Linux系列之学会使用CURL命令进行URL测试

柔情只为你懂 2021-08-30 20:49 978阅读 0赞

### Linux系列之学会使用CURL命令 ###

*   *  一. 查看帮助
     *   *  1.1 查看命令参数
     *  二. 查询使用手册
     *   *  2.1 查看详细使用
     *  三. 提取网页
     *   *  3.1 查看网页源码
         *  3.2 显示头信息
         *  3.3 显示通信过程
         *  3.4 查看议定书
         *  3.5 查看时间
     *  四. 用curl进行认证
     *   *  4.1 referer设置
         *  4.2 用户代理设置
         *  4.3 用户信息校验
     *  五. 文件操作
     *   *  5.1 保存文件
         *  5.2 文件下载
         *  5.3 上传文件
     *  六. Cookie设置
     *   *  6.1 设置cookie
         *  6.2 cookie -b -c
         *  6.3 指定cookie文件
     *  七. curl RESTFul
     *   *  7.1 RESTFul API
         *  7.2 POST请求
         *  7.3 GET请求
         *  7.4 DELETE请求
         *  7.5 PUT请求
     *  八. CURL参考资料

curl命令是一个利用URL规则在shell终端命令行下工作的文件传输工具；curl命令作为一款强力工具，curl支持包括HTTP、HTTPS、ftp等众多协议，还支持POST、cookies、认证、从指定偏移处下载部分文件、用户代理字符串、限速、文件大小、进度条等特征；做网页处理流程和数据检索自动化。

语法：`语法格式：curl [参数] [网址]`

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

## 一. 查看帮助 ##

### 1.1 查看命令参数 ###

curl的参数很多，可以用命令`curl --help`查看：

[root@localhost ~]# curl --help
    Usage: curl [options...] <url>
    Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
         --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)
     -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
         --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
         --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
         --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
     -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)
         --cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
         --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
         --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
     -K, --config FILE   Specify which config file to read
         --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection
     -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer offset
     -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  String or file to read cookies from (H)
     -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to this file after operation (H)
         --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy
         --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload
         --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
     -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)
         --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
         --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)
         --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
         --delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission
         --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
         --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
         --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)
     -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the headers to this file
         --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
         --engine ENGINGE  Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list
     -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
     -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
         --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
         --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)
         --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
         --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
         --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)
         --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
     -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
         --ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
         --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
         --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)
         --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)
         --ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)
     -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
     -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using { } and []
     -H, --header LINE   Custom header to pass to server (H)
     -I, --head          Show document info only
     -h, --help          This help text
         --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
     -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
         --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
     -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
     -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
         --interface INTERFACE  Specify network interface/address to use
     -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address
     -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address
     -j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
         --keepalive-time SECONDS  Interval between keepalive probes
         --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
         --key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
         --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)
         --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
         --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to this rate
     -l, --list-only     List only names of an FTP directory (F)
         --local-port RANGE  Force use of these local port numbers
     -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)
         --location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)
     -M, --manual        Display the full manual
         --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address
         --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this receiver(s)
         --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email
         --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)
         --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
     -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer
         --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file
         --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)
     -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password
         --netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
         --netrc-file FILE  Set up the netrc filename to use
     -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream
         --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection
         --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
         --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy
         --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
     -o, --output FILE   Write output to <file> instead of stdout
         --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
         --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
         --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
         --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
     -#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a progress bar
         --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols
         --proto-redir PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect
     -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port
         --proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
         --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
         --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
         --proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)
         --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
     -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password
         --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
     -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
         --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)
     -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
         --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)
     -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within a range
         --raw           Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)
     -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)
     -J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)
     -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
         --remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs
     -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output -X, --request COMMAND Specify request command to use --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS --retry NUM Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur --retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each --retry-max-time SECONDS Retry only within this period -S, --show-error Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur -s, --silent Silent mode. Don't output anything
         --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
         --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
         --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
         --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
         --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi
         --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
     -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below speed-limit for 'speed-time' secs
     -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30
         --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
         --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
     -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)
     -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)
         --ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
         --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout
         --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option
     -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option
         --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
     -z, --time-cond TIME  Transfer based on a time condition
     -1, --tlsv1         Use => TLSv1 (SSL)
         --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
         --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
         --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
         --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to the given file
         --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace but without the hex output
         --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
         --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
     -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination
         --url URL       URL to work with
     -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer
     -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD]  Server user and password
         --tlsuser USER  TLS username
         --tlspassword STRING TLS password
         --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default SRP)
     -A, --user-agent STRING  User-Agent to send to server (H)
     -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative
     -V, --version       Show version number and quit
     -w, --write-out FORMAT  What to output after completion
         --xattr        Store metadata in extended file attributes
     -q                 If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc

国内翻译过来的curl文档：[curl参数介绍][curl]

## 二. 查询使用手册 ##

### 2.1 查看详细使用 ###

也可以使用`curl --manual`查看基本用法例子：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

## 三. 提取网页 ##

### 3.1 查看网页源码 ###

语法：`curl uri`

[root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>  <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号  <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

### 3.2 显示头信息 ###

curl -i https://www.baidu.com

打印信息：

[root@localhost ~]# curl -i https://www.baiud.com
    curl: (7) Failed connect to www.baiud.com:443; Connection refused
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -i https://www.baidu.com
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Accept-Ranges: bytes
    Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform
    Connection: keep-alive
    Content-Length: 2443
    Content-Type: text/html
    Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2020 07:22:02 GMT
    Etag: "588603eb-98b"
    Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:23:55 GMT
    Pragma: no-cache
    Server: bfe/1.0.8.18
    Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/
    ...

### 3.3 显示通信过程 ###

curl -v www.baidu.com

curl -v www.baidu.com
    * About to connect() to www.baidu.com port 80 (#0)
    *   Trying 182.61.200.7...
    * Connected to www.baidu.com (182.61.200.7) port 80 (#0)
    > GET / HTTP/1.1
    > User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
    > Host: www.baidu.com
    > Accept: */*
    > 
    < HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    < Accept-Ranges: bytes
    < Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform
    < Connection: keep-alive
    < Content-Length: 2381
    < Content-Type: text/html
    < Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2020 07:24:46 GMT
    < Etag: "588604c8-94d"
    < Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:36 GMT
    < Pragma: no-cache
    < Server: bfe/1.0.8.18
    < Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/
    < 
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    ...

### 3.4 查看议定书 ###

[root@localhost ~]# curl --trace-ascii output.txt https://www.baidu.com

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

### 3.5 查看时间 ###

curl --trace-ascii output.txt --trace-time https://www.baidu.com

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

## 四. 用curl进行认证 ##

### 4.1 referer设置 ###

referer参数描述了一个网页的来源，可以按F12调试模式，查看：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]  
访问百度时候，加上referer为csdn：

[root@localhost ~]# curl --referer https://blog.csdn.net https://www.baidu.com

### 4.2 用户代理设置 ###

用户代理常被用于兼容ie，有时，您会看到获取带有curl的页面不会返回与使用浏览器获取页面时看到的页面相同的页面，这时候可以设置用户代理：

curl www.baidu.com --user-agent "Mozilla/5.0"
    curl www.baidu.com -A "Mozilla/5.0"

### 4.3 用户信息校验 ###

比如登录百度，可以用-u参数，接着会提示输入密码

[root@localhost ~]# curl -u admin https://www.baidu.net/
    Enter host password for user 'admin':

## 五. 文件操作 ##

### 5.1 保存文件 ###

语法：`curl -o filename uri`

[root@localhost ~]# curl -o baidu.html www.baidu.com
      % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                     Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
    100  2381  100  2381    0     0  22761      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 22894

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

### 5.2 文件下载 ###

语法：`curl uri filename --silent|progress`

*  –silent：不显示进度条
 *  –progress：显示进度条

[root@localhost ~]# curl https://avatar.csdnimg.cn/3/5/E/1_meituantech_1564971608.jpg -omeituan.jpg --progress
    ######################################################################## 100.0%

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

### 5.3 上传文件 ###

语法：`$ curl --form upload=@localfilename --form press=OK [URL]`

[root@localhost ~]# curl --form upload=@baidu.html --form press=OK url

## 六. Cookie设置 ##

### 6.1 设置cookie ###

设置cookie，可以用命令`--cookie`

### 6.2 cookie -b -c ###

`-c cookie-file`可以保存服务器返回的cookie到文件，`-b cookie-file`可以使用这个文件作为cookie信息，进行后续的请求。

$ curl -c cookies http://example.com
    $ curl -b cookies http://example.com

[root@localhost ~]# curl -c "name=cookiename" www.baidu.com

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

### 6.3 指定cookie文件 ###

也可以用–cookie-jar指定cookie文件

[root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --cookie-jar cookie_file

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTQ0MjczOTE_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]  
指定可下载的最大文件大小，可以用命令–limit-rate

[root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --limit-rate 50k

## 七. curl RESTFul ##

### 7.1 RESTFul API ###

curl支持RESTFul API格式的，所以先补充一些RESTFul API知识：

*  GET 请求：获取服务器中的对象
    
     *  相当于SQL的Select命令
     *  GET /blogs：列出所有博客信息
 *  POST 请求：在服务器上新增对象
    
     *  相当于SQL的Update命令
     *  POST /blogs/ID：新增指定的博客信息
 *  PUT 请求：在服务器上更新对象
    
     *  相当于SQL的Create命令
     *  PUT /blogs/ID：更新一个博客信息
 *  DELETE 请求：删除服务器中的对象
    
     *  相当于SQL的Delete命令
     *  DELETE /blogs/ID：删除指定的博客
 *  HEAD 请求：仅仅用于获取对象的基础信息

### 7.2 POST请求 ###

ps：-H指定请求header，-d指定参数

*  CURL POST：

[root@localhost ~]# curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X POST localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"123"}'

### 7.3 GET请求 ###

*  CURL GET：

[root@localhost ~]# curl -X GET localhost:9200/company/employees/1?pretty=true

### 7.4 DELETE请求 ###

*  CURL DELETE：

[root@localhost ~]# curl -X DELETE localhost:9200/company/employees/1

### 7.5 PUT请求 ###

*  CURL PUT：

curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X PUT localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"111"}'

**curl默认是GET方式请求url的，要调POST等接口，必须加上-X参数指定**

## 八. CURL参考资料 ##

CURL 官网教程：[https://curl.haxx.se/docs/httpscripting.html][https_curl.haxx.se_docs_httpscripting.html]  
阮一峰老师教程：[http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/09/curl.html][http_www.ruanyifeng.com_blog_2011_09_curl.html]

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[curl]: https://man.linuxde.net/curl
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[https_curl.haxx.se_docs_httpscripting.html]: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/httpscripting.html
[http_www.ruanyifeng.com_blog_2011_09_curl.html]: http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/09/curl.html