tar命令使用及tar实现全备份和增量备份

港控/mmm° 2024-04-17 23:31 32阅读 0赞

首先弄清楚何为全备、增量备份、差异备份。简而言之，可以这样理解：

*  全备：对所有的文件做一次备份。
 *  增量备份：本次和上一次的的差异。
 *  差异备份：在全备的基础上做备份。

## 一 tar命令 ##

#创建测试文件夹和文件
    [root@serv01 web]# cd /data
    [root@serv01 data]# ls
    [root@serv01 data]# mkdir /work
    [root@serv01 data]# mkdir /work/upload
    [root@serv01 data]# cd /work/upload/
    [root@serv01 upload]# touchaa0{1,2,3,4,5}.txt
    [root@serv01 upload]# ls
    aa01.txt aa02.txt  aa03.txt  aa04.txt aa05.txt
     
    #创建压缩包
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -cvf upload01.tar/work/upload/
    tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    #查看压缩包里面包含的文件
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload01.tar
    work/upload/
    work/upload/aa03.txt
    work/upload/aa01.txt
    work/upload/aa04.txt
    work/upload/aa05.txt
    work/upload/aa02.txt
    #删除掉数据，模拟数据丢失
    [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work
    #解压
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -xvf upload01.tar-C /
    work/upload/
    work/upload/aa03.txt
    work/upload/aa01.txt
    work/upload/aa04.txt
    work/upload/aa05.txt
    work/upload/aa02.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work
    upload
    [root@serv01 data]# ls
    upload01.tar
    #压缩时包含文件路径
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf upload02.tar/work/upload/
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    #解压时就不需要指定文件路径了
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -xPvf upload02.tar
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work/
    upload
          
    #不一定需要f参数，可以使用重定向解决
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -cv upload03.tar/work/upload/
    tar: upload03.tar: Cannot stat: No suchfile or directory
    tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    work/upload/00007550000000000000000000000000121766767060120445ustar  rootrootwork/upload/aa03.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133170ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa01.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133150ustar  rootrootwork/upload/aa04.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133200ustar  rootrootwork/upload/aa05.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133210ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa02.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133160ustar  rootroottar: Exiting with failurestatus due to previous errors
    #指定路径，重定向到upload03.tar
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -cv /work/upload/> upload03.tar
    tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    #删除目录
    [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/
    #解压，指定输入源
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -xv -C / <upload03.tar
    work/upload/
    work/upload/aa03.txt
    work/upload/aa01.txt
    work/upload/aa04.txt
    work/upload/aa05.txt
    work/upload/aa02.txt
    #查看
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work/
    upload
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload03.tar
    work/upload/
    work/upload/aa03.txt
    work/upload/aa01.txt
    work/upload/aa04.txt
    work/upload/aa05.txt
    work/upload/aa02.txt
    #测试路径加的不一样的效果
     
    [root@serv01 data]# cd /work/
    [root@serv01 work]# tar -cf upload04.tarupload/
    [root@serv01 work]# tar -tf upload04.tar
    upload/
    upload/aa03.txt
    upload/aa01.txt
    upload/aa04.txt
    upload/aa05.txt
    upload/aa02.txt
     
    #会解压到根下面的upload目录下
    [root@serv01 work]# tar -xv -C / <upload04.tar
    upload/
    upload/aa03.txt
    upload/aa01.txt
    upload/aa04.txt
    upload/aa05.txt
    upload/aa02.txt
     
    [root@serv01 work]# ls /upload/
    aa01.txt aa02.txt  aa03.txt  aa04.txt aa05.txt
    #创建aa06.txt文件
    [root@serv01 upload]# touch aa06.txt
    [root@serv01 upload]# cd /data
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar
    tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    #增加aa06.txt到upload02.tar中
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -Pvf upload02.tar-r /work/upload/aa06.txt
    /work/upload/aa06.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar
    tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa06.txt
     
    #演示文件修改后，更新压缩包
    #编辑文件
    [root@serv01 data]# vim/work/upload/aa01.txt
    #更新
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -uPvf upload02.tar/work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar
    tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa06.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
     
    #删除文件，然后恢复
    [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work/*
    ls: cannot access /work/*: No such file or directory
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -xPvf upload02.tar
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa06.txt
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    #查看刚才更新的文件，发现没任何问题
    [root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa01.txt
    this is aa01.txt
     
    #找到etc下面以conf结尾的文件，然后打包
    [root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" | xargs tar -Pcvf test01.tar
    #找到etc下面以conf结尾的文件，但不包含yum.conf，然后打包
    [root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" ! -name "yum.conf" | xargs tar -Pcvf test02.tar
    [root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" ! -name yum.conf | xargs tar -Pcvf test02.tar
     
    #指定文件，然后备份
    #将配置文件写到file1
    [root@serv01 data]# find /etc -name"*.conf" > file1
    #查看文件，可以看到所有的配置文件列表都已经存在了（注意是文件路径）
    [root@serv01 data]# vim file1
    #创建conf01.tar，然后T指定文件
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf conf01.tar -Tfile1
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -tf conf01.tar
    [root@serv01 data]# ls -h conf01.tar -l
    -rw-r--r—. 1 root root 250K Aug  2 18:18 conf01.tar

## 二 tar命令实现——全备和增量备份 ##

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
    aa01.txt aa02.txt  aa03.txt  aa04.txt aa05.txt  aa06.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf upload01.tar
    #这是全备，无法实现增量备份功能
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf upload01.tar/work/upload/
    #g指定标志文件
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload01.tar /work/upload/
    tar: /work/upload: Directory is new
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa06.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# vim flag
    #新建文件
    [root@serv01 data]# touch /work/upload/aa07.txt
    #更改文件
    [root@serv01 data]# vim/work/upload/aa02.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload02.tar /work/upload/
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa07.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -tPf upload02.tar
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa07.txt
     
    [root@serv01 data]# touch/work/upload/aa08.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf/work/upload/aa01.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
    aa02.txt aa03.txt  aa04.txt  aa05.txt aa06.txt  aa07.txt  aa08.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload03.tar /work/upload/
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa08.txt
     
    #恢复全备，逐次恢复
    #数据丢失
    [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/*
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work/
    #先恢复全备
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload01.tar
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa01.txt
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa03.txt
    /work/upload/aa04.txt
    /work/upload/aa05.txt
    /work/upload/aa06.txt
    #可以看到数据回来了
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
    aa01.txt aa02.txt  aa03.txt  aa04.txt aa05.txt  aa06.txt
    #查看aa02.txt文件，发现内容没有
    [root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa02.txt
    #恢复文件，从增量备份upload02.tar文件中来
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload02.tar
    /work/upload/
    /work/upload/aa02.txt
    /work/upload/aa07.txt
    #查看aa02.txt文件，内容回来了
    [root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa02.txt
    hello world
    #恢复文件，从增量备份upload03.tar文件中来
    [root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload03.tar
    /work/upload/
    tar: Deleting `/work/upload/aa01.txt'
    /work/upload/aa08.txt
    [root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
    aa02.txt aa03.txt  aa04.txt  aa05.txt aa06.txt  aa07.txt  aa08.txt

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