DRF使用1（序列化, 视图）

柔光的暖阳◎ 2022-08-29 09:49 169阅读 0赞

## 介绍 ##

> drf框架是基于Django框架，用于快速构建Web RESTful API的工具

官方文档：[https://www.django-rest-framework.org/][https_www.django-rest-framework.org]

安装：`pip install djangorestframework`

## 快速使用 ##

### 1. 搭建模型 ###

from django.db import models
    
    
    class BookModel(models.Model):
        """ 书籍模型 """
        name = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='书籍名称')
        book_info = models.TextField(max_length=1024, default=None, blank=True, verbose_name='书籍介绍')
        create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name='创建时间')
    
        class Meta:
            db_table = 'tb_book'
            verbose_name = '书籍信息'
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
    
    class HeroModel(models.Model):
        """ 书籍人物模型 """
        name = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='英雄姓名')
        hero_info = models.TextField(max_length=1024, default=None, blank=True, verbose_name='英雄介绍')
        join_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name='加入时间')
        book_name = models.ForeignKey('BookModel', on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='book_hero', verbose_name='所属书籍')
    
        class Meta:
            db_table = 'tb_hero'
            verbose_name = '书籍人物信息'
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

*  注意外键对应关系

### 2. setting配置 ###

INSTALLED_APPS = [
        ......
        'rest_framework',
    ]

### 3. 序列化器serializer ###

# serializers.py
    
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .models import BookModel, HeroModel
    
    
    class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = BookModel
            fields = '__all__'

### 4. 视图views ###

# views.py
    
    from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
    from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin
    from .serializers import BookSerializer
    from .models import BookModel
    
    
    class Books(GenericViewSet, ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin):
        queryset = BookModel.objects.all()
        serializer_class = BookSerializer

### 5. 路由自动注册DefaultRouter ###

from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
    from . import views
    
    app_name = 'book'
    urlpatterns = [
    
    ]
    
    router = DefaultRouter()
    router.register('book', views.Books, basename='book')
    urlpatterns += router.urls

### 6. 效果显示 ###

![image-20210731212710962][]

![image-20210731212736329][]

## 序列化关联返回serializers ##

### 1. 返回关联外键的ID：**PrimaryKeyRelatedField** ###

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        book_hero = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(read_only=True, many=True)
    
        class Meta:
            model = BookModel
            fields = ['name', 'book_info', 'book_hero', 'create_time']

![image-20210801114939889][]

### 2. 返回关联字段模型的\_\_str\_\_方法的值：**StringRelatedField** ###

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        book_hero = serializers.StringRelatedField(read_only=True, many=True)
    
        class Meta:
            model = BookModel
            fields = ['name', 'book_info', 'book_hero', 'create_time']

![image-20210801115115950][]

### 3. 嵌套序列化器的使用 ###

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        # Heroserializer应先于本序列化器前定义
        book_hero = HeroSerializer(many=True)
    
        class Meta:
            model = BookModel
            fields = ['name', 'book_info', 'book_hero', 'create_time']

![image-20210801115333713][]

### 4. read\_only和write\_only ###

*  `read_only=True`：**不参与反序列化验证**过程，只参与序列化返回过程
 *  `write_only`： **不参与序列化返回过程**，只参与验证过程

### 5. 自定义验证方法（单/多字段验证） ###

*  单一字段验证
    
        class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
            book_hero = serializers.StringRelatedField(many=True, read_only=True)
        
            class Meta:
                model = BookModel
                fields = ['name', 'book_info', 'book_hero', 'create_time']
        
            def validate_name(self, value):
                """ 验证书名不能是python """
                if value == 'python':
                    raise serializers.ValidationError('书名不能是python')
                return value
 *  多字段验证
    
        def validate(self, attrs):
                if attrs['name'] == 'python' or attrs['book_info'] == 'python':
                    raise serializers.ValidationError('书名或info不能是python')
                return attrs

### 6. self.action自定义装饰器使用 ###

from rest_framework.decorators import action
    
    class Books(GenericViewSet, ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin):
        queryset = BookModel.objects.all()
        serializer_class = BookSerializer
    
        @action(methods=['get'], detail=True)
        def hello(self, request, pk):
            res = 'hello' + str(pk)
            return Response(res)

`http://127.0.0.1:8000/book/1/hello/`

![image-20210801160333385][]

[https_www.django-rest-framework.org]: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
[image-20210731212710962]: /images/20220829/a53c1e91260e484bb8ce70364c81a41d.png
[image-20210731212736329]: /images/20220829/d113e4c6a7bc4df0b3562988e91e8b55.png
[image-20210801114939889]: /images/20220829/d8ef130f78f440c1a06f40a5cb8049e0.png
[image-20210801115115950]: /images/20220829/a3de04637beb45c98e5a00090b73673f.png
[image-20210801115333713]: /images/20220829/a4fe7ed057c74b5da399b4e6e33c7869.png
[image-20210801160333385]: /images/20220829/47f23093a5ef48b6bbbb3ff1cf867725.png