《利用Python 进行数据分析》第五章：Pandas入门

逃离我推掉我的手 2022-12-07 12:29 411阅读 0赞

对《利用Python 进行数据分析》（Wes Mckinney著）一书中的第五章中pandas 入门进行代码实验。原书中采用的是Python2.7，而我采用的Python3.7在Pycharm调试的，因此对书中源代码进行了一定的修改，每步打印结果（除“随机”相关外）与原文校验对照一致（输出结果在注释中，简单的输出就没写结果），全手工敲写，供参考。

Pdf文档和数据集参见：[《利用Python 进行数据分析》第二章：引言中的分析代码（含pdf和数据集下载链接）][Python _pdf]

###     Pandas入门： ###

*  1、pandas 的数据机构介绍
 *   *  1.1 Series
     *  1.2 DataFrame
     *  1.3 索引对象
 *  2、基本功能
 *   *  2.1 重新索引
     *  2.2 丢弃指定轴上的项
     *  2.3 索引、选取和过滤
     *  2.4 算术运算和数据对齐
     *  2.5 在算术方法中填充值
     *  2.6 DataFrame和Series之间的运算
     *  2.7 函数应用和映射
     *  2.8 排序和排名
     *  2.9 带有重复值得轴索引
 *  3、汇总和计算描述统计
 *   *  3.1 和、均值等计算
     *  3.2 相关系数和协方差
     *  3.3 唯一值、值计算以及成员资格
 *  4、处理缺失数据
 *   *  4.1 滤除缺失数据
     *  4.2 填充缺失数据
 *  5、层次化索引
 *   *  5.1 重排分级顺序
     *  5.2 根据级别汇总统计
     *  5.3 使用DataFrame的列

因为代码过长，放在一个代码段中显得冗长，因此进行了拆分，如下的库引入每个代码段中均可能有必要。

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    
    from pandas import Series, DataFrame
    import pandas as pd
    import numpy as np

# 1、pandas 的数据机构介绍 #

## 1.1 Series ##

obj = Series([4, 7, -5, 3])
    print(obj)
    ''' 0 4 1 7 2 -5 3 3 dtype: int64 '''
    #获取Series的键值, [ 4 7 -5 3]
    print(obj.values) 
    
    # 获取Series的索引, RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)
    print(obj.index)
    obj2 = Series([4, 7, -5, 3], index = ['d', 'b', 'a', 'c']) # 创建Series
    print(obj2)
    ''' d 4 b 7 a -5 c 3 dtype: int64 '''
    print(obj2.index) # Index(['d', 'b', 'a', 'c'], dtype='object')
    print(obj2['a'])  # -5
    obj2['d'] = 6
    print(obj2[['c','a','d']])
    ''' c 3 a -5 d 6 dtype: int64 '''
    print(obj2)
    ''' d 6 b 7 a -5 c 3 dtype: int64 '''
    # Numpy数组运算都会保留索引和值之间的链接
    print(obj2[obj2 > 0]) 
    ''' d 6 b 7 c 3 dtype: int64 '''
    print(obj2 * 2)
    ''' d 12 b 14 a -10 c 6 dtype: int64 '''
    print(np.exp(obj2))
    ''' d 403.428793 b 1096.633158 a 0.006738 c 20.085537 dtype: float64 '''
    # Series 可以看成一个定长的有序字典
    print('b' in obj2) # True
    print('e' in obj2) # False
    
    sdata = { 'Ohio':35000, 'Texas': 71000, 'Oregon': 16000, 'Utah':5000}
    obj3 = Series(sdata)
    print(obj3)
    ''' Ohio 35000 Texas 71000 Oregon 16000 Utah 5000 dtype: int64 '''
    states = ['California', 'Ohio', 'Oregon', 'Texas']
    obj4 = Series(sdata, index = states)
    print(obj4)
    ''' California NaN Ohio 35000.0 Oregon 16000.0 Texas 71000.0 dtype: float64 '''
    print(pd.isnull(obj4)) # 判断是否为null
    ''' California True Ohio False Oregon False Texas False dtype: bool '''
    print(pd.notnull(obj4)) # 判断是否非空
    ''' California False Ohio True Oregon True Texas True dtype: bool '''
    # Series中也有类似Numpy的方法
    print(obj4.isnull()) 
    ''' California True Ohio False Oregon False Texas False dtype: bool '''
    # 两个Series求和，自动对齐不同索引
    print(obj3 + obj4) 
    ''' California NaN Ohio 70000.0 Oregon 32000.0 Texas 142000.0 Utah NaN dtype: float64 '''
    # Series对象本身及其索引都有name属性
    obj4.name = 'population' 
    obj4.index.name = 'state'
    print(obj4)
    ''' state California NaN Ohio 35000.0 Oregon 16000.0 Texas 71000.0 Name: population, dtype: float64 '''
    print(obj.index) # RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)
    
    #Series的索引可以通过赋值的方式修改
    obj.index = ['Bob', 'Steve', 'Jeff', 'Ryan'] 
    print(obj.index) # Index(['Bob', 'Steve', 'Jeff', 'Ryan'], dtype='object')

## 1.2 DataFrame ##

# 构建Dataframe,传入等长列表或Numpy数组组成字典
    data = { 'state' : ['California', 'Ohio', 'Ohio', 'Nevada', 'Nevada'],
            'year':[2000, 2001, 2002, 2001, 2002],
            'pop':[1.5, 1.7, 3.6, 2.4, 2.9]}  
    # Dataframe 会自动添加索引
    frame = DataFrame(data) 
    print(frame)
    ''' state year pop 0 California 2000 1.5 1 Ohio 2001 1.7 2 Ohio 2002 3.6 3 Nevada 2001 2.4 4 Nevada 2002 2.9 '''
    # 指定列顺序，则dataframe按给定顺序排列
    frame1 = DataFrame(data, columns=['year', 'state', 'pop']) 
    print(frame1)
    ''' year state pop 0 2000 California 1.5 1 2001 Ohio 1.7 2 2002 Ohio 3.6 3 2001 Nevada 2.4 4 2002 Nevada 2.9 '''
    # 如果传入的列在数据中找不到，就会产生NA值
    frame2 = DataFrame(data, columns=['year', 'state', 'pop', 'debt'],
                       index = ['one','two','three','four','five']) 
    print(frame2)
    ''' year state pop debt one 2000 California 1.5 NaN two 2001 Ohio 1.7 NaN three 2002 Ohio 3.6 NaN four 2001 Nevada 2.4 NaN five 2002 Nevada 2.9 NaN '''
    print(frame2.columns) # Index(['year', 'state', 'pop', 'debt'], dtype='object')
    
    # 可通过字典或者属性的方式获取为一个Series
    print(frame2['state']) 
    ''' one California two Ohio three Ohio four Nevada five Nevada Name: state, dtype: object '''
    # 如果取单个字段有两个中括号，则得到一个DataFrame，这个有时会用到，注意与单个中括号区分
    print(frame2[['state']])
    ''' state one California two Ohio three Ohio four Nevada five Nevada '''
    print(frame2.year)
    ''' one 2000 two 2001 three 2002 four 2001 five 2002 Name: year, dtype: int64 '''
    # 跟结果frame3.iloc[2]效果类似，python3中没有ix()
    print(frame2.loc['three']) 
    print(frame2.iloc[2])
    ''' year 2002 state Ohio pop 3.6 debt NaN Name: three, dtype: object '''
    frame2['debt'] = 16.5 # 给某个列赋值
    print(frame2)
    ''' year state pop debt one 2000 California 1.5 16.5 two 2001 Ohio 1.7 16.5 three 2002 Ohio 3.6 16.5 four 2001 Nevada 2.4 16.5 five 2002 Nevada 2.9 16.5 '''
    frame2['debt'] = np.arange(5.)
    print(frame2)
    ''' year state pop debt one 2000 California 1.5 0.0 two 2001 Ohio 1.7 1.0 three 2002 Ohio 3.6 2.0 four 2001 Nevada 2.4 3.0 five 2002 Nevada 2.9 4.0 '''
    
    val = Series([-1.2, -1.5, -1.7], index=['two', 'four', 'five'])
    # 赋值是一个Series,就会精确匹配Dataframe索引
    frame2['debt'] = val 
    print(frame2)
    ''' year state pop debt one 2000 California 1.5 NaN two 2001 Ohio 1.7 -1.2 three 2002 Ohio 3.6 NaN four 2001 Nevada 2.4 -1.5 five 2002 Nevada 2.9 -1.7 '''
    # 为不存在的列赋值，会增加新的列
    frame2['eastern'] = frame2.state == 'Ohio' 
    print(frame2)
    ''' year state pop debt eastern one 2000 California 1.5 NaN False two 2001 Ohio 1.7 -1.2 True three 2002 Ohio 3.6 NaN True four 2001 Nevada 2.4 -1.5 False five 2002 Nevada 2.9 -1.7 False '''
    
    del frame2['eastern'] # 删除某列
    print(frame2.columns) # Index(['year', 'state', 'pop', 'debt'], dtype='object')
    
    # 通过嵌套字典创建Dataframe,外层字典键作为列，内层键作为行索引
    pop = { 'Nevada':{ 2001:2.4, 2002:2.9},
           'Ohio':{ 2000:1.5, 2001:1.7, 2002:3.6}} 
    frame3 = DataFrame(pop, index = [2000,2001,2002]) # df.sort_index 可以将dataframe按索引排序
    print(frame3)
    ''' Nevada Ohio 2000 NaN 1.5 2001 2.4 1.7 2002 2.9 3.6 '''
    # 对Dataframe求转置
    print(frame3.T) 
    ''' 2000 2001 2002 Nevada NaN 2.4 2.9 Ohio 1.5 1.7 3.6 '''
    # 显式指定索引
    frame33 = DataFrame(pop, index = [2001, 2002, 2003]) 
    print(frame33)
    ''' Nevada Ohio 2001 2.4 1.7 2002 2.9 3.6 2003 NaN NaN '''
    pdata = { 'Ohio':frame3['Ohio'][:-1],
             'Nevada':frame3['Nevada'][:2]}
    frame4 = DataFrame(pdata)
    print(frame4)
    print(frame3['Ohio'][:-1])
    print(frame3['Nevada'][:2])
    ''' Ohio Nevada 2000 1.5 NaN 2001 1.7 2.4 '''
    # 增加dataframe的index和columns的name属性，则此信息会被显示显示
    frame3.index.name = 'year';frame3.columns.name = 'state' 
    print(frame3)
    ''' state Nevada Ohio year 2000 NaN 1.5 2001 2.4 1.7 2002 2.9 3.6 '''
    print(frame3.values)
    ''' [[nan 1.5] [2.4 1.7] [2.9 3.6]] '''

## 1.3 索引对象 ##

# 构建Series或Dataframe时，用到的数组或序列标签都会被转成Index
    obj = Series(range(3), index = ['a', 'b', 'c']) 
    index = obj.index
    print(index) # Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
    print(index[1:]) # Index(['b', 'c'], dtype='object')
    # index[1] = 'd' # 不允许， Index对象是不可修改的
    index = pd.Index(np.arange(3))
    obj2 = Series([-1.5, -2.5, 0], index = index)
    print(obj2.index is index) # True
    
    print(frame3)
    ''' state Nevada Ohio year 2000 NaN 1.5 2001 2.4 1.7 2002 2.9 3.6'''
    
    # 除了长得像数组，Index的功能也类似一个固定大小的集合
    print('Ohio' in frame3.columns) # True
    print(2003 in frame3.index) # False

# 2、基本功能 #

## 2.1 重新索引 ##

# Series的reindex将会根据新索引进行重排， 如何某个索引值当前不存在，则引入缺省值
    obj = Series([4.5, 7.2, -5.3, 3.6], index = ['d','b', 'a', 'c'])
    obj2 = obj.reindex(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
    print(obj2) 
    ''' a -5.3 b 7.2 c 3.6 d 4.5 e NaN dtype: float64 '''
    obj_reindex = obj.reindex(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'], fill_value= 0) # 不会影响obj的值
    print(obj_reindex)
    ''' a -5.3 b 7.2 c 3.6 d 4.5 e 0.0 dtype: float64 '''
    print(obj)
    ''' d 4.5 b 7.2 a -5.3 c 3.6 dtype: float64 '''
    # 对于时间序列，重索引可能需要做差值，用method选项完成
    obj3 = Series(["blue", "purple", "yellow"], index = [0,2,4]) 
    obj3 = obj3.reindex(range(6), method = 'ffill')
    print(obj3)
    ''' 0 blue 1 blue 2 purple 3 purple 4 yellow 5 yellow dtype: object '''
    frame = DataFrame(np.arange(9).reshape((3,3)), index = ['a', 'c', 'd'],
                      columns = ['Ohio', 'Texas', 'California'])
    print(frame)
    ''' Ohio Texas California a 0 1 2 c 3 4 5 d 6 7 8 '''
    frame2 = frame.reindex(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
    print(frame2)
    ''' Ohio Texas California a 0.0 1.0 2.0 b NaN NaN NaN c 3.0 4.0 5.0 d 6.0 7.0 8.0 '''
    states = ['Texas', 'Utah', 'California']
    frame_reindex = frame.reindex(columns = states)
    print(frame_reindex)
    ''' Texas Utah California a 1 NaN 2 c 4 NaN 5 d 7 NaN 8 '''
    frame_reindex_both = frame.reindex(index = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],columns = states).ffill() # 与原文有改动
    print(frame_reindex_both)
    ''' Texas Utah California a 1.0 NaN 2.0 b 1.0 NaN 2.0 c 4.0 NaN 5.0 d 7.0 NaN 8.0 '''

## 2.2 丢弃指定轴上的项 ##

obj= Series(np.arange(5.), index = ['a','b','c','d','e'])
    ''' a 0.0 b 1.0 c 2.0 d 3.0 e 4.0 dtype: float64 '''
    new_obj = obj.drop('c')
    print(new_obj)
    ''' a 0.0 b 1.0 d 3.0 e 4.0 dtype: float64 '''
    new_obj2 = obj.drop(['d','c'])
    print(new_obj2)
    ''' a 0.0 b 1.0 e 4.0 dtype: float64 '''
    data = DataFrame(np.arange(16).reshape((4,4)),
                     index = ['Ohio', 'Colorado', 'Utah', 'New York'],
                     columns = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'])
    # 删除某轴上的索引值
    new_data = data.drop(['Colorado', 'Ohio'])
    print(new_data)
    ''' one two three four Utah 8 9 10 11 New York 12 13 14 15 '''
    new_data2 = data.drop('two',axis = 1) # 效果与 new_data2 = data.drop(columns = ['two'])一样
    print(new_data2)
    
    ''' one three four Ohio 0 2 3 Colorado 4 6 7 Utah 8 10 11 New York 12 14 15 '''

## 2.3 索引、选取和过滤 ##

obj = Series(np.arange(4.), index = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
    print(obj)
    ''' a 0.0 b 1.0 c 2.0 d 3.0 dtype: float64 '''
    print(obj[2:4])
    ''' c 2.0 d 3.0 dtype: float64'''
    print(obj[['b', 'a', 'd']])
    ''' b 1.0 a 0.0 d 3.0 dtype: float64 '''
    print(obj[[1,3]])
    ''' b 1.0 d 3.0 dtype: float64 '''
    print(obj[obj < 2])
    ''' a 0.0 b 1.0 dtype: float64 '''
    # 与Numpy切片运算有所不同，其末端是包含的
    print(obj['b':'d']) 
    ''' b 1.0 c 2.0 d 3.0 dtype: float64 '''
    # 设置切片值
    obj['b':'c'] = 5 
    print(obj)
    ''' a 0.0 b 5.0 c 5.0 d 3.0 dtype: float64 '''
    data = DataFrame(np.arange(16).reshape((4,4)),
                     index = ['Ohio', 'Colorado', 'Utah', 'New York'],
                     columns = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'])
    print(data)
    ''' one two three four Ohio 0 1 2 3 Colorado 4 5 6 7 Utah 8 9 10 11 New York 12 13 14 15 '''
    print(data['two'])
    ''' Ohio 1 Colorado 5 Utah 9 New York 13 Name: two, dtype: int32 '''
    print(data[['three', 'one']])
    ''' three one Ohio 2 0 Colorado 6 4 Utah 10 8 New York 14 12 '''
    # 通过切片或者布尔型数组选取行
    print(data[:2]) 
    ''' one two three four Ohio 0 1 2 3 Colorado 4 5 6 7 '''
    print(data[data['three'] > 5])
    ''' one two three four Colorado 4 5 6 7 Utah 8 9 10 11 New York 12 13 14 15 '''
    print(data < 5)
    ''' one two three four Ohio True True True True Colorado True False False False Utah False False False False New York False False False False '''
    data[data < 5] = 0
    print(data)
    ''' one two three four Ohio 0 0 0 0 Colorado 0 5 6 7 Utah 8 9 10 11 New York 12 13 14 15 '''
    
    # 通过Numpya式的标记法以及轴标签选取df行和列的子集
    print(data.loc['Colorado', ['two', 'three']]) 
    ''' two 5 three 6 Name: Colorado, dtype: int32 '''
    # 利用列序列值选取，在python3中没有ix函数
    print(data.iloc[[1, 2], [3, 0, 1]])  
    # print(data.loc[['Colorade', 'Utah'], [3, 0, 1]]) #运行出错
    ''' four one two Colorado 7 0 5 Utah 11 8 9 '''
    print(data.iloc[2])
    ''' one 8 two 9 three 10 four 11 Name: Utah, dtype: int32 '''
    print(data.loc[:'Utah', 'two'])
    ''' Ohio 0 Colorado 5 Utah 9 Name: two, dtype: int32 '''
    print(data.loc[data.three > 5, "one":"three"]) # python3中做了修改
    ''' one two three Colorado 0 5 6 Utah 8 9 10 New York 12 13 14 '''

## 2.4 算术运算和数据对齐 ##

s1 = Series([-7.3, -2.5, 3.4, 1.5], index = ['a', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
    s2 = Series([-2.1, 3.6, -1.5, 4, 3.1], index = ['a', 'c', 'e', 'f', 'd'])
    # 自动的数据对齐操作在不重叠的所引处引入了NA值
    print(s1 + s2) 
    ''' a -9.4 c 1.1 d 6.5 e 0.0 f NaN dtype: float64 '''
    df1 = DataFrame(np.arange(9).reshape((3,3)), columns = list('bcd'),
                    index = ['Ohio', 'Texas', 'Colorado'])
    df2 = DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((4,3)), columns = list('bde'),
                    index = ['Utah', 'Ohio', 'Texas', 'Oregon'])
    print(df1)
    ''' b c d Ohio 0 1 2 Texas 3 4 5 Colorado 6 7 8 '''
    print(df2)
    ''' b d e Utah 0 1 2 Ohio 3 4 5 Texas 6 7 8 Oregon 9 10 11 '''
    print(df1 + df2)
    ''' b c d e Colorado NaN NaN NaN NaN Ohio 3.0 NaN 6.0 NaN Oregon NaN NaN NaN NaN Texas 9.0 NaN 12.0 NaN Utah NaN NaN NaN NaN '''

## 2.5 在算术方法中填充值 ##

df1 = DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4)), columns = list('abcd'))
    df2 = DataFrame(np.arange(20).reshape((4,5)), columns = list('abcde'))
    print(df1)
    ''' a b c d 0 0 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 2 8 9 10 11 '''
    print(df2)
    ''' a b c d e 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 9 2 10 11 12 13 14 3 15 16 17 18 19 '''
    # 相加时， 没有重叠的位置会产生NA值
    print(df1 + df2) 
    ''' a b c d e 0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 NaN 1 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 NaN 2 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 NaN 3 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN '''
    # 将df2用0填充后再相加
    df_add  = df1.add(df2, fill_value = 0) 
    print(df_add)
    ''' a b c d e 0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 1 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 9.0 2 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 14.0 3 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 '''
    # 对Series或Dataframe重新索引时，可以指定一个填充值
    df1_new = df1.reindex(columns = df2.columns, fill_value= 0)
    print(df1_new) 
    ''' a b c d e 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 4 5 6 7 0 2 8 9 10 11 0 '''

## 2.6 DataFrame和Series之间的运算 ##

arr = np.arange(12.).reshape((3,4))
    print(arr)
    print(arr[0]) # [0. 1. 2. 3.]
    print(arr - arr[0])
    ''' [[0. 0. 0. 0.] [4. 4. 4. 4.] [8. 8. 8. 8.]] '''
    frame = DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((4,3)), columns = list('bde'),
                    index = ['Utah', 'Ohio', 'Texas', 'Oregon'])
    print(frame)
    ''' b d e Utah 0 1 2 Ohio 3 4 5 Texas 6 7 8 Oregon 9 10 11 '''
    series = frame.iloc[0]
    print(series)
    ''' b 0 d 1 e 2 '''
    # 根据广播机制向下运算
    print(frame - series) 
    ''' b d e Utah 0 0 0 Ohio 3 3 3 Texas 6 6 6 Oregon 9 9 9 '''
    series2 = Series(range(3), index = ['b', 'e', 'f'])
    print(series2)
    ''' b 0 e 1 f 2 '''
    print(frame + series2)
    ''' b d e f Utah 0.0 NaN 3.0 NaN Ohio 3.0 NaN 6.0 NaN Texas 6.0 NaN 9.0 NaN Oregon 9.0 NaN 12.0 NaN '''
    series3 = frame['d']
    print(series3)
    ''' Utah 1 Ohio 4 Texas 7 Oregon 10 Name: d, dtype: int32 '''
    frame_sub = frame.sub(series3, axis = 0)
    print(frame_sub)
    ''' b d e Utah -1 0 1 Ohio -1 0 1 Texas -1 0 1 Oregon -1 0 1 '''

## 2.7 函数应用和映射 ##

# Numpy的元素级操作方法，也可以用于pandas对象
    frame = DataFrame(np.random.randn(4,3), columns = list('bde'),
                    index = ['Utah', 'Ohio', 'Texas', 'Oregon']) 
    print(frame)
    ''' b d e Utah -1.203000 -0.755058 -0.964232 Ohio -0.751273 -0.108269 1.673861 Texas 1.396867 1.603542 0.345961 Oregon 0.592793 -1.212553 0.005406 '''
    print(np.abs(frame))
    ''' b d e Utah 1.203000 0.755058 0.964232 Ohio 0.751273 0.108269 1.673861 Texas 1.396867 1.603542 0.345961 Oregon 0.592793 1.212553 0.005406 '''
    f = lambda x: x.max() - x.min()
    # axis = 0, 表示沿着每一列或行标签\索引值向下执行方法
    print(frame.apply(f)) 
    ''' b 2.599867 d 2.816095 e 2.638093 '''
    # 表示沿着每一行或者列标签模向执行对应的方法
    print(frame.apply(f, axis = 1)) 
    ''' Utah 0.447942 Ohio 2.425134 Texas 1.257581 Oregon 1.805346 '''
    
    def f(x):
        # 传递给apply的函数可以返回多个值组成的Series
        return Series([x.min(), x.max()], index = ['min','max'])
    print(frame.apply(f))
    ''' b d e min -1.203000 -1.212553 -0.964232 max 1.396867 1.603542 1.673861 '''
    format = lambda x: '%.2f' %x
    # 将frame中各浮点值格式化
    print(frame.applymap(format)) 
    ''' b d e Utah -1.20 -0.76 -0.96 Ohio -0.75 -0.11 1.67 Texas 1.40 1.60 0.35 Oregon 0.59 -1.21 0.01 '''
    
    # 应用于元素级函数的map方法，applymap
    print(frame['e'].map(format)) 
    ''' Utah -0.96 Ohio 1.67 Texas 0.35 Oregon 0.01 Name: e, dtype: object '''

## 2.8 排序和排名 ##

obj = Series(range(4), index = ['d', 'a', 'b', 'c'])
    # 不会改变原有obj,加上inplace = True才会改变原来的obj
    obj_sort = obj.sort_index() 
    print(obj_sort)
    ''' a 1 b 2 c 3 d 0 '''
    frame = DataFrame(np.arange(8).reshape((2,4)), index = ['three', 'one'],
                      columns = ['d', 'a', 'b', 'c'])
    # 按行名排列
    frame_sort_index= frame.sort_index() 
    print(frame_sort_index)
    ''' d a b c one 4 5 6 7 three 0 1 2 3 '''
    # 按列名排列
    frame_sort_columns = frame.sort_index(axis = 1) 
    print(frame_sort_columns)
    ''' a b c d three 1 2 3 0 one 5 6 7 4 '''
    frame_sort_descend = frame.sort_index(axis = 1, ascending= False) # 降序排列
    print(frame_sort_descend)
    ''' d c b a three 0 3 2 1 one 4 7 6 5 '''
    
    # 对Series排序，使用order方法
    obj = Series([4, 7, -3, 2]) 
    
    # python3.6后去除order函数，改为sort_values()
    obj_order = obj.sort_values() 
    print(obj_order)
    ''' 2 -3 3 2 0 4 1 7 dtype: int64 '''
    # 任何缺省值都会被放到Series的末尾
    obj = Series([4, np.nan, 7, np.nan, -3, 2]) 
    print(obj.sort_values())
    ''' 4 -3.0 5 2.0 0 4.0 2 7.0 1 NaN 3 NaN dtype: float64 '''
    frame = DataFrame({ 'b':[4, 7, -3, 2], 'a': [0, 1, 0, 1]})
    print(frame)
    ''' b a 0 4 0 1 7 1 2 -3 0 3 2 1 '''
    # 按某列的值进行排序
    frame_sort = frame.sort_values(by = ['b'])  
    print(frame_sort)
    ''' b a 2 -3 0 3 2 1 0 4 0 1 7 1 '''
    frame_sort_multi = frame.sort_values(by = ['a', 'b'])
    print(frame_sort_multi)
    ''' b a 2 -3 0 0 4 0 3 2 1 1 7 1 '''
    
    obj = Series([7, -5, 7, 4, 2, 0, 4])
    # rank会增设一个排名值，从1开始，一直到数组中所有有效数据的数量
    print(obj.rank()) 
    ''' 0 6.5 1 1.0 2 6.5 3 4.5 4 3.0 5 2.0 6 4.5 dtype: float64 '''
    # 可以根据值在原数据中出现的顺序给出排名
    print(obj.rank(method = 'first')) 
    ''' 0 6.0 1 1.0 2 7.0 3 4.0 4 3.0 5 2.0 6 5.0 '''
    print(obj.rank(ascending = False, method = 'max'))
    ''' 0 2.0 1 7.0 2 2.0 3 4.0 4 5.0 5 6.0 6 4.0 '''
    frame = DataFrame({ 'b':[4.3, 7, -3, 2], 'a': [0, 1, 0, 1],
                      'c':[-2, 5, 8, -2.5]})
    # 按每行的值排序
    print(frame.rank(axis = 1)) 
    ''' b a c 0 3.0 2.0 1.0 1 3.0 1.0 2.0 2 1.0 2.0 3.0 3 3.0 2.0 1.0 '''

## 2.9 带有重复值得轴索引 ##

obj = Series(range(5), index = ['a', 'a', 'b' ,'b' ,'c'])
    print(obj)
    ''' a 0 a 1 b 2 b 3 c 4 dtype: int64 '''
    # 判断索引值是否是唯一的
    print(obj.index.is_unique) # False 
    # 带有重复值的索引，返回一个Series
    print(obj['a'])  
    ''' a 0 a 1 dtype: int64 '''
    # 对应单个值的，则返回一个标量值
    print(obj['c'])  # 4
    
    df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(4,3), index = ['a', 'a', 'b', 'b'])
    print(df)
    ''' 0 1 2 a 0.618408 -1.495024 -1.569955 a 0.959323 0.444813 -0.070000 b 0.306775 -0.155840 1.806228 b -0.601667 0.029473 0.114349 '''
    # 对于DataFrame的行进行索引时也与上述类似
    print(df.loc['b']) 
    ''' 0 1 2 b 0.306775 -0.155840 1.806228 b -0.601667 0.029473 0.114349 '''

# 3、汇总和计算描述统计 #

## 3.1 和、均值等计算 ##

df = DataFrame([[1.4, np.nan], [7.1, -4.5],
                   [np.nan, np.nan], [0.75, -1.3]],
                   index = ['a','b','c','d'],
                   columns = ['one', 'two'])
    print(df)
    ''' one two a 1.40 NaN b 7.10 -4.5 c NaN NaN d 0.75 -1.3 '''
    # 按行求和
    print(df.sum()) 
    ''' one 9.25 two -5.80 dtype: float64 '''
    # 按列求和,NA值会自动被排除；与原文有点不同，原文c行的值为NaN
    print(df.sum(axis = 1)) 
    ''' a 1.40 b 2.60 c 0.00 d -0.55 dtype: float64 '''
    # skipna可禁止“NA值被排除"
    print(df.mean(axis=1, skipna=False)) 
    ''' a NaN b 1.300 c NaN d -0.275 dtype: float64 '''
    # 返回每列中的最大值索引
    print(df.idxmax()) 
    ''' one b two d dtype: object '''
    #按行求累加和
    print(df.cumsum()) 
    ''' one two a 1.40 NaN b 8.50 -4.5 c NaN NaN d 9.25 -5.8 '''
    # 返回汇总统计
    print(df.describe()) #
    ''' one two count 3.000000 2.000000 mean 3.083333 -2.900000 std 3.493685 2.262742 min 0.750000 -4.500000 25% 1.075000 -3.700000 50% 1.400000 -2.900000 75% 4.250000 -2.100000 max 7.100000 -1.300000 '''
    
    # 对于非数值型，describe会产生另外一种汇总统计
    obj = Series(['a', 'a', 'b', 'c'] * 4) 
    print(obj.describe())
    ''' count 16 unique 3 top a freq 8 dtype: object '''

## 3.2 相关系数和协方差 ##

import pandas_datareader.data as web # 相比原文有修改
    all_data = { }
    for ticker in ['AAPL', 'IBM', 'MSFT', 'GOOG']:
        all_data[ticker] = web.get_data_yahoo(ticker, '1/1/2000', '1/1/2010')
    price = DataFrame({ tic: data['Adj Close'] for tic, data in all_data.items()})
    volume = DataFrame({ tic: data['Volume'] for tic, data in all_data.items()})
    returns = price.pct_change()
    print(returns.tail())
    ''' AAPL IBM MSFT GOOG Date 2009-12-24 0.034339 0.004385 0.002587 0.011117 2009-12-28 0.012294 0.013326 0.005484 0.007098 2009-12-29 -0.011861 -0.003477 0.007058 -0.005571 2009-12-30 0.012147 0.005461 -0.013699 0.005376 2009-12-31 -0.004299 -0.012597 -0.015504 -0.004416 '''
    # 计算两个Series相关系数
    print(returns.MSFT.corr(returns.IBM)) # 0.4943579912733758
    # 计算协方差
    print(returns.MSFT.cov(returns.IBM))  # 0.0002158213155918
    # corr()返回完整的相关系数
    print(returns.corr()) # 
    ''' AAPL IBM MSFT GOOG AAPL 1.000000 0.412392 0.423598 0.470676 IBM 0.412392 1.000000 0.494358 0.390688 MSFT 0.423598 0.494358 1.000000 0.443586 GOOG 0.470676 0.390688 0.443586 1.000000 '''
    # cov()返回协方差矩阵
    print(returns.cov())  
    ''' AAPL IBM MSFT GOOG AAPL 0.001030 0.000254 0.000309 0.000303 IBM 0.000254 0.000369 0.000216 0.000142 MSFT 0.000309 0.000216 0.000516 0.000205 GOOG 0.000303 0.000142 0.000205 0.000580 '''
    # 计算列或者行与另一Series或DataFrame之间的相关系数
    print(returns.corrwith(returns.IBM)) 
    ''' AAPL 0.412392 IBM 1.000000 MSFT 0.494358 GOOG 0.390688 dtype: float64 '''
    # 传入DataFrame会计算按列名匹配的相关系数
    print(returns.corrwith(volume)) 
    ''' AAPL -0.057665 IBM -0.006592 MSFT -0.014228 GOOG 0.062647 dtype: float64 '''

## 3.3 唯一值、值计算以及成员资格 ##

obj = Series(['c', 'a', 'd', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c'])
    # 得到Series中的唯一数组
    uniques = obj.unique() 
    print(uniques) # ['c' 'a' 'd' 'b']
    
    # 计算Series中各值出现的频率,而且是降序排列
    print(obj.value_counts()) 
    ''' a 3 c 3 b 2 d 1 dtype: int64 '''
    print(pd.value_counts(obj.values, sort=False))
    ''' b 2 a 3 d 1 c 3 dtype: int64 '''
    # isin() 用于判断矢量化集合的成员资格，用于选择Seried或DataFrame例中数据子集
    mask = obj.isin(['b', 'c']) 
    print(mask)
    ''' 0 True 1 False 2 False 3 False 4 False 5 True 6 True 7 True 8 True '''
    print(obj[mask])
    ''' 0 c 5 b 6 b 7 c 8 c dtype: object '''
    data = DataFrame({ 'Qu1': [1, 3, 4, 3, 4],
                      'Qu2': [2, 3, 1, 2, 3],
                      'Qu3': [1, 5, 2, 4, 4]})
    print(data)
    ''' Qu1 Qu2 Qu3 0 1 2 1 1 3 3 5 2 4 1 2 3 3 2 4 4 4 3 4 '''
    result = data.apply(pd.value_counts)  # 不是太明白做什么，文中说得到多个相关列的一张柱状图
    print(result)
    ''' Qu1 Qu2 Qu3 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 0.0 2.0 1.0 3 2.0 2.0 0.0 4 2.0 0.0 2.0 5 0.0 0.0 1.0 '''

# 4、处理缺失数据 #

string_data = Series(['aardvark', 'artichoke', np.nan, 'avocado'])
    print(string_data)
    ''' 0 aardvark 1 artichoke 2 NaN 3 avocado dtype: object '''
    print(string_data.isnull())
    ''' 0 False 1 False 2 True 3 False dtype: bool '''
    string_data[0] = None
    # Python 内置的None也会被当做NA处理
    print(string_data.isnull())  
    ''' 0 True 1 False 2 True 3 False dtype: bool '''

## 4.1 滤除缺失数据 ##

# 如果增加inplace = True 则会对原始的data更改
    from numpy import nan as NA
    data = Series([1, NA, 3.5, NA, 7])
    data_no_nan =data.dropna() 
    print(data_no_nan)
    ''' 0 1.0 2 3.5 4 7.0 dtype: float64 '''
    #通过布尔型索引也可以实现
    print(data[data.notnull()]) 
    ''' 0 1.0 2 3.5 4 7.0 dtype: float64 '''
    data = DataFrame([[1., 6.5, 3.],[1., NA, NA],
                     [NA, NA, NA],[NA, 6.5, 3.]])
    #丢弃任何含有缺失值的行
    cleaned = data.dropna() 
    print(data)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 1.0 6.5 3.0 1 1.0 NaN NaN 2 NaN NaN NaN 3 NaN 6.5 3.0 '''
    print(cleaned)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 1.0 6.5 3.0 '''
    # 只丢弃全为NA的那些行
    data_new = data.dropna(how = 'all') 
    print(data_new)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 1.0 6.5 3.0 1 1.0 NaN NaN 3 NaN 6.5 3.0 '''
    data[4] = NA
    print(data)
    ''' 0 1 2 4 0 1.0 6.5 3.0 NaN 1 1.0 NaN NaN NaN 2 NaN NaN NaN NaN 3 NaN 6.5 3.0 NaN '''
    # 当某列全为NA时丢弃
    data_new2 = data.dropna(axis = 1, how = 'all') 
    print(data_new2)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 1.0 6.5 3.0 1 1.0 NaN NaN 2 NaN NaN NaN 3 NaN 6.5 3.0 '''
    df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(7,3))
    df.iloc[:5, 1] = NA
    df.iloc[:3, 2] = NA
    print(df)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 -0.776768 NaN NaN 1 -0.432202 NaN NaN 2 0.633459 NaN NaN 3 -0.671694 NaN 1.433947 4 1.109140 NaN -0.646371 5 1.097845 0.128552 -0.392997 6 0.212458 -0.700758 1.566229 '''
    # 只保留一部分观测数据,每行数据要大于等于3才保留，否则删除整行
    df_drop = df.dropna(thresh = 3) 
    print(df_drop)
    ''' 0 1 2 5 1.097845 0.128552 -0.392997 6 0.212458 -0.700758 1.566229 '''

## 4.2 填充缺失数据 ##

# 用0填充缺失值
    df_fill_0 = df.fillna(0)  
    print(df_fill_0)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 -0.776768 0.000000 0.000000 1 -0.432202 0.000000 0.000000 2 0.633459 0.000000 0.000000 3 -0.671694 0.000000 1.433947 4 1.109140 0.000000 -0.646371 5 1.097845 0.128552 -0.392997 6 0.212458 -0.700758 1.566229 '''
    # 用dict填充缺失值
    df_fill_dict = df.fillna({ 1:0.5, 3:-1}) 
    print(df_fill_dict)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 -0.776768 0.500000 NaN 1 -0.432202 0.500000 NaN 2 0.633459 0.500000 NaN 3 -0.671694 0.500000 1.433947 4 1.109140 0.500000 -0.646371 5 1.097845 0.128552 -0.392997 6 0.212458 -0.700758 1.56622 '''
    # 在原数据上填充
    _ = df.fillna(0, inplace= True) 
    print(df)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 -0.776768 0.000000 0.000000 1 -0.432202 0.000000 0.000000 2 0.633459 0.000000 0.000000 3 -0.671694 0.000000 1.433947 4 1.109140 0.000000 -0.646371 5 1.097845 0.128552 -0.392997 6 0.212458 -0.700758 1.566229 '''
    df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 3))
    df.iloc[2:, 1] = NA
    df.iloc[4:, 2] =NA
    print(df)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 -1.107271 0.148246 -0.623761 1 -0.805279 -1.708179 0.804398 2 0.241048 NaN 0.439521 3 -0.811178 NaN 0.360617 4 0.145371 NaN NaN 5 0.450989 NaN NaN '''
    # 通过差值的方式填充缺失值
    df_fill = df.fillna(method = 'ffill') 
    print(df_fill)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 -1.107271 0.148246 -0.623761 1 -0.805279 -1.708179 0.804398 2 0.241048 -1.708179 0.439521 3 -0.811178 -1.708179 0.360617 4 0.145371 -1.708179 0.360617 5 0.450989 -1.708179 0.360617 '''
    # 对填充的数量做限制，例如不能超过2个
    df_fill_limit2 = df.fillna(method = 'ffill', limit = 2)
    print(df_fill_limit2)
    ''' 0 1 2 0 -1.107271 0.148246 -0.623761 1 -0.805279 -1.708179 0.804398 2 0.241048 -1.708179 0.439521 3 -0.811178 -1.708179 0.360617 4 0.145371 NaN 0.360617 5 0.450989 NaN 0.360617 '''
    
    data = Series([1., NA, 3.5, NA, 7])
    # 用平均值进行缺失值的填充
    data_fill_mean = data.fillna(data.mean()) 
    print(data_fill_mean)
    ''' 0 1.000000 1 3.833333 2 3.500000 3 3.833333 4 7.000000 dtype: float64 '''

# 5、层次化索引 #

# 是的在一个轴上有多个（两个以上）索引级别
    data = Series(np.random.randn(10),
                  index = [['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'd'],
                           [1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,2,3]]) 
    print(data)
    ''' a 1 0.948250 2 0.186262 3 0.167854 b 1 -0.349104 2 -0.911277 3 0.790769 c 1 -0.348525 2 -0.047111 d 2 -1.302505 3 0.392822 dtype: float64 '''
    print(data.index)
    ''' MultiIndex([('a', 1), ('a', 2), ('a', 3), ('b', 1), ('b', 2), ('b', 3), ('c', 1), ('c', 2), ('d', 2), ('d', 3)], ) '''
    print(data['b'])
    ''' 1 -0.349104 2 -0.911277 3 0.790769 dtype: float64 '''
    print(data['b':'c'])
    ''' b 1 -0.349104 2 -0.911277 3 0.790769 c 1 -0.348525 2 -0.047111 dtype: float64 '''
    print(data.loc[['b', 'd']])
    ''' b 1 -0.349104 2 -0.911277 3 0.790769 d 2 -1.302505 3 0.392822 dtype: float64 '''
    # "内层”中进行选取
    print(data[:, 2])  
    ''' a 0.186262 b -0.911277 c -0.047111 d -1.302505 '''
    # 重新安排到一个DataFrame中
    print(data.unstack()) 
    ''' 1 2 3 a 0.948250 0.186262 0.167854 b -0.349104 -0.911277 0.790769 c -0.348525 -0.047111 NaN d NaN -1.302505 0.392822 '''
    # unstack 是stack逆运算
    print(data.unstack().stack()) 
    ''' a 1 0.948250 2 0.186262 3 0.167854 b 1 -0.349104 2 -0.911277 3 0.790769 c 1 -0.348525 2 -0.047111 d 2 -1.302505 3 0.392822 dtype: float64 '''
    # 对于DataFrame, 每条轴都可以有分层索引
    frame = DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((4,3)),
                      index = [['a', 'a', 'b', 'b'], [1,2,1,2]],
                      columns = [['Ohio', 'Ohio', 'Colorado'],
                                 ['Green', 'Red', 'Green']]) 
    print(frame)
    ''' Ohio Colorado Green Red Green a 1 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 b 1 6 7 8 2 9 10 11 '''
    frame.index.names = ['key1', 'key2']
    frame.columns.names = ['state', 'color']
    print(frame)
    ''' state Ohio Colorado color Green Red Green key1 key2 a 1 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 b 1 6 7 8 2 9 10 11 '''
    # 通过分部的列索引，可以轻松选取分组
    print(frame['Ohio']) 
    ''' color Green Red key1 key2 a 1 0 1 2 3 4 b 1 6 7 2 9 10 '''

## 5.1 重排分级顺序 ##

# frame由"层次化索引一节"得到; 互换两个级别
    frame_swap_lev = frame.swaplevel('key1', 'key2') 
    print(frame_swap_lev)
    ''' state Ohio Colorado color Green Red Green key2 key1 1 a 0 1 2 2 a 3 4 5 1 b 6 7 8 2 b 9 10 11 '''

## 5.2 根据级别汇总统计 ##

# frame由"层次化索引一节"得到; 根据行或列上的级别进行求和
    print(frame.sum(level = 'key2'))  
    ''' state Ohio Colorado color Green Red Green key2 1 6 8 10 2 12 14 16 '''
    
    # 按照color进行求和
    print(frame.sum(level = 'color', axis = 1)) 
    ''' color Green Red key1 key2 a 1 2 1 2 8 4 b 1 14 7 2 20 10 '''

## 5.3 使用DataFrame的列 ##

frame = DataFrame({ 'a':range(7),'b':range(7,0,-1),
                       'c':['one', 'one', 'one', 'two', 'two', 'two', 'two'],
                       'd':[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3]})
    print(frame)
    ''' a b c d 0 0 7 one 0 1 1 6 one 1 2 2 5 one 2 3 3 4 two 0 4 4 3 two 1 5 5 2 two 2 6 6 1 two 3 '''
    # 将一个或多个列转化为行索引，并创建一个新的DataFrame
    frame2 = frame.set_index(['c', 'd']) 
    print(frame2)
    ''' a b c d one 0 0 7 1 1 6 2 2 5 two 0 3 4 1 4 3 2 5 2 3 6 1 '''
    # 将被转换的列保留
    frame3 = frame.set_index(['c', 'd'], drop = False) 
    print(frame3)
    ''' a b c d c d one 0 0 7 one 0 1 1 6 one 1 2 2 5 one 2 two 0 3 4 two 0 1 4 3 two 1 2 5 2 two 2 3 6 1 two 3 '''
    # 与set_index()刚好相反，层次化索引的级别会被转移到里面
    frame2_reset = frame2.reset_index() 
    print(frame2_reset)
    ''' c d a b 0 one 0 0 7 1 one 1 1 6 2 one 2 2 5 3 two 0 3 4 4 two 1 4 3 5 two 2 5 2 6 two 3 6 1 '''

[Python _pdf]: https://blog.csdn.net/zhou4411781/article/details/108556600