How to configure Network File System on Linux

客官°小女子只卖身不卖艺 2024-02-18 09:46 49阅读 0赞

NFS is one of the easiest and most transparent ways to handle shared storage within an organization. Learn how to configure it on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

The Network File System (NFS) is a protocol that allows you to set up storage locations on your network. When you have NFS set up, your users can treat a remote hard drive as if it were attached to their computer, just like they might a USB thumb drive. It's one of the easiest and most transparent ways to handle shared storage within an organization.

### Install NFS ###

NFS is a built-in function in [Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 9][Red Hat Enterprise Linux _RHEL_ 9], but there's a package of utilities that you can install on the computer serving as the NFS host and on the Linux workstations that will interface with NFS:

$ sudo dnf install nfs-utils

On your NFS host, enable and start the NFS service:

$ sudo systemctl enable --now nfs-server

You must also start the rpcbind service, which NFS uses for port mapping:

$ sudo systemctl enable --now rpcbind

### Set a shared location ###

On your NFS host, create a location on the filesystem to share with client computers. This could be a separate drive, a separate partition, or just a place on your server. To ensure that your storage can scale as needed, I recommend [using LVM][]. Create the location with:

$ sudo mkdir -p /nfs/exports/myshare

### Export the shared location ###

For the NFS service to know to broadcast the existence of your `myshare` shared location, you must add the location to the `/etc/exports` file, as well as the subnet you want to have access and the global access permissions. For example, assuming your network is 192.168.122.0/24 (with the first possible address being 192.168.122.1 and the final being 192.168.122.254), then you could do this:

$ echo "/nfs/exports/myshare 192.168.122.0/24(rw)" > /etc/exports

Note that there is no space between the network and the directory's access permissions.

### Set ownership ###

Depending on where you created your shared location, its permissions may not be suitable for all users on your network. For example, I created `/nfs/exports/myshare` at the root partition of my server's hard drive, so the directories are all owned by the user `root`, with group `root` having read and execute permissions. Unless your users are members of the `root` group, this export is of little use to them.

How you set directory permissions is up to you and depends on how you define users and groups on your systems. It's common to manage directories by group permissions, adding users who require access to specific directories to the corresponding group. For instance, if a user is a member of the `staff` group, then you could set your export to `staff` with permissions 775:

$ sudo chown root:staff /nfs/exports/myshare
    $ sudo chmod 775 /nfs/exports/myshare

This grants `myshare` read, write, and execute permissions for all members of the `staff` group.

### Export the exports ###

The NFS server maintains a table of filesystems available to clients. To update the table, run the `exportfs` command along with the `-r` command to export all directories recursively:

$ sudo exportfs -r

### Configure your firewall ###

For clients to reach your NFS server, you must add the NFS service to your firewall with the [firewall-cmd command][]:

$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service nfs --permanent

Your NFS server is now active and configured for traffic.

### Set up your client ###

Now that you've established a shared storage location on your network, you must configure your client machines to use it.

First, create a mount point for the NFS share:

[workstation]$ sudo mkdir /nfs/imports/myshare

And then mount the NFS volume:

[workstation]$ sudo mount -v \
    -t nfs 192.168.122.17:/nfs/exports/myshare \
    /nfs/imports/myshare/

You can make this a permanent and automatic process by adding the NFS volume to the client's `/etc/fstab` file:

192.168.122.17:/nfs/exports/myshare   /nfs/imports/myshare/  nfs  rw 0 0

You can verify that an NFS volume is mounted with the `mount` command:

[workstation]$ sudo mount | grep -i nfs
    192.168.122.17:/nfs/exports/myshare on /nfs/imports/myshare ...

### Use NFS ###

If you've got more than one or two workstations, it's inefficient to set up your client machines to recognize NFS volumes by hand. Instead, use [Ansible to automate][] the configuration of your client machines, both to set up NFS shares and to update configurations when required.

NFS makes shared storage easy and transparent for your users, and it helps encourage collaboration and shared data, so consider giving it a try.

[Red Hat Enterprise Linux _RHEL_ 9]: https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux?intcmp=701f20000012ngPAAQ
[using LVM]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/creating-logical-volumes
[firewall-cmd command]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/secure-linux-network-firewall-cmd
[Ansible to automate]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/configuring-ansible