husband, wife and children, without grand-parents, aunts, uncles, etc., is called a nuclear family. 一个只由丈夫、妻子和孩子组成，而没有祖父母、姨舅辈等成员的家庭叫核心家庭。

nucleus n．①(原子)核atomic nucleus原子核②核心the nucleus of a city市中心/A few faithful friends formed the nucleus of the club．几个知心的朋友成为俱乐部的核心成员。

raw adj．①自然状态的，未加工过的Coal and oil are important raw materials for the manufacture of plastics.煤和石油是制造塑料的重要原材料。2未煮过的，生的The Japanese believe that tender and raw fish is delicious.日本人认为嫩嫩的生鱼很可口。③(数据等)未经分析(或调整)的，原始的raw data第一手资料④生疏无知的，未经训练的The raw recruits in the army are given three months of basic training．入伍新兵要接受三个月的基本训练。5(伤口等)露肉而刺痛的a raw wound露出肉的伤口