order by 和 group by 排序字段优化
一 点睛
order by 有两种方式排序,filesort 和 index,index 效率高,它指 mysql 扫描索引本身完成排序。filesort 方式效率较低。
order by 子句,尽量使用 index 方式排序,避免使用 filesort 方式排序。
order by 满足两种情况,会使用 index 方式排序:
1 order by 语句使用索引最左前列。
2 使用 where 子句与 order 子句条件组合满足索引最左前列。
尽快能在索引列上完成排序操作,遵照索引建的最佳左前缀。
如果不在索引列上,filesort 有两种算法:mysql就要启动双路排序和单路排序。
二 双路排序算法和单路排序算法
1 双路排序
MySQL 4.1 之前是使用双路排序,字面意思就是两次扫描磁盘,最终得到数据,读取行指针和 orderby 列,对他 们进行排序,然后扫描已经排序好的列表,按照列表中的值重新从列表中读取对应的数据输出。 从磁盘取排序字段,在 buffer 进行排序,再从磁盘取其他字段。 简单来说,取一批数据,要对磁盘进行了两次扫描,众所周知,I\O 是很耗时的,所以在 mysql4.1 之后,出现了第二种改进的算法,就是单路排序。
2 单路排序
从磁盘读取查询需要的所有列,按照 order by 列在 buffer 对它们进行排序,然后扫描排序后的列表进行输出, 它的效率更快一些,避免了第二次读取数据。并且把随机 IO 变成了顺序 IO,但是它会使用更多的空间, 因为它把每一行都保存在内存中了。
3 单路排序的问题
由于单路是后出的,总体而言好过双路。
但是单路存在以下问题: 在 sort_buffer 中,方法 2 比方法 1 要多占用很多空间,因为方法 2 是把所有字段都取出, 所以有可能取出的数据的总大小超出了 sort_buffer 的容量,导致每次只能取 sort_buffer 容量大小的数据,进行排序(创建 tmp 文件,多 路合并),排完再取 sort_buffer 容量大小,再排……从而多次 I/O。
结论:
本来想省一次 I/O 操作,反而导致了大量的 I/O 操作,反而得不偿失。
三 优化方法
1 增大 sort_butter_size 参数的设置
不管用哪种算法,提高这个参数都会提高效率,当然,要根据系统的能力去提高,因为这个参数是针对每个进程的,从 1M-8M 之间调整。
2 增大 max_length_for_sort_data 参数的设置
mysql 使用单路排序的前提是排序的字段大小要小于 max_length_for_sort_data。 提高这个参数,会增加用改进算法的概率。但是如果设的太高,数据总容量超出 sort_buffer_size 的概率就增大, 明显症状是高的磁盘 I/O 活动和低的处理器使用率。(1024-8192 之间调整)。
3 减少 select 后面的查询的字段。
当 Query 的字段大小总和小于 max_length_for_sort_data 而且排序字段不是 TEXT|BLOB 类型时,会用改进后的算法——单路排序, 否则用老算法——多路排序。 两种算法的数据都有可能超出 sort_buffer 的容量,超出之后,会创建 tmp 文件进行合并排序,导致多次 I/O, 但是用单路排序算法的风险会更大一些,所以要提高 sort_buffer_size。
四 脚本
create table tblA(
age int,
birth timestamp not null
);
insert into tblA(age, birth) values(22, now());
insert into tblA(age, birth) values(23, now());
insert into tblA(age, birth) values(24, now());
create index idx_A_ageBirth on tblA(age, birth);
mysql> select * from tblA;
+------+---------------------+
| age | birth |
+------+---------------------+
| 22 | 2021-09-21 10:06:16 |
| 23 | 2021-09-21 10:06:17 |
| 24 | 2021-09-21 10:06:17 |
+------+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
五 实战
# age 索引用于排序,另外因为使用到覆盖索引,数据从索引中取得
mysql> explain select * from tblA where age>20 order by age;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
# age,birth 索引用于排序,另外因为使用到覆盖索引,数据从索引中取得
mysql> explain select * from tblA where age>20 order by age,birth;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
# order by 中带头大哥不在,所以 Using filesort
mysql> explain select * from tblA where age>20 order by birth;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
# order by 中顺序反了,所以 Using filesort
mysql> explain select * from tblA where age>20 order by birth,age;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
# order by 中带头大哥不在,所以 Using filesort
mysql> explain select * from tblA order by birth;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | NULL | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
# order by 中带头大哥不在,所以 Using filesort
mysql> explain select * from tblA where birth > '2021-09-21 00:00:00' order by birth;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | NULL | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where; Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
# age 用于排序
mysql> explain select * from tblA where birth > '2021-09-21 00:00:00' order by age;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | NULL | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
# order 默认是升序,如果有的字段是升序,有的是降序,就会产生 filesort
mysql> explain select * from tblA order by age asc,birth desc;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tblA | NULL | index | NULL | idx_A_ageBirth | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
六 小结
1 sort by 小结
2 group by 小结
还没有评论,来说两句吧...