HOWTO recover deleted files on an ext3 file system

秒速五厘米 2022-05-17 10:09 180阅读 0赞

# HOWTO recover deleted files on an ext3 file system #

Carlo Wood, Mar 2008

## Introduction ##

It happens to everyone sooner or later: a split second after you hit Enter you realizeyour mistake, but it's too late; you just deleted a valuable file or directory forwhich no backup exists. Or maybe you have a backup, but it's a month old...and in shock you see the past month flash before your eyes as you realize in painwhat you'll have to do all over again...

Fortunately, you remember that files are never *really* deleted, at mostoverwritten by new content. So, you remount the disk read-only as fast as possible.But now?

If you Google for "undelete ext3", almost every article you find will beusers asking if it's possible and the answer is every time: no.

The most frequently quoted passage comes from the [ ext3 FAQ][ext3 FAQ] itself:

Q: How can I recover (undelete) deleted files from my ext3 partition?

Actually, you can't! This is what one of the developers, Andreas Dilger, said about it:

*In order to ensure that ext3 can safely resume an unlink after a crash, it actually zeros out the block pointers in the inode, whereasext2 just marks these blocks as unused in the block bitmaps and marks the inode as "deleted" and leaves the block pointers alone.*

*Your only hope is to "grep" for parts of your files that have been deleted and hope for the best.*

However, this is not necessarily true.*All* information might still be there, also the block pointers.It is just less likely that those are still there (than on ext2),since they have to be recovered from the journal.On top of that, the meta data is less coherently related to the realdata so that heuristic algorithms are needed to find things back.Every time a file is accessed, it's Access Time is changed, and it'sinode is written to disk, along with 31 other inodes that reside inthe same block. When that happens, a copy of that block is writtento the journal. Therefore, if your partition isn't too large comparedto your journal, and if you at least recently accessed the files youwant to recover, you might be able to recover the block pointers fromthe journal.

On February 7th, 2008, I accidently deleted my whole home directory: over 3 GB of data, deleted with `rm -rf`.The only backup that I had was from June 2007. Not being able to undelete was *unacceptable*. So, I ignored whateveryone tried to tell me and started to learn how an ext3 file system really works, and what *exactly*happens when files are deleted...

Three weeks and nearly 5000 lines of code later, I had recovered every file on my disk.

## What You Should Know Before You Begin ##

The tool that I wrote assumes a spike of *recently* deleted files (shortly before the last unmount).It does NOT deal with a corrupted file system, only with accidently deleted files.

Also, the program is in a beta stage: the development of the program wasdone as a hack, solely aimed at recovering my own data. After I recoveredmy data I have continued development for one more month to address bugs thatdidn't show in my case, but over all the program isn't as robust as it could be.Therefore, it is likely that things might not work entirely out-of-the-box for you.I stashed the program with `asserts`, which makes it likely that ifsomething doesn't work for you then the program will abort instead of trying togracefully recover. In that case you will have to dig deeper, and finish theprogram yourself, so to say.

The program only needs read access to the file system with the deleted files:it does not attempt to recover the files. Instead, it allows you to make a copyof deleted files and writes those to a newly created directory tree in the*current directory* (which obviously should be a different file system).All paths are relative to the root of the partion,thus— if you are analysing a partition `/dev/md5` which wasmounted under `/home`, then `/home` is unknown to thepartition and to the program and therefore not part of the path(s). Instead,a path will be something like for example "carlo/c++/foo.cc", withoutleading slash. The parition root (`/home` in the example) isthe *empty* string, not '/'.

The name of the program, `ext3grep` was chosen because I wasplanning to write a highly intelligent program that would be able toreconstruct files by searching for blocks that looked *similar*to expected blocks (based on an old backup, or other rules). The  *grep*in the name was in anticipation that the quote from the ext3 developerwas true: I was preparing for the need to work with sets of blocks, eachset corresponding to a search pattern and weighted with a likeliness, uponwhich then one would have to work with set operators in order to reducethe number of blocks and assign them to files, and give them their order.However, nothing like it turned out to be needed. Nevertheless,I kept the name `ext3grep` because someone might want to adda true `grep`\-like functionality to the program (at thismoment it's grep-functionality is limited to fixed strings, printingmatching block numbers to standard output).

## How Does EXT3 Store Files? ##

### Block sizes ###

The content of files is stored in contiguous blocks of 4096 bytes (theactual size depends on command line parameters passed to mke2fs when thefile system was first created and can be 1024, 2048 or 4096 bytes).A harddisk is a "block device", meaning that every I/O isdone in terms those blocks; one can only read/write an integral numberof a blocks at a time. This doesn't necessarily mean that the minimumsize of a contiguous file fragment is of the same size (although it canonly be smaller), but in practise it is. In fact, the program will notwork if the fragment size is unequal the block size.

The actual block size, as well as the actual fragment size, arestored in the superblock and can be retrieved with the option `--superblock`.For example,

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --superblock | grep 'size:'
    Block size: 4096
    Fragment size: 4096

Here `IMAGE` is an environment variable that was setto the name of the device (or a copy thereof made with `dd`)of the partition holding the file system. For example `/dev/sdd2`(in general, any of the device names as returned by the command `df`under the heading "Filesystem"). Normally only root can readdevices directly, but you can (temporarily) make them readable by you,of course, or make a backup image with dd. Note that, for example,`/dev/sdd` is NOT a partition (note the missing digit) andwill not contain usable data for our purpose.

The entire partition is divided into an integral number of blocks,starting to count at 0. Thus, if you ever want to make a copy of blocknumber N, you could do:

$ dd if=$IMAGE bs=4096 count=1 skip=$N of=block.$N

Where N runs from 0 till (but not including) the number of blocksas stored in the superblock. For example,

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --superblock | grep 'Blocks count:'
    Blocks count: 2441824

Having any block number, one can print information about itby using the command line option `--block`.For example,

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --block 600
    [...]
    Group: 0
    Block 600 is Allocated. It's inside the inode table of group 0 (inodes [1 - 33>).
    
    $ ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --block 1109
    [...]
    Group: 0
    
    Block 1109 is a directory. The block is Allocated
    
              .-- File type in dir_entry (r=regular file, d=directory, l=symlink)
              |          .-- D: Deleted ; R: Reallocated
    Indx Next |  Inode   | Deletion time                        Mode        File name
    ==========+==========+----------------data-from-inode------+-----------+=========
       0    1 d       2                                         drwxr-xr-x  .
       1  end d       2                                         drwxr-xr-x  ..
       2    3 d      11  D 1202351093 Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008  drwxr-xr-x  lost+found
       3  end d  195457  D 1202352103 Thu Feb  7 03:41:43 2008  drwxr-xr-x  carlo

### The superblock ###

The superblock isn't really a block. It's size is always 1024 bytes and thefirst superblock starts at offset 1024. Thus, if the block size is1024 then the superblock is block 1, but if the block size is 2048 or4096, then the superblock is part of block 0. There are multiplebackup copies elsewhere on the disk. `ext3grep` assumes thatthe first superblock is not corrupted and does not attempt to find orread the backup copies.

One could read the contents of the first superblock with dd as follows:

$ dd if=$IMAGE bs=1024 skip=1 count=1 of=superblock

The meaning of each byte in the superblock is given in table 1.

<table>  Table 1. The Superblock  
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Bytes</th> 
   <th>type</th> 
   <th>Description</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>0 .. 3</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Inodes count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>4 .. 7</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Blocks count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>8 .. 11</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Reserved blocks count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>12 .. 15</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Free blocks count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>16 .. 19</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Free inodes count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>20 .. 23</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>First data block</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>24 .. 27</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Block size</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>28 .. 31</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Fragment size</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>32 .. 35</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Number of blocks per group</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>36 .. 39</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Number of fragments per group</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>40 .. 43</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Number of inodes per group</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>44 .. 47</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Mount time</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>48 .. 51</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Write time</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>52 .. 53</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Mount count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>54 .. 55</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Maximal mount count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>56 .. 57</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Magic signature</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>58 .. 59</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>File system state</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>60 .. 61</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Behaviour when detecting errors</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>62 .. 63</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>minor revision level</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>64 .. 67</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Time of last check</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>68 .. 71</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Max. time between checks</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>72 .. 75</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>OS</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>76 .. 79</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Revision level</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>80 .. 81</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Default uid for reserved blocks</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>82 .. 83</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Default gid for reserved blocks</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>84 .. 87</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>First non-reserved inode</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>88 .. 89</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Size of inode structure</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>90 .. 91</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Block group number of this superblock</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>92 .. 95</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Compatible feature set</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>96 .. 99</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Incompatible feature set</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>100 .. 103</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Readonly-compatible feature set</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>104 .. 119</td> 
   <td>__u8[16]</td> 
   <td>128-bit uuid for volume</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>120 .. 135</td> 
   <td>char[16]</td> 
   <td>Volume name</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>136 .. 199</td> 
   <td>char[64]</td> 
   <td>Directory where last mounted</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>200 .. 203</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>For compression</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>204</td> 
   <td>__u8</td> 
   <td>Number of blocks to try to preallocate</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>205</td> 
   <td>__u8</td> 
   <td>Number to preallocate for dirs</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>206 .. 207</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Per group descriptors for online growth</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>208 .. 223</td> 
   <td>__u8[16]</td> 
   <td>uuid of journal superblock</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>224 .. 227</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Inode number of journal file</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>228 .. 231</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Device number of journal file</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>232 .. 235</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Start of list of inodes to delete</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>236 .. 251</td> 
   <td>__le32[4]</td> 
   <td>HTREE hash seed</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>252</td> 
   <td>__u8</td> 
   <td>Default hash version to use</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>253 .. 255</td> 
   <td>&nbsp;</td> 
   <td>Reserved</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>256 .. 259</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Default mount options</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>260 .. 263</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>First metablock block group</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>264 .. 1023</td> 
   <td>&nbsp;</td> 
   <td>Reserved</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

The C-struct for the superblock is given in the header file `/usr/include/linux/ext3_fs.h`and was used to create table 1.The data of the unsigned integers is stored on disk in Little Endian format.On a little endian CPU like Intel x86, that means that `__le32` is in fact an `uint32_t`and `__le16` is equal to `uint16_t`.

### Groups ###

Each ext3 file system is devided into groups, with a fixed number ofblocks per group, except the last group which contains the remaining blocks.The number of blocks per group is given in the superblock, ie

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --superblock | grep 'Blocks per group'
    # Blocks per group: 32768

Each group uses one block as a bitmap to keep track of which blockinside that group is allocated (used); thus, there can be at most 4096 \* 8 = 32768normal blocks per group.

Another block is used as bitmap for the number of allocated inodes.Inodes are data structures of 128 bytes (they can be extended in theory;the real size is given in the superblock once again) that are stored in a table,(4096 / 128 = 32 inodes per block) in each group.Having at most 32768 bits in the bitmap, we can conclude that there will be atmost 32768 inodes per group, and thus 32768 / 32 = 1024 blocks in the inodetable of each group. The actual size of the inode table is given by the actualnumber of inodes per group, which is also stored in the superblock.

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --superblock | egrep 'Size of inode|inodes per group'
    Number of inodes per group: 16288
    Size of inode structure: 128

The block numbers of both bitmaps and the start of the inode tableis given in the "group descriptor table", which resides inthe block following the superblock; thus, block 1 or block 2 dependingon the size of a block. This group descriptor table exists of a seriesof consecutive `ext3_group_desc` structs, also defined in`/usr/include/linux/ext3_fs.h`, see table 2.

<table>  Table 2. A group descriptor  
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Bytes</th> 
   <th>type</th> 
   <th>Description</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>0 .. 3</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Blocks bitmap block</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>4 .. 7</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Inodes bitmap block</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>8 .. 11</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Inodes table block</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>12 .. 13</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Free blocks count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>14 .. 15</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Free inodes count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>16 .. 17</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Directories count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>18 .. 31</td> 
   <td>&nbsp;</td> 
   <td>Reserved</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Since the size of this struct is padded to a power of 2, 32 bytes, therefit precisely an integral number of descriptors in a block. Therefore the tableis contiguous even when spanning multiple blocks. Note that one block of4096 bytes is already capable of holding 128 group descriptors, each of whichcan store 32768 blocks— thus only a partition larger than 16 GBwill use more than one block for the group descriptor table.

The content of the table is printed by `ext3grep` ifno action or group is specified on the command line. For example,

$ ext3grep $IMAGE 
    No action specified; implying --superblock.
    [...]
    Number of groups: 75
     Group	0: block bitmap at 598, inodes bitmap at 599, inode table at 600
    	   4 free blocks, 16278 free inodes, 1 used directory
     Group	1: block bitmap at 33366, inodes bitmap at 33367, inode table at 33368
    	   30510 free blocks, 16288 free inodes, 0 used directory
    [...]
     Group	74: block bitmap at 2424832, inodes bitmap at 2424833, inode table at 2424834
    	   16481 free blocks, 16288 free inodes, 0 used directory
    [...]

### Inodes ###

The inodes in the inode table of each group contain meta data for each typeof data that the file system can store. This type might be a symbolic link,in which case only the inode is sufficient, it might be a directory, a file,a FIFO, a UNIX socket and so on.In the case of files and directories the real data is stored in file systemblocks outside the inode.The first 12 block numbers are stored in the inode,if more blocks are needed, then then the inode points to an indirect block:a block with more block numbers that contain data. Subsequently the inodecan store a double indirect block and a triple indirect block.The structure of an inode is given in table 3.

<table>  Table 3. An inode  
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Bytes</th> 
   <th>type</th> 
   <th>Description</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>0 .. 1</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>File mode</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>2 .. 3</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Low 16 bits of Owner uid</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>4 .. 7</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Size in bytes</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>8 .. 11</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Access time</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>12 .. 15</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Creation time</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>16 .. 19</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Modification time</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>20 .. 23</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Deletion Time</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>24 .. 25</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Low 16 bits of Group Id</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>26 .. 27</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Links count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>28 .. 31</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Blocks count</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>32 .. 35</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>File flags</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>36 .. 39</td> 
   <td>linux1</td> 
   <td>OS dependent 1</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>40 .. 99</td> 
   <td>__le32[15]</td> 
   <td>Pointers to blocks</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>100 .. 103</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>File version (for NFS)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>104 .. 107</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>File ACL</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>108 .. 111</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Directory ACL</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>112 .. 115</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Fragment address</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>116 .. 127</td> 
   <td>linux2</td> 
   <td>OS dependent 2</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

The C-struct for the inode, `struct ext3_inode`,is given in the header file `/usr/include/linux/ext3_fs.h` and was used to create table 3.That same header file also defines a number of constants in the form of macros that shouldbe used to access the data. For example, the struct member that is stored in bytes 40 to 99is `i_block`, it's size is `EXT3_N_BLOCKS` 32-bit block numbers.`i_block[EXT3_IND_BLOCK]` points to (contains the block number of) an indirect blockif one exists. `i_block[EXT3_DIND_BLOCK]` to a double indirect block and`i_block[EXT3_TIND_BLOCK]` to a tripple indirect block. Basically, every constanthas it's macro, see the header file for more details. `ext3grep` uses`i_reserved2` to store the inode number, so that printing an `ext3_inode`struct in gdb shows which inode it really is.

The superblock shows how many inodes exist in total, and how many inodes there are per group.This allows one to calculate the number of groups. Because the inodes are stored in theirrespective inode tables per group, one first has to determine the group that an inode numberbelongs to. Because inodes start to count at 1, the formula to convert an inode number tothe group it belongs to is:

group = (inode_number - 1) / inodes_per_group

This gives the correct inode table. To find the index of the inode in this tablewe subtract the inode number of the first inode in the table from our inode number:

index = inode_number - (group * inodes_per_group + 1)

Note that this index also determines the corresponding bit in the inodes bitmap.

As such, groups have been made transparent: every inode can be addressed witha number in the contiguous range `[1, number_of_inodes]`, wherethe number of inodes is given by:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --superblock | grep 'Inodes count'
    Inodes count: 1221600

In some case you might want to know which block in the file system belongsto the inode table that stores a particular inode. This can be retrieved withthe command line option `--inode-to-block`, for example:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --inode-to-block 2
    [...]
    Inode 2 resides in block 600 at offset 0x80.

Inode number 2 (the macro `EXT3_ROOT_INO` in `ext3_fs.h`)is always used for the root of the partition: it's type is a directory.Of all other special inodes we only use EXT3\_JOURNAL\_INO (number 8).

Having the inode number, one can print it's contents with `ext3grep`,for example:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --inode 2 --print
    Number of groups: 75
    Loading group metadata... done
    [...]
    
    Hex dump of inode 2:
    0000 | ed 41 00 00 00 10 00 00 97 6f aa 47 08 6c aa 47 | .A.......o.G.l.G
    0010 | 08 6c aa 47 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 08 00 00 00 | .l.G............
    0020 | 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 55 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ........U.......
    0030 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ................
    0040 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ................
    0050 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ................
    0060 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ................
    0070 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ................
    
    Inode is Allocated
    Group: 0
    Generation Id: 0
    uid / gid: 0 / 0
    mode: drwxr-xr-x
    size: 4096
    num of links: 2
    sectors: 8 (--> 0 indirect blocks).
    
    Inode Times:
    Accessed:       1202352023 = Thu Feb  7 03:40:23 2008
    File Modified:  1202351112 = Thu Feb  7 03:25:12 2008
    Inode Modified: 1202351112 = Thu Feb  7 03:25:12 2008
    Deletion time:  0
    
    Direct Blocks: 1109
    [...]
    Inode 2 is directory "".
    Directory block 1109:
              .-- File type in dir_entry (r=regular file, d=directory, l=symlink)
              |          .-- D: Deleted ; R: Reallocated
    Indx Next |  Inode   | Deletion time                        Mode        File name
    ==========+==========+----------------data-from-inode------+-----------+=========
       0    1 d       2                                         drwxr-xr-x  .
       1  end d       2                                         drwxr-xr-x  ..
       2    3 d      11  D 1202351093 Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008  drwxr-xr-x  lost+found
       3  end d  195457  D 1202352103 Thu Feb  7 03:41:43 2008  drwxr-xr-x  carlo

As you see, `ext3grep` first dumps the hexadecimal content ofthe inode table; then interprets it and prints the struct members, ending withthe line `Direct Blocks: 1109`. It then detects that this block isa directory (which can also be seen in the mode field of the inode) andtherefore continuous with listing this block as directory.

### Regular Files ###

If an inode represents a regular file, then the blocks it refers tosimply contain the data of the file. If the size of a file is not an integralnumber of times the block size, than the excess bytes in the last blockwill be zeroed out (at least, on linux).

### Symbolic links ###

The value of a symbolic link is a string: the pathname to it's target.The length of the string is given in `i_size`.If `i_blocks` is zero, then `i_block`does *not* contain block numbers, but is used to store the string directly.However, if the name of the target is longer than fits in `i_block`,then `i_blocks` will be non-zero and `i_block[0]` willpoint to a block containing the target name.

### Directories ###

If an inode represents a directory then its blocks are (singly) linked lists of `ext3_dir_entry_2` data structures.Each block is self-contained: no dir entry points outside the block.The first block will always start with the dir entries for "." and "..".

<table>  Table 4. A Directory Entry  
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Bytes</th> 
   <th>type</th> 
   <th>Description</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>0 .. 3</td> 
   <td>__le32</td> 
   <td>Inode number</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>4 .. 5</td> 
   <td>__le16</td> 
   <td>Directory entry length</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>6</td> 
   <td>__u8</td> 
   <td>Name length</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>7</td> 
   <td>__u8</td> 
   <td>File Type</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>8</td> 
   <td>char[]</td> 
   <td>File-, symlink- or directory name</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Using the options `--ls --inode $N`, `ext3grep`lists the contents of each directory block of inode N. For example,to list the root directory of a partition:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --inode 2
    Number of groups: 75
    Loading group metadata... done
    Minimum / maximum journal block: 1115 / 35026
    Loading journal descriptors... done
    Journal transaction 4381435 wraps around, some data blocks might have been lost of this transaction.
    Number of descriptors in journal: 30258; min / max sequence numbers: 4379495 / 4382264
    Inode is Allocated
    Loading md5.ext3grep.stage2... done
    The first block of the directory is 1109.
    Inode 2 is directory "".
    Directory block 1109:
              .-- File type in dir_entry (r=regular file, d=directory, l=symlink)
              |          .-- D: Deleted ; R: Reallocated
    Indx Next |  Inode   | Deletion time                        Mode        File name
    ==========+==========+----------------data-from-inode------+-----------+=========
       0    1 d       2                                         drwxr-xr-x  .
       1  end d       2                                         drwxr-xr-x  ..
       2    3 d      11  D 1202351093 Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008  drwxr-xr-x  lost+found
       3  end d  195457  D 1202352103 Thu Feb  7 03:41:43 2008  drwxr-xr-x  carlo

Subsequently, one could use `ext3grep --ls --inode 195457` tolist directory `carlo`, and so on.

Note that `ext3grep` prints all directory entries, deleted not.There are two ways that one can see that a directory is deleted: firstly,it's inode will have a non-zero Deletion Time, secondly the dir entry mightbe taken out of the linked list by skipping it; the "Directory Entry Length",bytes 4 and 5 of each directory entry, basically 'point' to the next entry,or to the byte directly following the block if there are no other dir entries.In the listing of `ext2grep` the address of the dir entries hashas been replaced by an artificial index (in the first column) and the "Directory Entry Length"is replaced with the column called `Next`, which either points to the nextentry or contains `end` when there are no other dir entries. In theabove example, 0 is the first entry, 1 is the next and last entry. The entrieswith index 2 and 3 are skipped. However, it is still visible that entry 2 used topoint to entry 3. In fact, entries 2 and 3 are deleted at the same time bychanging the "Directory Entry Length" of entry 1 such that it didnot 'point' to entry 2 anymore, but to the end of the block.

Because `ext3grep` prints also deleted entries, it is verywell possible that the SAME entry occurs multiple times. In particular, ifa file is moved, a duplicate remains that will still be visible. Ie,

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --inode 195457 | grep '\.viminfo$'
       7    8 r  201434  D 1202351096 Thu Feb  7 03:24:56 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      17   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      17   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      17   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195981  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195981  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195987  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195994  D 1202351111 Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195995  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      18   19 r  195993  D 1202351097 Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  rrw-------  .viminfo
      17   19 r  197221  D 1202351110 Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  rrw-r--r--  .viminfo

In order to understand this, the following remarks.

Firstly, these duplicated entries come mostly from duplicated directory blocks,which is already apparent from the index number of the entries: if they were allfrom the same block then all index numbers would have been different. Of course,without piping the output to `grep` it would be clear that each entrybelongs to a different directory block, but that output is too much to show here.

Secondly, you have to realize that only the inode number, the file type inthe third column and the file name is data from the dir entry itself. TheDeletion time, and the Mode column are extracted from the current data inthe corresponding inode. However, that inode could have been reused long agoby another file and the data it contains would not be related anymore tothis dir entry. This is clearly the case in the above example because itis certain that all those .viminfo files weren't deleted on the same day!In a *few* case it can be detected that an inode has been reallocated (reused):if it is still in use (that can't be by this *deleted* dir entry), or when thefile type in the inode differs from the file type in the dir entry. In those casesthe fifth column shows an 'R' instead of a 'D', and the content of theinode is not shown. However, because such entries show little information ofuse, they are normally suppressed. If you want to see entries with knownreallocated inodes, you have to add the command line option `--reallocated`.Moreover, sometimes the inode number in the dir entry itself is zeroed.Such entries are obviously useless as well and therefore also suppressed.In order to show them use the command line option `--zeroed-inodes`.

It is possible to apply filters to the output of `--ls`.An overview of the available filters is given in the output of the `--help` option:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --help
    [...]
    Filters:
      --group grp            Only process group 'grp'.
      --directory            Only process directory inodes.
      --after dtime          Only entries deleted on or after 'dtime'.
      --before dtime         Only entries deleted before 'dtime'.
      --deleted              Only show/process deleted entries.
      --allocated            Only show/process allocated inodes/blocks.
      --unallocated          Only show/process unallocated inodes/blocks.
      --reallocated          Do not suppress entries with reallocated inodes.
                             Inodes are considered 'reallocated' if the entry
                             is deleted but the inode is allocated, but also when
                             the file type in the dir entry and the inode are
                             different.
      --zeroed-inodes        Do not suppress entries with zeroed inodes. Linked
                             entries are always shown, regardless of this option.
      --depth depth          Process directories recursively up till a depth
                             of 'depth'.
    [...]

In order to easily determine sensible values for `--after` and `--before`the action `--histogram=dtime` was added. This command line option causes `ext3grep`to print a histogram of time versus number of deleted inodes. If you delete a large number offiles at once, for example with `rm -rf`, then it should be easy to determine a timewindow within which the deletion took place.For example, here I zoomed in on my personal disaster where I deleted a little over fiftythousand files from my home directory:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --histogram=dtime --after=1202351086 --before=1202351129
    Only show/process deleted entries if they are deleted on or after Thu Feb  7 03:24:46 2008 and before Thu Feb  7 03:25:29 2008.
    
    Number of groups: 75
    Minimum / maximum journal block: 1115 / 35026
    Loading journal descriptors... done
    Journal transaction 4381435 wraps around, some data blocks might have been lost of this transaction.
    Number of descriptors in journal: 30258; min / max sequence numbers: 4379495 / 4382264
    
    Only show/process deleted entries if they are deleted on or after 1202351086 and before 1202351129.
    Only showing deleted entries.
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:46 2008  1202351086        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:47 2008  1202351087        1 
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:48 2008  1202351088        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:49 2008  1202351089        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:50 2008  1202351090        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:51 2008  1202351091        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:52 2008  1202351092        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008  1202351093      705 ==============
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:54 2008  1202351094     1698 ==================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:55 2008  1202351095     2320 ===============================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:56 2008  1202351096     3652 ==========================================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:57 2008  1202351097     3332 ===================================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:58 2008  1202351098     2014 =========================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:24:59 2008  1202351099     1160 =======================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:00 2008  1202351100     4188 =====================================================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:01 2008  1202351101     2480 ==================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:02 2008  1202351102     1945 =======================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:03 2008  1202351103     1471 ==============================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:04 2008  1202351104     2724 =======================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:05 2008  1202351105     3090 ===============================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:06 2008  1202351106     3360 ====================================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:07 2008  1202351107     4902 ====================================================================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:08 2008  1202351108      698 ==============
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:09 2008  1202351109     1612 ================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:10 2008  1202351110     4547 ============================================================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:11 2008  1202351111     2651 ======================================================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:12 2008  1202351112     1513 ==============================
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:13 2008  1202351113        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:14 2008  1202351114        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:15 2008  1202351115        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:16 2008  1202351116        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:17 2008  1202351117        1 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:18 2008  1202351118        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:19 2008  1202351119        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:20 2008  1202351120        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:21 2008  1202351121        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:22 2008  1202351122        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:23 2008  1202351123        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:24 2008  1202351124        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:25 2008  1202351125        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:26 2008  1202351126        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:27 2008  1202351127        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:28 2008  1202351128        0 
    Thu Feb  7 03:25:29 2008  1202351129 
    Totals:
    1202351086 - 1202351128    50064

It is important to set a good value for `--after` before recovering all files,or way too many files will be "recovered".

### The Journal ###

The journal is a file existing of a fixed number of blocks.It's inode is `EXT3_JOURNAL_INO`, which is usually 8.The actual inode can also be found in the superblock:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --superblock | grep 'Inode number of journal file'
    Inode number of journal file: 8

and the size then can be found by printing inode 8:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --print --inode 8
    Number of groups: 75
    Loading group metadata... done
    Minimum / maximum journal block: 1115 / 35026
    Loading journal descriptors... done
    Journal transaction 4381435 wraps around, some data blocks might have been lost of this transaction.
    Number of descriptors in journal: 30258; min / max sequence numbers: 4379495 / 4382264
    
    Hex dump of inode 8:
    0000 | 80 81 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 00 00 62 07 57 46 | ............b.WF
    0010 | 62 07 57 46 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 10 01 04 00 | b.WF............
    0020 | 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 00 5b 04 00 00 5c 04 00 00 | ........[...\...
    0030 | 5d 04 00 00 5e 04 00 00 5f 04 00 00 60 04 00 00 | ]...^..._...`...
    0040 | 61 04 00 00 62 04 00 00 63 04 00 00 64 04 00 00 | a...b...c...d...
    0050 | 65 04 00 00 66 04 00 00 67 04 00 00 68 08 00 00 | e...f...g...h...
    0060 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ................
    0070 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ................
    
    Inode is Allocated
    Group: 0
    Generation Id: 0
    uid / gid: 0 / 0
    mode: rrw-------
    size: 134217728
    num of links: 1
    sectors: 262416 (--> 34 indirect blocks).
    
    Inode Times:
    Accessed:       0
    File Modified:  1180108642 = Fri May 25 17:57:22 2007
    Inode Modified: 1180108642 = Fri May 25 17:57:22 2007
    Deletion time:  0
    
    Direct Blocks: 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126
    Indirect Block: 1127
    Double Indirect Block: 2152

where you can see that the size of my journal is 134217728 bytes, or32768 blocks. The first 12 blocks are listed directly in the inode:blocks 1115 - 1126. Then an indirect block is placed in 1127. Thisindirect block can contain 1024 block numbers each of which followthe indirect block directly (1128 - 2151). Then the inode refers toa double indirect block containing 31 block numbers of additionalindirect blocks. The total number of (double/tripple) indirectblocks is calculated to be 34 (using the fact that a sector is 512 byte).Therefore, if everything would be stored contiguously, the last block ofthe journal would be 1115 + 32768 + 34 - 1 = 33916. However, the journaldidn't fit entirely in group 0, so the last blocks are in group 1 andthe header of group 1 (most notably it's inode table) is insertedsomewhere between the journal blocks, causing the last block to be 35025.On top of this, there could be bad blocks anywhere in between as well.Therefore, the correct way to approach the journal is in terms of'journal block numbers'.

The first block of the journal file (block 1115 in the above example)contains the 'journal superblock'. It's structure is defined in`/usr/include/linux/jbd.h` as `journal_superblock_t`.It can be printed with:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --journal --superblock
    Journal Super Block:
    
    Signature: 0x3225106840
    Block type: Superblock version 2
    Sequence Number: 0
    Journal block size: 4096
    Number of journal blocks: 32768
    Journal block where the journal actually starts: 1
    Sequence number of first transaction: 4382265
    Journal block of first transaction: 0
    Error number: 0
    Compatible Features: 0
    Incompatible features: 1
    Read only compatible features: 0
    Journal UUID: 0xe3 0x88 0xd9 0x09 0x94 0xca 0x43 0x95 0x9b 0x53 0xac 0x2c 0xd8 0xe0 0x3d 0x25
    Number of file systems using journal: 1
    Location of superblock copy: 0
    Max journal blocks per transaction: 0
    Max file system blocks per transaction: 0
    IDs of all file systems using the journal:
    1. 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
    
    Minimum / maximum journal block: 1115 / 35026
    Loading journal descriptors... done
    Journal transaction 4381435 wraps around, some data blocks might have been lost of this transaction.
    Number of descriptors in journal: 30258; min / max sequence numbers: 4379495 / 4382264

Here you can see that the journal actually starts in Journal Block Number 1, and thelast block is Journal Block Number 32768. These are thus not the same as the file system block numbers.One can find the real block number with, for example,

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --journal --journal-block 1
    [...]
    Group: 0
    Block 1116 belongs to the journal.
    [...]

which reveals that Journal Block Number 1 is file system block 1116.

The journal is filled with "Transactions" which have an ever increasingsequence number. If the end of the journal is reached, writing continuous atthe start, wrapping around. However, if a file system is cleanly unmountedthen the next mount writing always starts at the beginning (I think).

A single transaction exists of a one or more "Descriptors".The last descriptor of a transaction is a "Commit Block", signalingthat the transaction has been closed succesfully and the data in the previousdescriptors of that transaction has been written to disk. There are two othertypes of descriptors: revoke blocks and blocks containing "tags".A revoke block is filled with block numbers that should be (or are) unallocatedby this transaction. A tag is a structure that assigns subsequent journal blocks(not file system blocks!) to file system blocks: the following journal blockscontain the data that should (have been) written to the given file system block.

That makes "tags" in particular interesting for us: they containcopies of data that was written to disk in the past, including old inodes.

### Manual recovery example ###

In the following example we will manually recover a small file.Only partial output is given in order to save space and to make theexample more readable.

Using `ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --inode` we find the name ofthe file that we want to recover:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --inode 2 | grep carlo
       3  end d  195457  D 1202352103 Thu Feb  7 03:41:43 2008  drwxr-xr-x  carlo
    
    $ ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --inode 195457 | grep ' bin$' | head -n 1
      34   35 d  309540  D 1202352104 Thu Feb  7 03:41:44 2008  drwxr-xr-x  bin
    
    $ ext3grep $IMAGE --ls --inode 309540 | grep start_azureus
       9   10 r  309631  D 1202351093 Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008  rrwxr-xr-x  start_azureus

Obviously, inode 309631 is erased and we have no block numbers for this file:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --print --inode 309631
    [...]
    Inode is Unallocated
    Group: 19
    Generation Id: 2771183319
    uid / gid: 1000 / 1000
    mode: rrwxr-xr-x
    size: 0
    num of links: 0
    sectors: 0 (--> 0 indirect blocks).
    
    Inode Times:
    Accessed:       1202350961 = Thu Feb  7 03:22:41 2008
    File Modified:  1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    Inode Modified: 1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    Deletion time:  1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    
    Direct Blocks:

Therefore, we will try to look for an older copy of it in the journal.First, we find the file system block that contains this inode:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --inode-to-block 309631 | grep resides
    Inode 309631 resides in block 622598 at offset 0xf00.

Then we find all journal descriptors referencing block 622598:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --journal --block 622598
    [...]
    Journal descriptors referencing block 622598:
    4381294 26582
    4381311 28693
    4381313 28809
    4381314 28814
    4381321 29308
    4381348 30676
    4381349 30986
    4381350 31299
    4381374 32718
    4381707 1465
    4381709 2132
    4381755 2945
    4381961 4606
    4382098 6073
    4382137 6672
    4382138 7536
    4382139 7984
    4382140 8931

This means that the transaction with sequence number 4381294 has a copyof block 622598 in block 26582, and so on. The largest sequence number,at the bottom, should be the last data written to disk and thus block8931 should be the same as the current block 622598. In order to findthe last non-deleted copy, one should start at the bottom and work upwards.

If you try to print such a block, ext3grep recognizes that it's a blockfrom an inode table and will print the contents of all 32 inodes in it.We only wish to see inode 309631 however; so we use a smart grep:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --print --block 8931 | grep -A15 'Inode 309631'
    --------------Inode 309631-----------------------
    Generation Id: 2771183319
    uid / gid: 1000 / 1000
    mode: rrwxr-xr-x
    size: 0
    num of links: 0
    sectors: 0 (--> 0 indirect blocks).
    
    Inode Times:
    Accessed:       1202350961 = Thu Feb  7 03:22:41 2008
    File Modified:  1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    Inode Modified: 1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    Deletion time:  1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    
    Direct Blocks:

This is indeed the same as we saw in block 622598. Next welook at smaller sequence numbers until we find one with a0 Deletion time. The first one that we find (bottom up) isblock 6073:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --print --block 6073 | grep -A15 'Inode 309631'
    --------------Inode 309631-----------------------
    Generation Id: 2771183319
    uid / gid: 1000 / 1000
    mode: rrwxr-xr-x
    size: 40
    num of links: 1
    sectors: 8 (--> 0 indirect blocks).
    
    Inode Times:
    Accessed:       1202350961 = Thu Feb  7 03:22:41 2008
    File Modified:  1189688692 = Thu Sep 13 15:04:52 2007
    Inode Modified: 1189688692 = Thu Sep 13 15:04:52 2007
    Deletion time:  0
    
    Direct Blocks: 645627

The above is automated and can be done much faster with the command line option `--show-journal-inodes`.This option will find the block that the inode belongs to, then finds all copies of that block in the journal,and subsequently prints only the requested inode from each of these block (each of which contains 32 inodes, as you know),eliminating duplicates:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --show-journal-inodes 309631
    Number of groups: 75
    Minimum / maximum journal block: 1115 / 35026
    Loading journal descriptors... done
    Journal transaction 4381435 wraps around, some data blocks might have been lost of this transaction.
    Number of descriptors in journal: 30258; min / max sequence numbers: 4379495 / 4382264
    Copies of inode 309631 found in the journal:
    
    --------------Inode 309631-----------------------
    Generation Id: 2771183319
    uid / gid: 1000 / 1000
    mode: rrwxr-xr-x
    size: 0
    num of links: 0
    sectors: 0 (--> 0 indirect blocks).
    
    Inode Times:
    Accessed:       1202350961 = Thu Feb  7 03:22:41 2008
    File Modified:  1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    Inode Modified: 1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    Deletion time:  1202351093 = Thu Feb  7 03:24:53 2008
    
    Direct Blocks:
    
    --------------Inode 309631-----------------------
    Generation Id: 2771183319
    uid / gid: 1000 / 1000
    mode: rrwxr-xr-x
    size: 40
    num of links: 1
    sectors: 8 (--> 0 indirect blocks).
    
    Inode Times:
    Accessed:       1202350961 = Thu Feb  7 03:22:41 2008
    File Modified:  1189688692 = Thu Sep 13 15:04:52 2007
    Inode Modified: 1189688692 = Thu Sep 13 15:04:52 2007
    Deletion time:  0
    
    Direct Blocks: 645627

The file is indeed small: only one block. We copy this block with dd as shown before:

$ dd if=$IMAGE bs=4096 count=1 skip=645627 of=block.645627
    1+0 records in
    1+0 records out
    4096 bytes (4.1 kB) copied, 0.0166104 seconds, 247 kB/s

and then edit the file to delete the trailing zeroes, or copy the first 40 bytes(the given size of the file):

$ dd if=block.645627 bs=1 count=40 of=start_azureus
    40+0 records in
    40+0 records out
    40 bytes (40 B) copied, 0.000105397 seconds, 380 kB/s
    
    $ cat start_azureus
    cd /usr/src/azureus/azureus
    ./azureus &

Recovered!

Note that it is possible to see all descriptors of a given transaction.The transaction that we used to recover this file was 4382098. The completetransaction can be seen with:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --journal-transaction 4382098
    [...]
    Prev / Current / Next sequences numbers: 4382097 4382098 4382099
    Transaction was NOT COMMITTED!
    TAG: 6074=851971 6073=622598 6072=393218 6071=393395 6070=393231 6069=393409 6068=393240 6067=393371 6066=622596
    REVOKE: 506451
    TAG: 6056=393217 6057=1 6058=393273 6059=393232 6060=403879 6061=393216 6062=491520 6063=506302 6064=0 6065=393219

Here you see, for example, the TAG `6072=393218`, meaning that block 6072 contains a (old) copy of block 393218.I don't know why it says that the transaction wasn't committed (that seems very unlikely). Probably, the commit blockwas overwritten and this old journal transaction simply isn't complete anymore.

### Recovering files ###

Of course, it would be annoying to recover larger files, existing of many blocks this way;let alone manually recovering thousands of files! Therefore all of the above can be automated.However, if you recover 50,000 files then there is virtually no way to even check if it workedafterwards: especially when MORE files were recovered than you really wanted; it will behard to find back all the junk. You really should take care to recover files as accurate aspossible.

No such care seems necessary to recover a single file,you can just pass it's path to `ext3grep`:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --restore-file carlo/bin/start_kvm
    [...]
    Restoring carlo/bin/start_kvm
    
    $ cat RESTORED_FILES/carlo/bin/start_kvm
    #! /bin/sh
    cd /usr/src/qgt/src
    ./host-linux 192.168.2.4 &
    cd /opt/kvm/winXPpro
    sudo modprobe kvm_intel
    sudo kvm -m 384 -hda vdisk6GB.img -cdrom /dev/cdrom -localtime -std-vga -net nic,vlan=0,model=rtl8139 -net tap,vlan=0
    #-snapshot # -daemonize
    killall -9 host-linux

Note that this created the directory `RESTORED_FILES/carlo/bin` in the current directory, in order to be able to restore this file.Also note that if `RESTORED_FILES/carlo/bin/start_kvm` already existed in the current directory then it was *not* overwritten!

In order for this to work you will first have to pass stage1 and stage2 of the disk analysis that `ext3grep` will perform (see below).

It is possible to dump all file names that `ext3grep` can find, using the command line option `--dump-names`:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --dump-names
    carlo
    carlo/.Trash
    carlo/.Xauthority
    carlo/.Xauthority-c
    carlo/.Xauthority-l
    carlo/.Xauthority-n
    carlo/.alsaplayer
    carlo/.alsaplayer/alsaplayer.m3u
    carlo/.alsaplayer/config
    [...]
    carlo/www/xcw/.svn/tmp/wcprops
    carlo/www/xcw/index.html
    carlo/www/xmlwrapp-0.5.0.tar.gz
    lost+found
    lost+found/1st level admin borders (states_provinces)
    lost+found/1st level admin names (states_provinces)
    lost+found/2002 - cloud cover (0-10%)
    [...]

The files that will end up in `lost+found` are files for which no directory couldbe found (but that still had an inode copy in the journal). Most likely those are files that weredeleted long ago and can be disgarded anyway.

Once you are satisfied with the output of `--dump-names`, you can replace `--dump-names`with `--restore-all`, which in effect will cause `--restore-file` to be called on everyfile name printed by `--dump-names`. As mentioned before, it is highly advisable to use a proper`--after` command line option in order to avoid that `ext3grep` tries to recover filesthat are simply too old. Note that at this moment the output of `--dump-names` is unfiltered,and `--restore-file` (`--restore-all`) *only* honors the `--after`command line option.

For example,

$ time ext3grep $IMAGE --restore-all --after=1202351117
    Only show/process deleted entries if they are deleted on or after Thu Feb  7 03:25:17 2008.
    [...]
    Loading md5.ext3grep.stage2... done
    Not undeleting "carlo/.Trash" because it was deleted before 1202351117 (32767)
    Not undeleting "carlo/.Xauthority" because it was deleted before 1202351117 (32767)
    [...]
    Cannot find an undeleted inode for file "carlo/.azureus/logs/save/1176594823051_alerts_1.log".
    [...]
    Restoring carlo/bin/startx
    [...]
    real	0m3.079s
    user	0m1.332s
    sys	0m1.744s

where `carlo/bin/startx` is the only file recovered. It was the  *last*file that was deleted, and I set the `--after` value to one second before it was.Note that it's logical that it was the last file, since I started X by executing thisscript; hence, it was "in use" until I rebooted.

Considering that it checked over 50,000 files from a in total 10 GB large partition,the 3.1 seconds is extremely fast; this is caused by several factors:1) The first time `ext3grep` is run, it does a full analysis of the partitionand writes the results to a cache file (in two steps, first stage1 and then stage2).These stages only need to be done once.2) Since only one file had to be recovered, there wasn't much disk access (besides, Ihave 4 GB of RAM -- so everything needed was already cached). 3) I have a very fast cpu.It was using 100% cpu during those 3.1 seconds though. Trying to restore many filesmainly hangs on disk access, but is relatively still pretty fast (you can just sitand wait for it).

### Stage 1 ###

The stage 1 cache file is written to `DEVICE.ext3grep.stage1`, where `DEVICE` isreplaced with the device name (ie, if `$IMAGE` is `/dev/hda2`,then `DEVICE` is `hda2`). There is little that can go wrong withstage 1: it just scans the whole disk and finds all blocks that seem to contain a directory.

The format of the stage1 cache file is:

$ cat md5.ext3grep.stage1
    # Stage 1 data for md5.
    # Inodes and directory start blocks that use it for dir entry '.'.
    # INODE : BLOCK [BLOCK ...]
    2 : 1109 6592 9312
    11 : 1110
    195457 : 415744
    195468 : 2916 4732 17783 403469
    195469 : 403470
    [...]
    929633 : 1885254
    929659 : 1885280
    # Extended directory blocks.
    1178
    1179
    1182
    [...]
    1884516

In the first part, the first column are inodes, followed by a space, followed by a colon,followed by a space seperated list of block numbers that use that inode for a dir entry with name ".".Obviously, there can only be one directory that uses this inode, so `ext3grep` hasto determine which of those block numbers is the last one that was the real one. The second partlists all block numbers that contain extended directory blocks, that is, directory blocks thatare not the first block and do not contain the dir\_entry with name ".". It is unknown whichdirectory those belong to without having the original inode. In stage 2 `ext3grep`will attempt to find out to which directory they belong.

### Stage 2 ###

This stage, executed by the function `init_directories()`, contains most heuristic code.First it determines which blocks are the real directorystart blocks, and then assigns each extended directory block to one of those directories (seealso TODO, below). As a result it is possible to assign a path name to each (directory) inode,and assign a list of directory blocks to them. Finally, this result is written to a cache file(`DEVICE.ext3grep.stage2`). In case something goes very wrong here, you might beable to fix it by editing this file (removing incorrect-, or adding correct block numbers),however, do not remove or add comments: `ext3grep` will get confused if you changethe file too much.

### locate database ###

I'm afraid that I used one more thing, besides just the dataon my partition to recover my files: I still had my `/var` partitionand therefore still had the `locate` database (in `/var/cache/locate/locatedb`).I used it to make a list of all file names that were deleted and wrote it to a file`locate_output`, with the format:

carlo
    carlo/.Trash
    carlo/.Xauthority
    [...]

in other words, the same format as the output of `--dump-names`.This file is being opened and used by the function `load_locate_data`,in the source file `locate.cc`, which fills `filename_to_locatepath_map`.That map is subsequently used by the function `parent_directory` inorder to make an educated guess about what the correct parent directory is ofa given filename.

Even then, because my locate database file wasn't complete, I needed to manuallyadd hacks. In particular, it is possible to add a hardcoded list of regularexpressions to `locate.cc` that causes a specified parent directory tobe returned. Still, I also hardcoded the translation of three (directory) blocknumbers to "`lost+found`". It might be needed to tune/hack this part of the codeif you want to be succesful in cleanly recovering your data to the correctdirectory.

If you see messages of the form:

Could not find an inode for extended directory at BLOCKNR, disregarding it's contents.

Then please read [ this post][this post] entirely, for more information.

## Superfluous hardlinks ##

Because inodes are reused, it happens often that an old directory entry (of a deleted file,or in a deleted directory, or in an old directory block that is not used anymore) refers toan inode that is now used by something else. If that something else is of the same type (bothregular files) then there is no way to distinguish it from a hardlink: two files using thesame inode. As a result, a recovery results in a lot of WRONG hardlinks.

In order to make it easier to clean these up, `ext3grep` provides thecommand line option `--show-hardlinks`.

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --show-hardlinks
    [...]
    Inode 309562:
      carlo/bin/pc++ (309540)
      carlo/bin/pcc (309540)
      carlo/bin/pcc.unlock (309540)
    Inode 702474:
      carlo/projects/libcwd/libcwd/.svn/entries (700387)
      carlo/projects/libcwd/libcwd/testsuite/tst_flush.o (700609)
    [...]

Here, the hardlinks for inode 309562 are correct. The hardlink for inode 702474is wrong, and one of the files should be deleted. After you manually determined whichfile is wrong and deleted it; it will not show up again when you rerun this command:Only those hardlinks are reported that still exist in the output directory: youcan only use `--show-hardlinks` *after* running `--restore-all`,or it will not result in any output since no output file exists.

## TODO ##

The program has been written *while* I was learning how ext3 works. It's earliestfunctionality is therefore not depending on things that I wrote later. An advantage is thatthose functionalities are faster and will still work if the later code is broken; they arealso more down-to-earth, so you can use them to check what is really going on withoutdepending on the more complex (and heuristic) code that was added later. However, there arealso disadvantages: The filtering code that I wrote for `--ls` is not beingused by the later written code that handles `--dump-names` and `--restore-all`.Also, stage 2 is resolved without using the journal as would be possible by using codewritten later. It is not easy to change that because that code uses the results of stage 2.I think that a better algorithm to find which blocks are the correct ones for the lastcopy of a directory would be the same as how I finally recovered files: by finding the lastnon-deleted inode of that directory in the journal. This is not how it currently works though.

## Command line options ##

All command line options are listed by providing `--help` on the command line:

$ ext3grep $IMAGE --help
    Usage: ext3grep [options] [--] device-file
    Options:
      --version, -[vV]       Print version and exit successfully.
      --help,                Print this help and exit successfully.
      --superblock           Print contents of superblock in addition to the rest.
                             If no action is specified then this option is implied.
      --print                Print content of block or inode, if any.
      --ls                   Print directories with only one line per entry.
                             This option is often needed to turn on filtering.
      --accept filen         Accept 'filen' as a legal filename.
                             Can be used multiple times.
      --journal              Show content of journal.
      --show-path-inodes     Show the inode of each directory component in paths.
    Filters:
      --group grp            Only process group 'grp'.
      --directory            Only process directory inodes.
      --after dtime          Only entries deleted on or after 'dtime'.
      --before dtime         Only entries deleted before 'dtime'.
      --deleted              Only show/process deleted entries.
      --allocated            Only show/process allocated inodes/blocks.
      --unallocated          Only show/process unallocated inodes/blocks.
      --reallocated          Do not suppress entries with reallocated inodes.
                             Inodes are considered 'reallocated' if the entry
                             is deleted but the inode is allocated, but also when
                             the file type in the dir entry and the inode are
                             different.
      --zeroed-inodes        Do not suppress entries with zeroed inodes. Linked
                             entries are always shown, regardless of this option.
      --depth depth          Process directories recursively up till a depth
                             of 'depth'.
    Actions:
      --inode-to-block ino   Print the block that contains inode 'ino'.
      --inode ino            Show info on inode 'ino'.
                             If --ls is used and the inode is a directory, then
                             the filters apply to the entries of the directory.
                             If you do not use --ls then --print is implied.
      --block blk            Show info on block 'blk'.
                             If --ls is used and the block is the first block
                             of a directory, then the filters apply to entries
                             of the directory.
                             If you do not use --ls then --print is implied.
      --histogram=[atime|ctime|mtime|dtime|group]
                             Generate a histogram based on the given specs.
                             Using atime, ctime or mtime will change the
                             meaning of --after and --before to those times.
      --journal-block jblk   Show info on journal block 'jblk'.
      --journal-transaction seq
                             Show info on transaction with sequence number 'seq'.
      --dump-names           Write the path of files to stdout.
                             This implies --ls but suppresses it's output.
      --search-start str     Find blocks that start with the fixed string 'str'.
      --search str           Find blocks that contain the fixed string 'str'.
      --search-inode blk     Find inodes that refer to block 'blk'.
      --search-zeroed-inodes Return allocated inode table entries that are zeroed.
      --inode-dirblock-table dir
                             Print a table for directory path 'dir' of directory
                             block numbers found and the inodes used for each file.
      --show-journal-inodes ino
                             Show copies of inode 'ino' still in the journal.
      --restore-file 'path'  Will restore file 'path'. 'path' is relative to root
                             of the partition and does not start with a '/' (it
                             must be one of the paths returned by --dump-names).
                             The restored directory, file or symbolic link is
                             created in the current directory as ./'path'.
      --restore-all          As --restore-file but attempts to restore everything.
                             The use of --after is highly recommended because the
                             attempt to restore very old files will only result in
                             them being hard linked to a more recently deleted file
                             and as such polute the output.
      --show-hardlinks       Show all inodes that are shared by two or more files.

New functionality was more or less added top down, so this also givesa historic overview of how the program was written.

[ext3 FAQ]: http://batleth.sapienti-sat.org/projects/FAQs/ext3-faq.html
[this post]: https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#%21msg/ext3grep/n-Q254XUGns/_WZ6ozEqCzcJ