如何在Ubuntu 20.04上安装MySQL [快速入门]

系统管理员 2022-11-28 15:24 224阅读 0赞

### 介绍 **(**Introduction**)** ###

[MySQL][] is an open-source database management system, commonly installed as part of the popular [LAMP][] (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It implements the relational model and uses Structured Query Language (better known as SQL) to manage its data.

[MySQL][]是一个开源数据库管理系统，通常作为流行的[LAMP][] (Linux，Apache，MySQL，PHP / Python / Perl)堆栈的一部分安装。 它实现了关系模型，并使用结构化查询语言(又称SQL)来管理其数据。

This quickstart tutorial will explain how to install MySQL version 8.0 on an Ubuntu 20.04 server.

本快速入门教程将说明如何在Ubuntu 20.04服务器上安装MySQL 8.0版。

## 先决条件 **(**Prerequisites**)** ##

To follow this tutorial, you will need:

要遵循本教程，您将需要：

*  One Ubuntu 20.04 server with a non-root administrative user and a firewall configured with UFW. To set up, follow our [initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 20.04][].
    
    一台Ubuntu 20.04服务器，具有非root用户和配置了UFW的防火墙。 要进行设置，请遵循我们[针对Ubuntu 20.04的初始服务器设置指南][initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 20.04] 。

## 第1步-安装MySQL **(**Step 1 — Installing MySQL**)** ##

To install MySQL, first update your server’s package index if you’ve not done so recently:

要安装MySQL，请先更新服务器的软件包索引(如果您最近没有这样做的话)：

*  sudo apt update
    
    sudo apt更新

Then install the `mysql-server` package:

然后安装`mysql-server`软件包：

*  sudo apt install mysql-server
    
    sudo apt安装mysql服务器

## 第2步-配置MySQL **(**Step 2 — Configuring MySQL**)** ##

Run MySQL’s included security script with `sudo`:

使用`sudo`运行MySQL随附的安全脚本：

*  sudo mysql\_secure\_installation
    
    须藤mysql\_secure\_installation

This will take you through a series of prompts where you can make some changes to your MySQL installation’s security options. The first prompt will ask whether you’d like to set up the Validate Password Plugin, which can be used to test the strength of your MySQL password.

这将引导您完成一系列提示，在其中您可以对MySQL安装的安全性选项进行一些更改。 第一个提示将询问您是否要设置验证密码插件，该插件可用于测试MySQL密码的强度。

If you elect to set up the Validate Password Plugin, the script will ask you to choose a password validation level, with the weakest being `0` and the strongest being `2`:

如果您选择设置验证密码插件，脚本将要求您选择一个密码验证级别，最弱的级别为`0` ，最强的级别为`2` ：

Output Securing the MySQL server deployment.
    
    Connecting to MySQL using a blank password.
    
    VALIDATE PASSWORD COMPONENT can be used to test passwords
    and improve security. It checks the strength of password
    and allows the users to set only those passwords which are
    secure enough. Would you like to setup VALIDATE PASSWORD component?
    
    Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No: Y
    
    There are three levels of password validation policy:
    
    LOW    Length >= 8
    MEDIUM Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, and special characters
    STRONG Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, special characters and dictionary                  file
    
    Please enter 0 = LOW, 1 = MEDIUM and 2 = STRONG:
     2

The next prompt will be to enter and confirm a password for the MySQL **root** user:

下一个提示将是输入并确认MySQL **root**用户的密码：

Output Please set the password for root here.
    
    
    New password: 
    
    Re-enter new password:

The script will then ask if you want to continue with the password you just entered or if you want to enter a new one. If you’re satisfied with your password, enter `Y` to continue the script:

然后，脚本将询问您是否要继续使用刚刚输入的密码，或者是否要输入一个新密码。 如果您对密码感到满意，请输入`Y`继续执行脚本：

Output Estimated strength of the password: 100 
    Do you wish to continue with the password provided?(Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y

From there, you can press `Y` and then `ENTER` to accept the defaults for all the subsequent questions.

在此处，您可以按`Y` ，然后按`ENTER`以接受所有后续问题的默认设置。

## 第3步-创建专用MySQL用户并授予权限 **(**Step 3 — Creating a Dedicated MySQL User and Granting Privileges**)** ##

Upon installation, MySQL creates a privileged **root** user account which you can use to manage your database, though it’s best to avoid using this account outside of administrative functions. This step outlines how to use the **root** MySQL user to create a new user account and grant it privileges.

安装后，MySQL将创建一个特权**root**用户帐户，您可以使用该帐户来管理数据库，尽管最好避免在管理功能之外使用该帐户。 此步骤概述了如何使用MySQL **根**用户创建新用户帐户并为其授予特权。

Connect to the database as the **root** MySQL user:

以MySQL的**root**用户身份连接到数据库：

*  sudo mysql
    
    须藤MySQL

**Note:** If you installed MySQL with another tutorial and enabled password authentication for **root**, you will need to use the following command to access the MySQL shell:

**注意：**如果将MySQL与其他教程一起安装并为**root**启用了密码认证，则需要使用以下命令访问MySQL Shell：

*  mysql -u root -p
    
    mysql -u root -p

Once you have access to the MySQL prompt, you can create a new user with a `CREATE USER` statement. These follow this general syntax:

一旦可以访问MySQL提示符，就可以使用`CREATE USER`语句创建一个新用户。 这些遵循以下一般语法：

*  CREATE USER 'username'@'host' IDENTIFIED WITH authentication\_plugin BY 'password';
    
    创建用户' 用户名 '@' 主机 '通过authentication\_plugin BY' 密码 '识别;

You have several options when it comes to choosing your user’s authentication plugin. The `auth_socket` plugin mentioned previously can be convenient, as it provides strong security without requiring valid users to enter a password to access the database. But it also prevents remote connections, which can complicate things when external programs need to interact with MySQL.

在选择用户的身份验证插件时，您有多种选择。 前面提到的`auth_socket`插件很方便，因为它提供了强大的安全性，而无需有效的用户输入密码来访问数据库。 但是它也阻止了远程连接，当外部程序需要与MySQL交互时，远程连接会使事情变得复杂。

As an alternative, you can leave out the `WITH authentication plugin` portion of the syntax entirely to have the user authenticate with MySQL’s default plugin, `caching_sha2_password`. The following ocmmand creates a user that authenticates with `caching_sha2_password`. Be sure to change `sammy` to your preferred username and `password` to a strong password of your choosing:

或者，您可以完全忽略语法的`WITH authentication plugin`部分，以使用户通过MySQL的默认插件`caching_sha2_password`身份验证。 以下ocmmand创建一个使用`caching_sha2_password`身份验证的用户。 确保将`sammy`更改`sammy`选用户名，并将`password`更改为您选择的强密码：

*  CREATE USER 'sammy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
    
    创建用户' sammy '@'localhost'由' password '标识;

**Note**: There is a known issue with some versions of PHP that causes problems with `caching_sha2_password`. If you plan to use this database with a PHP application — phpMyAdmin, for example — you may want to create a user that will authenticate with the older, though still secure, `mysql_native_password` plugin instead:

**注意** ：某些版本PHP存在一个已知问题，该问题会导致`caching_sha2_password`出现问题。 如果您打算将此数据库与PHP应用程序一起使用(例如phpMyAdmin)，则可能希望创建一个将通过较旧但仍安全的`mysql_native_password`插件进行身份验证的用户：

*  CREATE USER 'sammy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql\_native\_password BY 'password';
    
    创建用户' sammy '@'localhost'用mysql\_native\_password通过' password '标识；

If you aren’t sure, you can always create a user that authenticates with `caching_sha2_plugin` and then `ALTER` it later on with this command:

如果不确定，始终可以创建一个使用`caching_sha2_plugin`身份验证的用户，然后稍后使用以下命令对其进行`ALTER` ：

*  ALTER USER 'sammy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql\_native\_password BY 'password';
    
    ALTER USER ' 森 '@' localhost'的WITH mysql\_native\_password BY ' 密码 ' IDENTIFIED;

After creating your new user, you can grant them the appropriate privileges.

创建新用户后，您可以为其授予适当的特权。

To illustrate, the following command grants a user global privileges to `CREATE`, `ALTER`, and `DROP` databases, tables, and users, as well as the power to `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE` data from any table on the server. It also grants the user the ability to query data with `SELECT`. Run this `GRANT` statement, replacing `sammy` with your own MySQL user’s name, to grant these privileges to your user:

为了说明这一点，以下命令向用户授予`CREATE` ， `ALTER`和`DROP`数据库，表和用户的全局特权，并授予服务器上任何表的`INSERT` ， `UPDATE`和`DELETE`数据的权限。 它还使用户能够使用`SELECT`查询数据。 运行以下`GRANT`语句，将`sammy`替换为您自己MySQL用户名，以向您的用户授予以下特权：

*  GRANT CREATE, ALTER, DROP, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT on \*.\* TO 'sammy'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;
    
    在\*。\*上进行GRANT CREATE，ALTER，DROP，INSERT，UPDATE，DELETE，SELECT，使用GRANT选项将其转换为' samy '@'localhost'；

**Warning**: Some users may want to grant their MySQL user the `ALL PRIVILEGES` privilege, which will provide them with broad superuser privileges akin to the **root** user’s privileges, like so:

**警告** ：某些用户可能希望向其MySQL用户授予`ALL PRIVILEGES`特权，这将为他们提供类似于**root**用户特权的广泛超级用户特权，例如：

*  GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON \*.\* TO 'sammy'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;
    
    将所有特权授予\*。\*到' sammy '@'localhost'并带有格randint选项；

Such broad privileges **should not be granted lightly**, as anyone with access to this MySQL user will have complete control over every database on the server.

**不能轻易授予**如此广泛的特权，因为任何有权访问此MySQL用户的人都将完全控制服务器上的每个数据库。

Following this, it’s good practice to run the `FLUSH PRIVILEGES` command:

在此之后，最好执行`FLUSH PRIVILEGES`命令：

*  FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
    
    冲洗特权;

Then you can exit the MySQL client:

然后，您可以退出MySQL客户端：

*  exit
    
    出口

In the future, to log in as your new MySQL user, you’d use a command like the following:

将来，要以新MySQL用户身份登录，请使用以下命令：

*  mysql -u sammy -p
    
    mysql -u sammy -p

The `-p` flag will cause the MySQL client to prompt you for your MySQL user’s password in order to authenticate.

`-p`标志将导致MySQL客户端提示您输入MySQL用户的密码以进行身份验证。

## 结论 **(**Conclusion**)** ##

You now have a basic MySQL setup installed on your server. Here are a few examples of next steps you can take:

现在，您已在服务器上安装了基本MySQL设置。 以下是一些您可以采取的后续步骤的示例：

*  [Set up a LAMP stack][LAMP] or [a LEMP stack][]
    
    [设置LAMP堆栈][LAMP]或[LEMP堆栈][a LEMP stack]
 *  [Practice running queries with SQL][]
    
    [练习使用SQL运行查询][Practice running queries with SQL]
 *  [Manage your MySQL installation with phpMyAdmin][]
    
    [使用phpMyAdmin管理您MySQL安装][Manage your MySQL installation with phpMyAdmin]

> 翻译自: [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-mysql-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart][https_www.digitalocean.com_community_tutorials_how-to-install-mysql-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart]

[MySQL]: https://www.mysql.com/
[LAMP]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-linux-apache-mysql-php-lamp-stack-on-ubuntu-20-04
[initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 20.04]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/initial-server-setup-with-ubuntu-20-04
[a LEMP stack]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-linux-nginx-mysql-php-lemp-stack-on-ubuntu-20-04
[Practice running queries with SQL]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/introduction-to-queries-mysql
[Manage your MySQL installation with phpMyAdmin]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-secure-phpmyadmin-on-ubuntu-20-04
[https_www.digitalocean.com_community_tutorials_how-to-install-mysql-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-mysql-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart