SpringMVC 温习笔记(二)springMVC框架
什么是springMVC
springMVC是一款基于java实现的MVC设计模式的请求驱动类型的轻量级web框架,属于SpringFrameWork的后续产品,已经融合在SpringWebFlow中。SpringMVC是目前最为流行的前端框架之一,在Spring3.0发布之后,全面超越了Struct2框架,成为最优秀的MVC框架。他让一个简单的java类成为处理请求的控制器,而无需实现任何借口,同时还支持RESTful编程风格的请求。
图解springMVC执行原理
springMVC框架基本思想
此处值得一提的是springMVC框架他工作要点在于抽取的baseServlet这个模块,而struts2则工作在filter模块中,上述图片是直接采用传智播客老师讲义上的图片,仅供学习讨论。
springMVC使用要点
首先需要导入dependency,导入的jar包需要参考上一小结案例,保持一致即可。
依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>5.1.32</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>c3p0</groupId>
<artifactId>c3p0</artifactId>
<version>0.9.1.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>druid</artifactId>
<version>1.1.10</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
<version>1.3.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>5.0.5.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
<version>5.0.5.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
<version>5.0.5.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>5.0.5.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp-api</artifactId>
<version>2.2.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
web.xml配置文件。
<!--配置springMVC的前端控制器-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:springMVC.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
notes:
(1)此处的dispatcherServlet就相当于上一小结的ContextLoaderListener类的效用相似。
(2)此外的init-param标签相当于上一小结中context-param,该参数用来设置springMVC配置文件的参数。
springMVC配置文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!--扫描controller-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian.component.web.controller"/>
</beans>
在配置文件中只需要注明扫描controller包,并将其纳入容器中即可。
controller 包。
如果只想扫描web包,还有一种写法如下所示:
<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian">
<!--表示扫描包含controller注解的服务-->
<context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
UserController类:
@Controller
/*@RequestMapping("/userController")*/
public class UserController {
@RequestMapping("/save")
public String save(){
System.out.println("controller save are running");
return "success.jsp";
}
}
springMVC框架执行流程
上图是tomcat中springMVC执行的简要流程,接下来看看springMVC详细步骤。
在项目中也可对内部资源视图解析器进行手动配置:
springMVC配置文件
<!--扫描controller-->
<!--<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian.component.web.controller"/>-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian">
<!--表示扫描包含controller注解的服务-->
<context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
<bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/jsp/"/>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>
controller写法
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/userController")
public class UserController {
@RequestMapping("/save")
public String save(){
System.out.println("controller save are running");
//return "/jsp/success";
return "success";
}
}
notes: 在手动修改InternalResourceViewResolver时,suffix 和prefix 的配置使得我们在返回视图时省略了”.jsp”和”/jsp/“。
springMVC 回写数据
页面跳转方式
字符串返回方式
转发过程:
在转真个转发过程中配置了viewResolver后,就对配置的各个环境组装,组装后将完整的解析器返回给前端控制器。
重定向过程:
return "redirect:/jsp/success.jsp";
重定向过程及是一个重新请求的过程。
ModelAndView返回方式
//1.以新建ModelAndView 变量的方式返回
@RequestMapping("/save02")
public ModelAndView save02(){
System.out.println("Controller save02 is running");
ModelAndView modelAndView = new ModelAndView();
modelAndView.addObject("username","feitian");
modelAndView.setViewName("success");
return modelAndView;
}
//2.以ModelAndView参数的方式返回
@RequestMapping("/save03")
public ModelAndView save03(ModelAndView modelAndView){
System.out.println("Controller save03 is running");
modelAndView.addObject("username","xueshanfeitian");
modelAndView.setViewName("success");
return modelAndView;
}
//3.用拆分的方式返回ModelAndView
@RequestMapping("/save04")
public String save04(Model model){
System.out.println("Controller save04 is running");
model.addAttribute("username","xueshanfeitian");
return "success";
}
//4.以设置request参数的方式返回ModelAndView
@RequestMapping("/save05")
public String save05(HttpServletRequest request){
System.out.println("Controller save05 is running");
request.setAttribute("username","xueshanfeitian");
return "success";
}
回写数据
直接返回字符串
采用response注入对象回写数据
//1.采用response回写数据
@RequestMapping("/save06")
public void save06(HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException {
System.out.println("Controller save06 is running");
response.getWriter().println("hello feitian");
}
此处需要说明的是ResponseBody注解,该注解是告诉springMVC框架,本返回数据不是去跳转页面,而是要以字符串的形式直接回写数据。
采用注解@ResponseBody注解,直接返回字符串。
//2.采用responseBody注解的方式,不进行视图跳转
@RequestMapping("/save07")
@ResponseBody
public String save07() {
System.out.println("Controller save07 is running");
return "{\"username\":\"我是张君的老祖!!!\",\"age\":\"3000\"}";
}
返回对象或数据
期望将对象或者集合转成jackson对象返回。
首先需要导入jackson依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
<version>2.9.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
<version>2.9.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-annotations</artifactId>
<version>2.9.0</version>
</dependency>
手动转换成jackson对象返回,其本质是与返回字符串是一样的
采用jackson转换工具转换后,发挥jackson字符串。
@RequestMapping("/save08")
@ResponseBody
public String save08() throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save08 is running");
User user = new User();
user.setRelation("我是张君的老祖");
user.setAge(3000);
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
String json = mapper.writeValueAsString(user);
return json;
}
采用修改springMVC配置文件的方式
这种方式本质上是将json转换器配置直接注入到RequestMappingHandlerAdapter即处理器适配器,换种思路就是将RequestMappingHandlerAdapter对象的成员变量messageConverters赋值为MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter。
在springMVC中需要加入处理器映射器的配置如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!--扫描controller-->
<!--<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian.component.web.controller"/>-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian">
<!--表示扫描包含controller注解的服务-->
<context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
<!--配置资源解析器-->
<bean id="viewResolver" class=
"org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/jsp/"/>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>
<!--配置处理器映射器-->
<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter">
<property name="messageConverters">
<list>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter"/>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
</beans>
测试方法
@RequestMapping("/save09")
@ResponseBody
//期望springMVC自动将User转换成json格式的字符串
public User save09() throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save09 is running");
User user = new User();
user.setRelation("我是张君的老祖");
user.setAge(3000);
return user;
}
采用注册注解驱动方式
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
<!--扫描controller-->
<!--<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian.component.web.controller"/>-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.feitian">
<!--表示扫描包含controller注解的服务-->
<context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
<!--配置资源解析器-->
<bean id="viewResolver" class=
"org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/jsp/"/>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>
<!--配置处理器映射器-->
<!--<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter"> <property name="messageConverters"> <list> <bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter"/> </list> </property> </bean>-->
<!--注册注解驱动-->
<mvc:annotation-driven/>
</beans>
此处需要注意的是加入mvc命名空间。 采用注册注解驱动的这种配置方式,其本质上是将json转换器配置注入到处理器适配器的过程直接在底层实现,及<mvc:annotation-driven/>
节省了我们以前繁琐的json转换器配置注入过程。
测试方法可以保持与上面一致save08保持一致
@RequestMapping("/save09")
@ResponseBody
//期望springMVC自动将User转换成json格式的字符串
public User save09() throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save09 is running");
User user = new User();
user.setRelation("我是张君的老祖");
user.setAge(3000);
return user;
}
测试方法可以与上面保持一致。
springMVC处理请求数据
当请求controller时, 则请求参数一般会自动映射
如本例中小猿的请求如下:
controller自动将请求参数映射
@RequestMapping("/save10")
@ResponseBody
//期望springMVC自动将User转换成json格式的字符串
public void save10(String relation,int age) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save10 is running");
System.out.println(relation+": 修炼年份"+age);
}
controller自动将请求参数映射并封装成实体类
请求地址;
请求方法如下所示:
@RequestMapping("/save11")
@ResponseBody
//期望springMVC自动将User转换成json格式的字符串
public void save11(User user) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save11 is running");
System.out.println(user.getRelation()+": 修炼年份"+user.getAge());
}
controller自动将请求参数映射并封装成数组
请求参数
请求方法如下所示:
@RequestMapping("/save12")
@ResponseBody
public void save12(String arr []) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save12 is running");
System.out.println(Arrays.asList(arr));
}
采用将集合封装在一个对象的操作方式
请求数据采用表单提交的方式:
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/userController/save13" method="post">
<%--表明是第几个user对象的username--%>
<input type="text" name="userList[0].relation"/><br/>
<input type="text" name="userList[0].age"/><br/>
<input type="text" name="userList[1].relation"/><br/>
<input type="text" name="userList[1].age"/><br/>
<input type="text" name="userList[2].relation"/><br/>
<input type="text" name="userList[2].age"/><br/>
<input type="text" name="userList[3].relation"/><br/>
<input type="text" name="userList[3].age"/><br/>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
访问jsp页面:
挨个填写表单,然后提交即可在控制台看到请求后的数据封装。
测试类:
@RequestMapping("/save13")
@ResponseBody
public void save13(Pojo pojo) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save13 is running");
System.out.println(pojo);
}
其中pojo中有user对象
public class Pojo {
private List<User> userList;
......
}
在请求过程中我们会看到控制台答应乱码,我们需要对编码进行处理。
解决乱码问题需要在web.xml中需要配置filter。
filter的两种实现方法
web.xml配置方式
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd" version="4.0">
<!--配置springMVC的前端控制器-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:springMVC.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!--将applicationContext.xml放入ServletContext,方便自定义监听类初始化该文件。-->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<!--监听器启动时要加载定义监听类-->
<listener>
<listener-class>com.feitian.component.web.listener.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<!--将UserServlet加载到web容器中-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>UserServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.feitian.component.web.servlet.UserServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!--映射UserServlet为userServlet-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>UserServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/userServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!--配置过滤器相关文件-->
<filter>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>encoding</param-name>
<param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
</web-app>
filter接口实现
通过以上过滤器的配置就可以防止乱码,本质上web.xml配置方式与实现Filter接口的效用是一致的,filter实现结果如下:
@WebFilter("/*")
public class CharacterFilter implements Filter {
public void destroy() {
}
//采用过滤器实现utf-8编码过滤
public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp,
FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest)req;
HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse)resp;
String method = request.getMethod();
if(method.equalsIgnoreCase("post")){
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
}
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
chain.doFilter(request, response);
}
public void init(FilterConfig config) throws ServletException {
}
}
上述代码执行效果
另外一种请求参数封装方式,采用@RequestBody注解,xml配置方式大体内容与save14保持一致,需要添加关一些开发资源的配置。
两种方式都可以。
<!--<mvc:resources mapping="/js/**" location="/js/"/>-->
<mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
上述注解是让各位大猿在开发时,让静态资源轻松躲过拦截的一种配置,相当于在服务器内部让静态资源有了自有行走的通信证。
注意查看下面图片,注意两种配置的区别:
请求方式
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
<script src="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/js/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script>
<script>
var userList = new Array();
userList.push({ relation:"tom是张君老祖",age:3000});
userList.push({ relation:"lucy是张君老祖",age:3000});
userList.push({ relation:"jack是张君老祖",age:3000});
userList.push({ relation:"hack是张君老祖",age:3000});
userList.push({ relation:"鹏爷是张君老祖",age:3000});
$.ajax({
type:"POST",
url:"${pageContext.request.contextPath}/userController/save14",
data:JSON.stringify(userList),
contentType:"application/json;charset=utf-8"
})
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h4>ajax</h4>
</body>
</html>
测试案例
@RequestMapping("/save14")
@ResponseBody
public void save14(@RequestBody List<User> userList) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save13 is running");
System.out.println(userList);
}
当请求参数名与Controller方法接收参数名不一致的情况下,我们可以采用@RequestParam
@RequestMapping("/save15")
@ResponseBody
public void save15(@RequestParam("name") String username) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save15 is running");
System.out.println(username);
}
Restful风格
Restful是一种软件架构风格、设计风格,它不是标准,本质上只是一组设计原则和约束条件,他主要用于客户端和服务器交互的软件。
@RequestMapping("/save16/{name}")
@ResponseBody
//建立restful分割
public void save16(@PathVariable(value = "name",required = false) String username) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save16 is running");
System.out.println(username);
}
访问:
自定义格式转换器
为了防止有些参数请求报错,需要自定义转换器,自定义转换器要实现以下几个要点:
实现Converter接口
//访问方式:http://localhost:8080/springmvc/userController/save16/feitian
public class DateConverter implements Converter<String,Date> {
public Date convert(String dateStr) {
Date date = null;
SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
try {
date = simpleDateFormat.parse(dateStr);
} catch (ParseException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return date;
}
}
在springMVC中声明转换器
......
<!--声明转换器-->
<bean id="conversionService" class="org.springframework.context.support.ConversionServiceFactoryBean">
<property name="converters">
<list>
<bean class="com.feitian.component.converter.DateConverter"/>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
......
在annotation-driven 中引用转换器
......
<!--声明转换器-->
<mvc:annotation-driven conversion-service="conversionService" />
......
访问
http://localhost:8080/springmvc/userController/save17/2019-10-28
测试方法成功运行
获得请求头
有些情况下我们需要获取请求头信息:获取方法所如下
@RequestMapping("/save18")
@ResponseBody
//建立restful分割
public void getContent18(@RequestHeader(value = "User-Agent",required = false)
String contentHeader) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save17 is running");
System.out.println(contentHeader);
}
@RequestMapping("/save19")
@ResponseBody
//获取jsessionID
public void getContent19(@CookieValue(value = "JSESSIONID",required = false)
String JSID) throws JsonProcessingException {
System.out.println("Controller save17 is running");
System.out.println(JSID);
}
上面两种方法分别介绍了如何获取请求头的两种方式,其中获取cookie是比较常见,希望各位猿能记住这个方法。
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