Linux基础之 curl 命令

野性酷女 2022-02-24 01:14 1172阅读 0赞

### 前言 ###

在命令的使用过程中, 我们也经常使用`curl命令`. 在此, 总结下`curl命令`的常见用法.

--------------------

### 正文 ###

*  curl  
    使用`curl -h`可以看到`curl`命令的所有选项. 我们经常使用的无非`curl地址`、`curl返回值`、`curl请求类型`、`curl请求主体等`.

localhost:mapreduce Sean$ curl -h
    Usage: curl [options...] <url>
    Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
         --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)
     -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
         --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
         --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
         --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
     -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD]  Client certificate file and password (SSL)
         --cert-status   Verify the status of the server certificate (SSL)
         --cert-type TYPE  Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
         --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
         --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
     -K, --config FILE   Read config from FILE
         --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection
         --connect-to HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2 Connect to host (network level)
     -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer OFFSET
     -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  Read cookies from STRING/FILE (H)
     -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to FILE after operation (H)
         --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy
         --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload
         --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
     -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)
         --data-raw DATA  HTTP POST data, '@' allowed (H)
         --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
         --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)
         --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
         --delegation STRING  GSS-API delegation permission
         --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
         --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
         --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)
         --dns-servers   DNS server addrs to use: 1.1.1.1;2.2.2.2
         --dns-interface  Interface to use for DNS requests
         --dns-ipv4-addr  IPv4 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
         --dns-ipv6-addr  IPv6 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
     -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the received headers to FILE
         --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
         --engine ENGINE  Crypto engine (use "--engine list" for list) (SSL)
         --expect100-timeout SECONDS How long to wait for 100-continue (H)
     -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
         --fail-early    Fail on first transfer error, do not continue
         --false-start   Enable TLS False Start.
     -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
         --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
         --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)
         --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
         --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
         --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD]  Control CWD usage (F)
         --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
     -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
         --ftp-skip-pasv-ip  Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
         --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
         --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)
         --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)
         --ftp-ssl-control  Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer (F)
     -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
     -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
     -H, --header LINE   Pass custom header LINE to server (H)
     -I, --head          Show document info only
     -h, --help          This help text
         --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex-encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
     -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
         --http1.1       Use HTTP 1.1 (H)
         --http2         Use HTTP 2 (H)
         --http2-prior-knowledge  Use HTTP 2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade (H)
         --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
     -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
     -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
         --interface INTERFACE  Use network INTERFACE (or address)
     -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address
     -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address
     -j, --junk-session-cookies  Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
         --keepalive-time SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between keepalive probes
         --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
         --key-type TYPE  Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
         --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with security LEVEL (F)
         --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
         --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to RATE
     -l, --list-only     List only mode (F/POP3)
         --local-port RANGE  Force use of RANGE for local port numbers
     -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)
         --location-trusted  Like '--location', and send auth to other hosts (H)
         --login-options OPTIONS  Server login options (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
     -M, --manual        Display the full manual
         --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address (SMTP)
         --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this/these addresses (SMTP)
         --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email (SMTP)
         --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)
         --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
     -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer
         --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file
         --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication (H)
     -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password
         --netrc-optional  Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
         --netrc-file FILE  Specify FILE for netrc
     -:, --next          Allows the following URL to use a separate set of options
         --no-alpn       Disable the ALPN TLS extension (H)
     -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream
         --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection
         --no-npn        Disable the NPN TLS extension (H)
         --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
         --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy
         --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
         --ntlm-wb       Use HTTP NTLM authentication with winbind (H)
         --oauth2-bearer TOKEN  OAuth 2 Bearer Token (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
     -o, --output FILE   Write to FILE instead of stdout
         --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
         --path-as-is    Do not squash .. sequences in URL path
         --pinnedpubkey FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against (SSL)
         --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
         --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
         --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
         --preproxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Proxy before HTTP(S) proxy
     -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a progress bar
         --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable PROTOCOLS
         --proto-default PROTOCOL  Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme
         --proto-redir PROTOCOLS   Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect
     -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT]  Use proxy on given port
         --proxy-anyauth  Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
         --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
         --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
         --proxy-cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file for proxy
         --proxy-insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs for proxy (H)
         --proxy-key KEY Private key file name for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-key-type TYPE Private key file type for proxy (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
         --proxy-negotiate  Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy (H)
         --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
         --proxy-header LINE Pass custom header LINE to proxy (H)
         --proxy-pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-tlsv1   Use TLSv1 for proxy (SSL)
         --proxy-tlsuser USER TLS username for proxy
         --proxy-tlspassword STRING TLS password for proxy
         --proxy-tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type for proxy (default SRP)
         --proxy-service-name NAME  SPNEGO proxy service name
         --service-name NAME  SPNEGO service name
     -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password
         --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
     -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
         --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)
     -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
         --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)
     -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE
         --raw           Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding (H)
     -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)
     -J, --remote-header-name  Use the header-provided filename (H)
     -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
         --remote-name-all  Use the remote file name for all URLs
     -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output
     -X, --request COMMAND  Specify request command to use
         --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS  Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS
         --retry NUM   Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur
         --retry-connrefused  Retry on connection refused (use with --retry)
         --retry-delay SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between retries
         --retry-max-time SECONDS  Retry only within this period
         --sasl-ir       Enable initial response in SASL authentication
     -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
     -s, --silent        Silent mode (don't output anything)
         --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
         --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
         --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
         --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
         --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API
         --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
     -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below RATE for 'speed-time' secs
     -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after SECONDS (default: 30)
         --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
         --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
     -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)
     -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)
         --ssl-allow-beast  Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
         --ssl-no-revoke    Disable cert revocation checks (WinSSL)
         --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr (use "-" for stdout)
         --suppress-connect-headers  Suppress proxy CONNECT response headers
         --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option
         --tcp-fastopen  Use TCP Fast Open
     -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option
         --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
         --tftp-no-options  Do not send TFTP options requests
     -z, --time-cond TIME   Transfer based on a time condition
     -1, --tlsv1         Use >= TLSv1 (SSL)
         --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
         --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
         --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
         --tlsv1.3       Use TLSv1.3 (SSL)
         --tls-max VERSION  Use TLS up to VERSION (SSL)
         --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to FILE
         --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace, but without hex output
         --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
         --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
     -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination
         --url URL       URL to work with
     -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer
     -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD]  Server user and password
         --tlsuser USER  TLS username
         --tlspassword STRING  TLS password
         --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default: SRP)
         --unix-socket PATH    Connect through this Unix domain socket
         --abstract-unix-socket PATH Connect to an abstract Unix domain socket
     -A, --user-agent STRING  Send User-Agent STRING to server (H)
     -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative
     -V, --version       Show version number and quit
     -w, --write-out FORMAT  Use output FORMAT after completion
         --xattr         Store metadata in extended file attributes
     -q, --disable       Disable .curlrc (must be first parameter)

*  case1 基本使用

curl www.baidu.com

*  case2 带访问地址  
    `-X`为显示请求的类型, `-H`为设置请求头, `-d`为设置请求主体 .

data=123
    url="192.168.100.1:8080/hello"
    response_data="{"jsonString":"{\"data\": \"'$data'\"}"}'"
    curl   -s -S -X POST -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' -d "$response_data" "$resturl"

*  超时重试  
    设置最大的链接时间`--connect-timeout $connectiontimeout`, 设置最大请求时间`--max-time $maxtimeout`.
 *  将异常也直接输出  
    `1>&1 2>&1`. 这与`Linux输出的 1 2 3 有关`.  
    `标准输入是文件描述符0;标准输出是文件描述符1;标准错误是文件描述符2.`
 *  case3 访问地址重试三次, 失败输出结果

#!/bin/bash
    # 设置参数变量
    data=123
    url="192.168.100.1:8080/hello"
    flag=1
    retrytime=0
    connectiontimeout=10
    maxtimeout=15
    retrytotal=3
     ## 循环重试
    while (( ($flag == 1) && ($retrytime < 3) )) ;do
    	# result can be : 1. success {right resopnse} 2. success {wrong response} 3. error {curl error}
    	
    	# demo test url	
    	## --connect-timeout 10 
    	result=`curl  --connect-timeout $connectiontimeout --max-time $maxtimeout -s -S -X POST -H 'Content-Type: text/plain'' -d "$DATA" "$url" 1>&1 2>&1`
    	
    	# judge result true or not
    	if [ "$result" = "{\"result\":\"true\"}" ] ;then
    		flag=0
    	fi
    	
    	# 进行数字计算(加法)
    	retrytime=`expr $retrytime + 1 `
    	
    	echo "Try Times: " $retrytime "; Try flag : " $flag "; Result : " $result " ; \n" 
    done
    
    # 判读输出与否
    if [ $flag == 0 ] ;then
    	# send is ok or not
    	echo `date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"` "Try Times: " $retrytime "; Try flag : " $flag "; Result : " $result " ;" >>ok.log
    	echo event_handle:$event_handle>>ok.log
    	echo status:$status>>ok.log
    	echo msg:$msg >>ok.log
    	echo updatetime:$updatetime >>ok.log
    else
    	# send is false
    	echo `date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"` "Try Times: " $retrytime "; Try flag : " $flag "; Result : " $result " ;" >>error.log
    	echo event_handle:$event_handle>>error.log
    	echo status:$status>>error.log
    	echo msg:$msg >>error.log
    	echo updatetime:$updatetime >>error.log
    	echo data:$DATA >>error.log
    fi

--------------------

### Reference ###

\[1\]. [Linux标准输入、输出和错误和文件重定向][Linux]  
\[2\]. [curl命令][curl]

[Linux]: https://www.cnblogs.com/softidea/p/3965093.html
[curl]: http://man.linuxde.net/curl