C++ primer plus(第六版)编程练习答案第15章友元、异常和其他

曾经终败给现在 2024-03-24 08:38 41阅读 0赞

## 一、程序清单 ##

## tv.h ##

// tv.h -- Tv and Remote classes
    #ifndef TV_H_
    #define TV_H_
    
    class Tv
    {
    public:
    	friend class Remote;   // Remote can access Tv private parts
    	enum { Off, On };
    	enum { MinVal, MaxVal = 20 };
    	enum { Antenna, Cable };
    	enum { TV, DVD };
    
    	Tv(int s = Off, int mc = 125) : state(s), volume(5),
    		maxchannel(mc), channel(2), mode(Cable), input(TV) {}
    	void onoff() { state = (state == On) ? Off : On; }
    	bool ison() const { return state == On; }
    	bool volup();
    	bool voldown();
    	void chanup();
    	void chandown();
    	void set_mode() { mode = (mode == Antenna) ? Cable : Antenna; }
    	void set_input() { input = (input == TV) ? DVD : TV; }
    	void settings() const; // display all settings
    private:
    	int state;             // on or off
    	int volume;            // assumed to be digitized
    	int maxchannel;        // maximum number of channels
    	int channel;           // current channel setting
    	int mode;              // broadcast or cable
    	int input;             // TV or DVD
    };
    
    class Remote
    {
    private:
    	int mode;              // controls TV or DVD
    public:
    	Remote(int m = Tv::TV) : mode(m) {}
    	bool volup(Tv & t) { return t.volup(); }
    	bool voldown(Tv & t) { return t.voldown(); }
    	void onoff(Tv & t) { t.onoff(); }
    	void chanup(Tv & t) { t.chanup(); }
    	void chandown(Tv & t) { t.chandown(); }
    	void set_chan(Tv & t, int c) { t.channel = c; }
    	void set_mode(Tv & t) { t.set_mode(); }
    	void set_input(Tv & t) { t.set_input(); }
    };
    #endif

## **tv.cpp**  ##

// tv.cpp -- methods for the Tv class (Remote methods are inline)
    #include <iostream>
    #include "tv.h"
    
    bool Tv::volup()
    {
    	if (volume < MaxVal)
    	{
    		volume++;
    		return true;
    	}
    	else
    		return false;
    }
    bool Tv::voldown()
    {
    	if (volume > MinVal)
    	{
    		volume--;
    		return true;
    	}
    	else
    		return false;
    }
    
    void Tv::chanup()
    {
    	if (channel < maxchannel)
    		channel++;
    	else
    		channel = 1;
    }
    
    void Tv::chandown()
    {
    	if (channel > 1)
    		channel--;
    	else
    		channel = maxchannel;
    }
    
    void Tv::settings() const
    {
    	using std::cout;
    	using std::endl;
    	cout << "TV is " << (state == Off ? "Off" : "On") << endl;
    	if (state == On)
    	{
    		cout << "Volume setting = " << volume << endl;
    		cout << "Channel setting = " << channel << endl;
    		cout << "Mode = "
    			<< (mode == Antenna ? "antenna" : "cable") << endl;
    		cout << "Input = "
    			<< (input == TV ? "TV" : "DVD") << endl;
    	}
    }

## use\_tv.cpp ##

//use_tv.cpp -- using the Tv and Remote classes
    #include <iostream>
    #include "tv.h"
    
    int main()
    {
    	using std::cout;
    	Tv s42;
    	cout << "Initial settings for 42\" TV:\n";
    	s42.settings();
    	s42.onoff();
    	s42.chanup();
    	cout << "\nAdjusted settings for 42\" TV:\n";
    	s42.settings();
    
    	Remote grey;
    
    	grey.set_chan(s42, 10);
    	grey.volup(s42);
    	grey.volup(s42);
    	cout << "\n42\" settings after using remote:\n";
    	s42.settings();
    
    	Tv s58(Tv::On);
    	s58.set_mode();
    	grey.set_chan(s58, 28);
    	cout << "\n58\" settings:\n";
    	s58.settings();
    	// std::cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }

执行结果：

Initial settings for 42" TV:
    TV is Off
    
    Adjusted settings for 42" TV:
    TV is On
    Volume setting = 5
    Channel setting = 3
    Mode = cable
    Input = TV
    
    42" settings after using remote:
    TV is On
    Volume setting = 7
    Channel setting = 10
    Mode = cable
    Input = TV
    
    58" settings:
    TV is On
    Volume setting = 5
    Channel setting = 28
    Mode = antenna
    Input = TV

## tvfm.h ##

// tvfm.h -- Tv and Remote classes using a friend member
    #ifndef TVFM_H_
    #define TVFM_H_
    
    class Tv;                       // forward declaration
    
    class Remote
    {
    public:
    	enum State { Off, On };
    	enum { MinVal, MaxVal = 20 };
    	enum { Antenna, Cable };
    	enum { TV, DVD };
    private:
    	int mode;
    public:
    	Remote(int m = TV) : mode(m) {}
    	bool volup(Tv & t);         // prototype only
    	bool voldown(Tv & t);
    	void onoff(Tv & t);
    	void chanup(Tv & t);
    	void chandown(Tv & t);
    	void set_mode(Tv & t);
    	void set_input(Tv & t);
    	void set_chan(Tv & t, int c);
    };
    
    class Tv
    {
    public:
    	friend void Remote::set_chan(Tv & t, int c);
    	enum State { Off, On };
    	enum { MinVal, MaxVal = 20 };
    	enum { Antenna, Cable };
    	enum { TV, DVD };
    
    	Tv(int s = Off, int mc = 125) : state(s), volume(5),
    		maxchannel(mc), channel(2), mode(Cable), input(TV) {}
    	void onoff() { state = (state == On) ? Off : On; }
    	bool ison() const { return state == On; }
    	bool volup();
    	bool voldown();
    	void chanup();
    	void chandown();
    	void set_mode() { mode = (mode == Antenna) ? Cable : Antenna; }
    	void set_input() { input = (input == TV) ? DVD : TV; }
    	void settings() const;
    private:
    	int state;
    	int volume;
    	int maxchannel;
    	int channel;
    	int mode;
    	int input;
    };
    
    // Remote methods as inline functions
    inline bool Remote::volup(Tv & t) { return t.volup(); }
    inline bool Remote::voldown(Tv & t) { return t.voldown(); }
    inline void Remote::onoff(Tv & t) { t.onoff(); }
    inline void Remote::chanup(Tv & t) { t.chanup(); }
    inline void Remote::chandown(Tv & t) { t.chandown(); }
    inline void Remote::set_mode(Tv & t) { t.set_mode(); }
    inline void Remote::set_input(Tv & t) { t.set_input(); }
    inline void Remote::set_chan(Tv & t, int c) { t.channel = c; }
    #endif

## tv1.cpp ##

// tv1.cpp -- methods for the Tv class (Remote methods are inline)
    #include <iostream>
    #include "tvfm.h"
    
    bool Tv::volup()
    {
    	if (volume < MaxVal)
    	{
    		volume++;
    		return true;
    	}
    	else
    		return false;
    }
    bool Tv::voldown()
    {
    	if (volume > MinVal)
    	{
    		volume--;
    		return true;
    	}
    	else
    		return false;
    }
    
    void Tv::chanup()
    {
    	if (channel < maxchannel)
    		channel++;
    	else
    		channel = 1;
    }
    
    void Tv::chandown()
    {
    	if (channel > 1)
    		channel--;
    	else
    		channel = maxchannel;
    }
    
    void Tv::settings() const
    {
    	using std::cout;
    	using std::endl;
    	cout << "TV is " << (state == Off ? "Off" : "On") << endl;
    	if (state == On)
    	{
    		cout << "Volume setting = " << volume << endl;
    		cout << "Channel setting = " << channel << endl;
    		cout << "Mode = "
    			<< (mode == Antenna ? "antenna" : "cable") << endl;
    		cout << "Input = "
    			<< (input == TV ? "TV" : "DVD") << endl;
    	}
    }

## use\_tv1.cpp ##

//use_tv1.cpp -- using the Tv and Remote classes
    #include <iostream>
    #include "tvfm.h"
    
    int main()
    {
    	using std::cout;
    	Tv s42;
    	cout << "Initial settings for 42\" TV:\n";
    	s42.settings();
    	s42.onoff();
    	s42.chanup();
    	cout << "\nAdjusted settings for 42\" TV:\n";
    	s42.settings();
    
    	Remote grey;
    
    	grey.set_chan(s42, 10);
    	grey.volup(s42);
    	grey.volup(s42);
    	cout << "\n42\" settings after using remote:\n";
    	s42.settings();
    
    	Tv s58(Tv::On);
    	s58.set_mode();
    	grey.set_chan(s58, 28);
    	cout << "\n58\" settings:\n";
    	s58.settings();
    	// std::cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }

执行结果：

## **queuetp.h**  ##

// queuetp.h -- queue template with a nested class
    #ifndef QUEUETP_H_
    #define QUEUETP_H_
    
    template <class Item>
    class QueueTP
    {
    private:
    	enum { Q_SIZE = 10 };
    	// Node is a nested class definition
    	class Node
    	{
    	public:
    		Item item;
    		Node * next;
    		Node(const Item & i) :item(i), next(0) { }
    	};
    	Node * front;       // pointer to front of Queue
    	Node * rear;        // pointer to rear of Queue
    	int items;          // current number of items in Queue
    	const int qsize;    // maximum number of items in Queue
    	QueueTP(const QueueTP & q) : qsize(0) {}
    	QueueTP & operator=(const QueueTP & q) { return *this; }
    public:
    	QueueTP(int qs = Q_SIZE);
    	~QueueTP();
    	bool isempty() const
    	{
    		return items == 0;
    	}
    	bool isfull() const
    	{
    		return items == qsize;
    	}
    	int queuecount() const
    	{
    		return items;
    	}
    	bool enqueue(const Item &item); // add item to end
    	bool dequeue(Item &item);       // remove item from front
    };
    
    // QueueTP methods
    template <class Item>
    QueueTP<Item>::QueueTP(int qs) : qsize(qs)
    {
    	front = rear = 0;
    	items = 0;
    }
    
    template <class Item>
    QueueTP<Item>::~QueueTP()
    {
    	Node * temp;
    	while (front != 0)      // while queue is not yet empty
    	{
    		temp = front;       // save address of front item
    		front = front->next;// reset pointer to next item
    		delete temp;        // delete former front
    	}
    }
    
    // Add item to queue
    template <class Item>
    bool QueueTP<Item>::enqueue(const Item & item)
    {
    	if (isfull())
    		return false;
    	Node * add = new Node(item);    // create node
    // on failure, new throws std::bad_alloc exception
    	items++;
    	if (front == 0)         // if queue is empty,
    		front = add;        // place item at front
    	else
    		rear->next = add;   // else place at rear
    	rear = add;             // have rear point to new node
    	return true;
    }
    
    // Place front item into item variable and remove from queue
    template <class Item>
    bool QueueTP<Item>::dequeue(Item & item)
    {
    	if (front == 0)
    		return false;
    	item = front->item;     // set item to first item in queue
    	items--;
    	Node * temp = front;    // save location of first item
    	front = front->next;    // reset front to next item
    	delete temp;            // delete former first item
    	if (items == 0)
    		rear = 0;
    	return true;
    }
    
    #endif

## nested.cpp ##

// nested.cpp -- using a queue that has a nested class
    #include <iostream>
    
    #include <string>
    #include "queuetp.h"
    
    int main()
    {
    	using std::string;
    	using std::cin;
    	using std::cout;
    
    	QueueTP<string> cs(5);
    	string temp;
    
    	while (!cs.isfull())
    	{
    		cout << "Please enter your name. You will be "
    			"served in the order of arrival.\n"
    			"name: ";
    		getline(cin, temp);
    		cs.enqueue(temp);
    	}
    	cout << "The queue is full. Processing begins!\n";
    
    	while (!cs.isempty())
    	{
    		cs.dequeue(temp);
    		cout << "Now processing " << temp << "...\n";
    	}
    	// cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }

执行结果：

Please enter your name. You will be served in the order of arrival.
    name: Kinsey Millhone
    Please enter your name. You will be served in the order of arrival.
    name: Adam Dalgliesh
    Please enter your name. You will be served in the order of arrival.
    name: Andrew Dalziel
    Please enter your name. You will be served in the order of arrival.
    name: Kay Scarpetta
    Please enter your name. You will be served in the order of arrival.
    name: Richard Jury
    The queue is full. Processing begins!
    Now processing Kinsey Millhone...
    Now processing Adam Dalgliesh...
    Now processing Andrew Dalziel...
    Now processing Kay Scarpetta...
    Now processing Richard Jury...

## error1.cpp ##

//error1.cpp -- using the abort() function
    #include <iostream>
    #include <cstdlib>
    double hmean(double a, double b);
    
    int main()
    {
    	double x, y, z;
    
    	std::cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
    	while (std::cin >> x >> y)
    	{
    		z = hmean(x, y);
    		std::cout << "Harmonic mean of " << x << " and " << y
    			<< " is " << z << std::endl;
    		std::cout << "Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: ";
    	}
    	std::cout << "Bye!\n";
    	return 0;
    }
    
    double hmean(double a, double b)
    {
    	if (a == -b)
    	{
    		std::cout << "untenable arguments to hmean()\n";
    		std::abort();
    	}
    	return 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
    }

![watermark,type\_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ,shadow\_50,text\_Q1NETiBA6ZW\_5rKZ5pyJ6IKl6bG8,size\_20,color\_FFFFFF,t\_70,g\_se,x\_16][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA6ZW_5rKZ5pyJ6IKl6bG8_size_20_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]

执行结果：

Enter two numbers: 3 6
    Harmonic mean of 3 and 6 is 4
    Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: 10 -10
    untenable arguments to hmean()

## error2.cpp ##

//error2.cpp -- returning an error code
    #include <iostream>
    #include <cfloat>  // (or float.h) for DBL_MAX
    
    bool hmean(double a, double b, double * ans);
    
    int main()
    {
    	double x, y, z;
    
    	std::cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
    	while (std::cin >> x >> y)
    	{
    		if (hmean(x, y, &z))
    			std::cout << "Harmonic mean of " << x << " and " << y
    			<< " is " << z << std::endl;
    		else
    			std::cout << "One value should not be the negative "
    			<< "of the other - try again.\n";
    		std::cout << "Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: ";
    	}
    	std::cout << "Bye!\n";
    	return 0;
    }
    
    bool hmean(double a, double b, double * ans)
    {
    	if (a == -b)
    	{
    		*ans = DBL_MAX;
    		return false;
    	}
    	else
    	{
    		*ans = 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
    		return true;
    	}
    }

执行结果：

Enter two numbers: 3 6
    Harmonic mean of 3 and 6 is 4
    Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: 10 -10
    One value should not be the negative of the other - try again.
    Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: 1 19
    Harmonic mean of 1 and 19 is 1.9
    Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: q
    Bye!

## error3.cpp ##

// error3.cpp -- using an exception
    #include <iostream>
    double hmean(double a, double b);
    
    int main()
    {
    	double x, y, z;
    
    	std::cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
    	while (std::cin >> x >> y)
    	{
    		try {                   // start of try block
    			z = hmean(x, y);
    		}                       // end of try block
    		catch (const char * s)  // start of exception handler
    		{
    			std::cout << s << std::endl;
    			std::cout << "Enter a new pair of numbers: ";
    			continue;
    		}                       // end of handler
    		std::cout << "Harmonic mean of " << x << " and " << y
    			<< " is " << z << std::endl;
    		std::cout << "Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: ";
    	}
    	std::cout << "Bye!\n";
    	return 0;
    }
    
    double hmean(double a, double b)
    {
    	if (a == -b)
    		throw "bad hmean() arguments: a = -b not allowed";
    	return 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
    }

执行结果：

## exc\_mean.h ##

// exc_mean.h  -- exception classes for hmean(), gmean()
    #include <iostream>
    
    class bad_hmean
    {
    private:
    	double v1;
    	double v2;
    public:
    	bad_hmean(double a = 0, double b = 0) : v1(a), v2(b) {}
    	void mesg();
    };
    
    inline void bad_hmean::mesg()
    {
    	std::cout << "hmean(" << v1 << ", " << v2 << "): "
    		<< "invalid arguments: a = -b\n";
    }
    
    class bad_gmean
    {
    public:
    	double v1;
    	double v2;
    	bad_gmean(double a = 0, double b = 0) : v1(a), v2(b) {}
    	const char * mesg();
    };
    
    inline const char * bad_gmean::mesg()
    {
    	return "gmean() arguments should be >= 0\n";
    }

## error4.cpp ##

//error4.cpp using exception classes
    #include <iostream>
    #include <cmath> // or math.h, unix users may need -lm flag
    #include "exc_mean.h"
    // function prototypes
    double hmean(double a, double b);
    double gmean(double a, double b);
    int main()
    {
        using std::cout;
        using std::cin;
        using std::endl;
        
        double x, y, z;
    
        cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
        while (cin >> x >> y)
        {
            try {                  // start of try block
                z = hmean(x,y);
                cout << "Harmonic mean of " << x << " and " << y
                    << " is " << z << endl;
                cout << "Geometric mean of " << x << " and " << y
                    << " is " << gmean(x,y) << endl;
                cout << "Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: ";
            }// end of try block
            catch (bad_hmean & bg)    // start of catch block
            {
                bg.mesg();
                cout << "Try again.\n";
                continue;
            }                  
            catch (bad_gmean & hg) 
            {
                cout << hg.mesg();
                cout << "Values used: " << hg.v1 << ", " 
                     << hg.v2 << endl;
                cout << "Sorry, you don't get to play any more.\n";
                break;
            } // end of catch block
        }
        cout << "Bye!\n";
        // cin.get();
        // cin.get();
        return 0;
    }
    
    double hmean(double a, double b)
    {
        if (a == -b)
            throw bad_hmean(a,b);
        return 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
    }
    
    double gmean(double a, double b)
    {
        if (a < 0 || b < 0)
            throw bad_gmean(a,b);
        return std::sqrt(a * b); 
    }

执行结果：

Enter two numbers: 4 12
    Harmonic mean of 4 and 12 is 6
    Geometric mean of 4 and 12 is 6.9282
    Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: 5 -5
    hmean(5, -5): invalid arguments: a = -b
    Try again.
    5 -2
    Harmonic mean of 5 and -2 is -6.66667
    gmean() arguments should be >= 0
    Values used: 5, -2
    Sorry, you don't get to play any more.
    B

## error5.cpp ##

//error5.cpp -- unwinding the stack
    #include <iostream>
    #include <cmath> // or math.h, unix users may need -lm flag
    #include <string>
    #include "exc_mean.h"
    
    class demo
    {
    private:
    	std::string word;
    public:
    	demo(const std::string & str)
    	{
    
    		word = str;
    		std::cout << "demo " << word << " created\n";
    	}
    	~demo()
    	{
    		std::cout << "demo " << word << " destroyed\n";
    	}
    	void show() const
    	{
    		std::cout << "demo " << word << " lives!\n";
    	}
    };
    
    // function prototypes
    double hmean(double a, double b);
    double gmean(double a, double b);
    double means(double a, double b);
    
    int main()
    {
    	using std::cout;
    	using std::cin;
    	using std::endl;
    
    	double x, y, z;
    	{
    		demo d1("found in block in main()");
    		cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
    		while (cin >> x >> y)
    		{
    			try {                  // start of try block
    				z = means(x, y);
    				cout << "The mean mean of " << x << " and " << y
    					<< " is " << z << endl;
    				cout << "Enter next pair: ";
    			} // end of try block
    			catch (bad_hmean & bg)    // start of catch block
    			{
    				bg.mesg();
    				cout << "Try again.\n";
    				continue;
    			}
    			catch (bad_gmean & hg)
    			{
    				cout << hg.mesg();
    				cout << "Values used: " << hg.v1 << ", "
    					<< hg.v2 << endl;
    				cout << "Sorry, you don't get to play any more.\n";
    				break;
    			} // end of catch block
    		}
    		d1.show();
    	}
    	cout << "Bye!\n";
    	// cin.get();
    	// cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }
    
    double hmean(double a, double b)
    {
    	if (a == -b)
    		throw bad_hmean(a, b);
    	return 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
    }
    
    double gmean(double a, double b)
    {
    	if (a < 0 || b < 0)
    		throw bad_gmean(a, b);
    	return std::sqrt(a * b);
    }
    
    double means(double a, double b)
    {
    	double am, hm, gm;
    	demo d2("found in means()");
    	am = (a + b) / 2.0;    // arithmetic mean
    	try
    	{
    		hm = hmean(a, b);
    		gm = gmean(a, b);
    	}
    	catch (bad_hmean & bg) // start of catch block
    	{
    		bg.mesg();
    		std::cout << "Caught in means()\n";
    		throw;             // rethrows the exception 
    	}
    	d2.show();
    	return (am + hm + gm) / 3.0;
    }

执行结果：

demo found in block in main() created
    Enter two numbers: 6 12
    demo found in means() created
    demo found in means() lives!
    demo found in means() destroyed
    The mean mean of 6 and 12 is 8.49509
    Enter next pair: 6 -6
    demo found in means() created
    hmean(6, -6): invalid arguments: a = -b
    Caught in means()
    demo found in means() destroyed
    hmean(6, -6): invalid arguments: a = -b
    Try again.
    6 -8
    demo found in means() created
    demo found in means() destroyed
    gmean() arguments should be >= 0
    Values used: 6, -8
    Sorry, you don't get to play any more.
    demo found in block in main() lives!
    demo found in block in main() destroyed
    Bye!

## newexcp.cpp ##

// newexcp.cpp -- the bad_alloc exception
    #include <iostream>
    #include <new>
    #include <cstdlib>  // for exit(), EXIT_FAILURE
    using namespace std;
    
    struct Big
    {
    	double stuff[20000];
    };
    
    int main()
    {
    	Big * pb;
    	try {
    		cout << "Trying to get a big block of memory:\n";
    		pb = new Big[10000]; // 1,600,000,000 bytes
    		cout << "Got past the new request:\n";
    	}
    	catch (bad_alloc & ba)
    	{
    		cout << "Caught the exception!\n";
    		cout << ba.what() << endl;
    		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    	}
    	cout << "Memory successfully allocated\n";
    	pb[0].stuff[0] = 4;
    	cout << pb[0].stuff[0] << endl;
    	delete[] pb;
    	// cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }

执行结果：

Trying to get a big block of memory:
    Got past the new request:
    Memory successfully allocated
    4

## sales.h ##

// sales.h  -- exceptions and inheritance
    #include <stdexcept>
    #include <string>
    
    class Sales
    {
    public:
    	enum { MONTHS = 12 };   // could be a static const
    	class bad_index : public std::logic_error
    	{
    	private:
    		int bi;  // bad index value
    	public:
    		explicit bad_index(int ix,
    			const std::string & s = "Index error in Sales object\n");
    		int bi_val() const { return bi; }
    		virtual ~bad_index() throw() {}
    	};
    	explicit Sales(int yy = 0);
    	Sales(int yy, const double * gr, int n);
    	virtual ~Sales() { }
    	int Year() const { return year; }
    	virtual double operator[](int i) const;
    	virtual double & operator[](int i);
    private:
    	double gross[MONTHS];
    	int year;
    };
    
    class LabeledSales : public Sales
    {
    public:
    	class nbad_index : public Sales::bad_index
    	{
    	private:
    		std::string lbl;
    	public:
    		nbad_index(const std::string & lb, int ix,
    			const std::string & s = "Index error in LabeledSales object\n");
    		const std::string & label_val() const { return lbl; }
    		virtual ~nbad_index() throw() {}
    	};
    	explicit LabeledSales(const std::string & lb = "none", int yy = 0);
    	LabeledSales(const std::string & lb, int yy, const double * gr, int n);
    	virtual ~LabeledSales() { }
    	const std::string & Label() const { return label; }
    	virtual double operator[](int i) const;
    	virtual double & operator[](int i);
    private:
    	std::string label;
    };

## sales.cpp ##

// sales.cpp -- Sales implementation
    #include "sales.h"
    using std::string;
    
    Sales::bad_index::bad_index(int ix, const string & s)
    	: std::logic_error(s), bi(ix)
    {
    }
    
    Sales::Sales(int yy)
    {
    	year = yy;
    	for (int i = 0; i < MONTHS; ++i)
    		gross[i] = 0;
    }
    
    Sales::Sales(int yy, const double * gr, int n)
    {
    	year = yy;
    	int lim = (n < MONTHS) ? n : MONTHS;
    	int i;
    	for (i = 0; i < lim; ++i)
    		gross[i] = gr[i];
    	// for i > n and i < MONTHS
    	for (; i < MONTHS; ++i)
    		gross[i] = 0;
    }
    
    double Sales::operator[](int i) const
    {
    	if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS)
    		throw bad_index(i);
    	return gross[i];
    }
    
    double & Sales::operator[](int i)
    {
    	if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS)
    		throw bad_index(i);
    	return gross[i];
    }
    
    LabeledSales::nbad_index::nbad_index(const string & lb, int ix,
    	const string & s) : Sales::bad_index(ix, s)
    {
    	lbl = lb;
    }
    
    LabeledSales::LabeledSales(const string & lb, int yy)
    	: Sales(yy)
    {
    	label = lb;
    }
    
    LabeledSales::LabeledSales(const string & lb, int yy, const double * gr, int n)
    	: Sales(yy, gr, n)
    {
    	label = lb;
    }
    
    double LabeledSales::operator[](int i) const
    {
    	if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS)
    		throw nbad_index(Label(), i);
    	return Sales::operator[](i);
    }
    
    double & LabeledSales::operator[](int i)
    {
    	if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS)
    		throw nbad_index(Label(), i);
    	return Sales::operator[](i);
    }

## use\_sales.cpp ##

// use_sales.cpp  -- nested exceptions
    #include <iostream>
    #include "sales.h"
    
    int main()
    {
    	using std::cout;
    	using std::cin;
    	using std::endl;
    
    	double vals1[12] =
    	{
    		1220, 1100, 1122, 2212, 1232, 2334,
    		2884, 2393, 3302, 2922, 3002, 3544
    	};
    
    	double vals2[12] =
    	{
    		12, 11, 22, 21, 32, 34,
    		28, 29, 33, 29, 32, 35
    	};
    
    	Sales sales1(2011, vals1, 12);
    	LabeledSales sales2("Blogstar", 2012, vals2, 12);
    
    	cout << "First try block:\n";
    	try
    	{
    		int i;
    		cout << "Year = " << sales1.Year() << endl;
    		for (i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
    		{
    
    			cout << sales1[i] << ' ';
    			if (i % 6 == 5)
    				cout << endl;
    		}
    		cout << "Year = " << sales2.Year() << endl;
    		cout << "Label = " << sales2.Label() << endl;
    		for (i = 0; i <= 12; ++i)
    		{
    
    			cout << sales2[i] << ' ';
    			if (i % 6 == 5)
    				cout << endl;
    		}
    		cout << "End of try block 1.\n";
    	}
    	catch (LabeledSales::nbad_index & bad)
    	{
    		cout << bad.what();
    		cout << "Company: " << bad.label_val() << endl;
    		cout << "bad index: " << bad.bi_val() << endl;
    	}
    	catch (Sales::bad_index & bad)
    	{
    		cout << bad.what();
    		cout << "bad index: " << bad.bi_val() << endl;
    	}
    	cout << "\nNext try block:\n";
    	try
    	{
    		sales2[2] = 37.5;
    		sales1[20] = 23345;
    		cout << "End of try block 2.\n";
    	}
    	catch (LabeledSales::nbad_index & bad)
    	{
    		cout << bad.what();
    		cout << "Company: " << bad.label_val() << endl;
    		cout << "bad index: " << bad.bi_val() << endl;
    	}
    	catch (Sales::bad_index & bad)
    	{
    		cout << bad.what();
    		cout << "bad index: " << bad.bi_val() << endl;
    	}
    	cout << "done\n";
    	// std::cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }

执行结果：

First try block:
    Year = 2011
    1220 1100 1122 2212 1232 2334
    2884 2393 3302 2922 3002 3544
    Year = 2012
    Label = Blogstar
    12 11 22 21 32 34
    28 29 33 29 32 35
    Index error in LabeledSales object
    Company: Blogstar
    bad index: 12
    
    Next try block:
    Index error in Sales object
    bad index: 20
    done

## ERROR解决： ##

> 使用了可能未初始化的本地指针变量“p”

> 将Grand \* p;  
> 改为 Grand \* p = nullptr;

## rtti1.cpp ##

// rtti1.cpp -- using the RTTI dynamic_cast operator
    #include <iostream>
    #include <cstdlib>
    #include <ctime>
    
    using std::cout;
    
    class Grand
    {
    private:
    	int hold;
    public:
    	Grand(int h = 0) : hold(h) {}
    	virtual void Speak() const { cout << "I am a grand class!\n"; }
    	virtual int Value() const { return hold; }
    };
    
    class Superb : public Grand
    {
    public:
    	Superb(int h = 0) : Grand(h) {}
    	void Speak() const { cout << "I am a superb class!!\n"; }
    	virtual void Say() const
    	{
    		cout << "I hold the superb value of " << Value() << "!\n";
    	}
    };
    
    class Magnificent : public Superb
    {
    private:
    	char ch;
    public:
    	Magnificent(int h = 0, char c = 'A') : Superb(h), ch(c) {}
    	void Speak() const { cout << "I am a magnificent class!!!\n"; }
    	void Say() const {
    		cout << "I hold the character " << ch <<
    			" and the integer " << Value() << "!\n";
    	}
    };
    
    Grand * GetOne();
    
    int main()
    {
    	std::srand(std::time(0));
    	Grand * pg;
    	Superb * ps;
    	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
    	{
    		pg = GetOne();
    		pg->Speak();
    		if (ps = dynamic_cast<Superb *>(pg))
    			ps->Say();
    	}
    	// std::cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }
    
    Grand * GetOne()    // generate one of three kinds of objects randomly
    {
    	Grand * p = nullptr;
    	switch (std::rand() % 3)
    	{
    	case 0: p = new Grand(std::rand() % 100);
    		break;
    	case 1: p = new Superb(std::rand() % 100);
    		break;
    	case 2: p = new Magnificent(std::rand() % 100,
    		'A' + std::rand() % 26);
    		break;
    	}
    	return p;
    }

执行结果：

I am a grand class!
    I am a superb class!!
    I hold the superb value of 50!
    I am a superb class!!
    I hold the superb value of 22!
    I am a magnificent class!!!
    I hold the character P and the integer 32!
    I am a superb class!!
    I hold the superb value of 33!

## rtti2.cpp ##

// rtti2.cpp  -- using dynamic_cast, typeid, and type_info
    #include <iostream>
    #include <cstdlib>
    #include <ctime>
    #include <typeinfo>
    using namespace std;
    
    class Grand
    {
    private:
    	int hold;
    public:
    	Grand(int h = 0) : hold(h) {}
    	virtual void Speak() const { cout << "I am a grand class!\n"; }
    	virtual int Value() const { return hold; }
    };
    
    class Superb : public Grand
    {
    public:
    	Superb(int h = 0) : Grand(h) {}
    	void Speak() const { cout << "I am a superb class!!\n"; }
    	virtual void Say() const
    	{
    		cout << "I hold the superb value of " << Value() << "!\n";
    	}
    };
    
    class Magnificent : public Superb
    {
    private:
    	char ch;
    public:
    	Magnificent(int h = 0, char cv = 'A') : Superb(h), ch(cv) {}
    	void Speak() const { cout << "I am a magnificent class!!!\n"; }
    	void Say() const {
    		cout << "I hold the character " << ch <<
    			" and the integer " << Value() << "!\n";
    	}
    };
    
    Grand * GetOne();
    int main()
    {
    	srand(time(0));
    	Grand * pg;
    	Superb * ps;
    	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
    	{
    		pg = GetOne();
    		cout << "Now processing type " << typeid(*pg).name() << ".\n";
    		pg->Speak();
    		if (ps = dynamic_cast<Superb *>(pg))
    			ps->Say();
    		if (typeid(Magnificent) == typeid(*pg))
    			cout << "Yes, you're really magnificent.\n";
    	}
    	// std::cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }
    
    Grand * GetOne()
    {
    	//Grand * p;
    	Grand * p = nullptr;
    
    	switch (rand() % 3)
    	{
    	case 0: p = new Grand(rand() % 100);
    		break;
    	case 1: p = new Superb(rand() % 100);
    		break;
    	case 2: p = new Magnificent(rand() % 100, 'A' + rand() % 26);
    		break;
    	}
    	return p;
    }

执行结果：

Now processing type class Magnificent.
    I am a magnificent class!!!
    I hold the character Y and the integer 75!
    Yes, you're really magnificent.
    Now processing type class Magnificent.
    I am a magnificent class!!!
    I hold the character D and the integer 68!
    Yes, you're really magnificent.
    Now processing type class Grand.
    I am a grand class!
    Now processing type class Magnificent.
    I am a magnificent class!!!
    I hold the character F and the integer 55!
    Yes, you're really magnificent.
    Now processing type class Superb.
    I am a superb class!!
    I hold the superb value of 1!

## constcast.cpp ##

// constcast.cpp -- using const_cast<>
    #include <iostream>
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    
    void change(const int * pt, int n);
    
    int main()
    {
    	int pop1 = 38383;
    	const int pop2 = 2000;
    
    	cout << "pop1, pop2: " << pop1 << ", " << pop2 << endl;
    	change(&pop1, -103);
    	change(&pop2, -103);
    	cout << "pop1, pop2: " << pop1 << ", " << pop2 << endl;
    	// std::cin.get();
    	return 0;
    }
    
    void change(const int * pt, int n)
    {
    	int * pc;
    
    	pc = const_cast<int *>(pt);
    	*pc += n;
    
    }

执行结果:

pop1, pop2: 38383, 2000
    pop1, pop2: 38280, 2000

## 二、复习题 ##

**1. 下面建立友元的尝试有什么错误？**

**a.**

>     class snap {
>         friend clasp;
>         ...
>     };
>     class clasp { ... };

**b.**

>     class cuff {
>         public:
>         void snip(muff &) { ... }
>         ...
>     };
>     class muff {
>         friend void cuff::snip(muff &);
>         ...
>     };

**c.**

>     class muff {
>     friend void cuff::snip(muff &);
>     ...
>     };
>     class cuff {
>     public:
>     void snip(muff &) { ... }
>     ...
>     };

a. `friend clasp;`缺少`class`声明，应该改为`friend class clasp;`。

b. 缺少`muff`的前项声明，应该在第一行添加`class muff`。

c. `cuff`类声明应在muff类之前，以便编译器可以理解`cuff::snip( )`。同时编译器需要`muff`的一个前向声明，以便可以理解`snip(muff &)`。修改后应该为：

class muff; // forward declaration
    class cuff {
        public:
        void snip(muff &) { ... }
        ...
    };
    class muff {
        friend void cuff::snip(muff &);
        ...
    };

**2. 您知道了如何建立相互类友元的方法。能够创建一种更为严格的友情关系，即类B只有部分成员是类A的友元，而类A只有部分成员是类B的友元吗？请解释原因。**

不能，为了使类B部分成员是类A的友元，需要将类B的声明位于类A的前面，并且要在类A指出类B中要作为类A友元的成员。同样的使类A部分成员成为类A的友元，需要同样的要求，而这两个要求是互斥的，因此无法创建该友情关系。

**3. 下面的嵌套类声明中可能存在什么问题**？

>     class Ribs
>     {
>         private:
>         class Sauce
>         {
>             int soy;
>             int sugar;
>             public:
>             Sauce(int s1, int s2) : soy(s1), sugar(s2) { }
>         };
>         ...
>     };

嵌套类`Sauce`中的`soy`和`sugar`都是私有的，`Ribs`只能通过`Sauce`的构造函数创建它们。

**4. `throw`和`return`之间的区别何在？**

假设函数f1( )调用函数f2( )。f2( )中的返回语句导致程序执行在函数f1( )中调用函数f2( )后面的一条语句。throw语句导致程序沿函数调用的当前序列回溯，直到找到直接或间接包含对f2( )的调用的try语句块为止。它可能在f1( )中、调用f1( )的函数中或其他函数中。找到这样的try语句块后，将执行下一个匹配的catch语句块，而不是函数调用后的语句。

**5. 假设有一个从异常基类派生来的异常类层次结构，则应按什么样的顺序放置catch块？**

应按从子孙到祖先的顺序排列catch语句块。

**6. 对于本章定义的`Grand、Superb`和`Magnificent`类，假设`pg`为`Grand *`指针，并将其中某个类的对象的地址赋给了它，而ps为`Superb *`指针，则下面两个代码示例的行为有什么不同？**

>     if (ps = dynamic_cast<Superb *>(pg))
>     ps->say(); // sample #1
>     if (typeid(*pg) == typeid(Superb))
>     (Superb *) pg)->say(); // sample #2

对于`dynamic_cast<Superb *>(pg)`，如果`pg`指向一个`Superb`对象或从`Superb`派生而来的任何类的对象，则if条件为`true`。具体地说，如果`pg`指向`Magnificent`对象，则if条件也为true。

对于`typeid(*pg) == typeid(Superb)`，仅当指向`Superb`对象时，if条件才为`true`，如果指向的是从`Superb`派生出来的对象，则if条件不为`true`。

**7. static\_cast运算符与dynamic\_cast运算符有什么不同？**

`dynamic_cast`运算符只允许沿类层次结构向上转换，而`static_cast`运算符允许向上转换和向下转换。`static_cast`运算符还允许枚

举类型和整型之间以及数值类型之间的转换。

## 三、编程练习 ##

**1. 对`Tv`和`Remote`类做如下修改：**

*  **a. 让它们互为友元；**
 *  **b. 在\`Remote\`类中添加一个状态变量成员，该成员描述遥控器是处于常规模式还是互动模式；**
 *  **c. 在\`Remote\`中添加一个显示模式的方法；**
 *  **d. 在Tv类中添加一个对\`Remote\`中新成员进行切换的方法，该方法应仅当\`TV\`处于打开状态时才能运行。**

**编写一个小程序来测试这些新特性。**

tv.h:

#ifndef TV_H_
    #define TV_H_
    
    #include <iostream>
    
    class Remote;  // forward declaration
    
    class Tv {
        public:
        friend class Remote;
        enum { Off, On };
        enum { MinVal, MaxVal = 20 };
        enum { Antenna, Cable };
        enum { TV, DVD };
    
        private:
        int state;
        int volume;
        int maxchannel;
        int channel;
        int mode;
        int input;
    
        public:
        Tv(int s = Off, int mc = 125)
            : state(s),
        volume(5),
        maxchannel(mc),
        channel(2),
        mode(Cable),
        input(DVD) {}
        void onoff() { state = (state == On) ? Off : On; }
        bool ison() const { return state == On; }
        bool volup();
        bool voldown();
        void chanup();
        void chandown();
        void set_mode() { mode = (mode == Antenna) ? Cable : Antenna; }
        void set_input() { input = (input == TV) ? DVD : TV; }
        void show_settings() const;
        void set_remote_mode(Remote& r) const;
    };
    
    class Remote {
        public:
        friend class Tv;
        enum { Normal, Interactive };
    
        private:
        int mode;
        int gmode;
    
        public:
        Remote(int m = Tv::TV) : mode(m), gmode(Normal) {}
        bool volup(Tv& t) { return t.volup(); }
        bool voldown(Tv& t) { return t.voldown(); }
        void onoff(Tv& t) { t.onoff(); }
        void chanup(Tv& t) { t.chanup(); }
        void chandown(Tv& t) { t.chandown(); }
        void set_chan(Tv& t, int c) { t.channel = c; }
        void set_mode(Tv& t) { t.set_mode(); }
        void set_input(Tv& t) { t.set_input(); }
        void show_remote_mode() const;
        void set_remote_mode();
    };
    
    inline void Remote::show_remote_mode() const {
        std::cout << (gmode == Normal ? "Normal" : "Interactive") << std::endl;
    }
    
    inline void Remote::set_remote_mode() {
        gmode = (gmode == Normal) ? Interactive : Normal;
    }
    
    #endif  // TV_H_

tv.cpp:

#include "tv.h"
    
    bool Tv::volup() {
        if (volume < MaxVal) {
            volume++;
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    }
    
    bool Tv::voldown() {
        if (volume > MinVal) {
            volume--;
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    }
    
    void Tv::chanup() {
        if (channel < maxchannel)
            channel++;
        else
            channel = 1;
    }
    
    void Tv::chandown() {
        if (channel > 1)
            channel--;
        else
            channel = maxchannel;
    }
    
    void Tv::show_settings() const {
        std::cout << "TV is " << (state == On ? "On" : "Off") << std::endl;
        if (state == On) {
            std::cout << "Volume setting = " << volume << std::endl;
            std::cout << "Channel setting = " << channel << std::endl;
            std::cout << "Mode = " << (mode == Antenna ? "Antenna" : "Cable")
                << std::endl;
            std::cout << "Input = " << (input == TV ? "TV" : "DVD") << std::endl;
        }
    }
    
    void Tv::set_remote_mode(Remote& r) const {
        if (state == On) r.set_remote_mode();
    }

main.cpp:

#include <iostream>
    
    #include "tv.h"
    
    int main() {
        Tv t;
        t.show_settings();
    
        Remote r;
        r.show_remote_mode();
    
        r.onoff(t);
        t.show_settings();
    
        r.voldown(t);
        t.show_settings();
    
        t.set_remote_mode(r);
        r.show_remote_mode();
    
        return 0;
    }

**2. 修改程序清单15.11，使两种异常类型都是从头文件`<stdexcept>`提供的`logic_error`类派生出来的类。让每个`what()`方法都报告函数名和问题的性质。异常对象不用存储错误的参数值，而只需支持`what()`方法。**

exc\_mean.h:

#ifndef EXC_MEAN_H_
    #define EXC_MEAN_H_
    
    #include <stdexcept>
    
    class bad_hmean : public std::logic_error {
        public:
        bad_hmean() : std::logic_error("hmean() invalid arguments: a = -b\n") {}
    };
    
    class bad_gmean : public std::logic_error {
        public:
        bad_gmean() : std::logic_error("gmean() arguments should be >= 0\n") {}
    };
    
    #endif  // EXC_MEAN_H_

error4.cpp:

// error4.cpp ?using exception classes
    #include <cmath>  // or math.h, unix users may need -lm flag
    #include <iostream>
    
    #include "exc_mean.h"
    // function prototypes
    double hmean(double a, double b);
    double gmean(double a, double b);
    int main() {
        using std::cin;
        using std::cout;
        using std::endl;
    
        double x, y, z;
    
        cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
        while (cin >> x >> y) {
            try {  // start of try block
                z = hmean(x, y);
                cout << "Harmonic mean of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << z << endl;
                cout << "Geometric mean of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << gmean(x, y)
                    << endl;
                cout << "Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: ";
            }                      // end of try block
            catch (bad_hmean& he)  // start of catch block
            {
                cout << he.what();
                cout << "Try again.\n";
                continue;
            } catch (bad_gmean& ge) {
                cout << ge.what();
                cout << "Sorry, you don't get to play any more.\n";
                break;
            }  // end of catch block
        }
        cout << "Bye!\n";
        return 0;
    }
    
    double hmean(double a, double b) {
        if (a == -b) throw bad_hmean();
        return 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
    }
    
    double gmean(double a, double b) {
        if (a < 0 || b < 0) throw bad_gmean();
        return std::sqrt(a * b);
    }

**3. 这个练习与编程练习2相同，但异常类是从一个这样的基类派生而来的：它是从`logic_error`派生而来的，并存储两个参数值。异常类应该有一个这样的方法：报告这些值以及函数名。程序使用一个`catch`块来捕获基类异常，其中任何一种从该基类异常派生而来的异常都将导致循环结束。**

exc\_mean.h:

#ifndef EXC_MEAN_H_
    #define EXC_MEAN_H_
    
    #include <iostream>
    #include <stdexcept>
    #include <string>
    
    class bad_base : public std::logic_error {
        private:
        double v1;
        double v2;
        std::string fun_name;
    
        public:
        bad_base(double a = 0, double b = 0, std::string name = "none")
            : std::logic_error("hmean() invalid arguments: a = -b\n"),
        v1(a),
        v2(b),
        fun_name(name) {}
    
        void mesg() {
            std::cout << v1 << ", " << v2 << ", " << fun_name << std::endl;
        }
    };
    
    class bad_hmean : public bad_base {
        public:
        bad_hmean(double a = 0, double b = 0, std::string name = "none")
            : bad_base(a, b, name) {}
    };
    
    class bad_gmean : public bad_base {
        public:
        bad_gmean(double a = 0, double b = 0, std::string name = "none")
            : bad_base(a, b, name) {}
    };
    
    #endif  // EXC_MEAN_H_

error4.cpp:

// error4.cpp ?using exception classes
    #include <cmath>  // or math.h, unix users may need -lm flag
    #include <iostream>
    
    #include "exc_mean.h"
    // function prototypes
    double hmean(double a, double b);
    double gmean(double a, double b);
    int main() {
        using std::cin;
        using std::cout;
        using std::endl;
    
        double x, y, z;
    
        cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
        while (cin >> x >> y) {
            try {  // start of try block
                z = hmean(x, y);
                cout << "Harmonic mean of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << z << endl;
                cout << "Geometric mean of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << gmean(x, y)
                    << endl;
                cout << "Enter next set of numbers <q to quit>: ";
            }                      // end of try block
            catch (bad_hmean& he)  // start of catch block
            {
                he.mesg();
                cout << "Try again.\n";
                continue;
            } catch (bad_gmean& ge) {
                ge.mesg();
                cout << "Sorry, you don't get to play any more.\n";
                break;
            }  // end of catch block
            catch (bad_base& ge) {
                ge.mesg();
                cout << "Sorry, you don't get to play any more.\n";
                break;
            }  // end of catch block
        }
        cout << "Bye!\n";
        return 0;
    }
    
    double hmean(double a, double b) {
        if (a == -b) throw bad_hmean(a, b, "hmean()");
        return 2.0 * a * b / (a + b);
    }
    
    double gmean(double a, double b) {
        if (a < 0 || b < 0) throw bad_gmean(a, b, "gmean()");
        return std::sqrt(a * b);
    }

**4. 程序清单15.16在每个`try`后面都使用两个`catch`块，以确保`nbad_index`异常导致方法`label_val( )`被调用。请修改该程序，在每个try块后面只使用一个`catch`块，并使用RTTI来确保合适时调用`label_val( )`。**

sales.h:

#ifndef SALES_H_
    #define SALES_H_
    
    // sales.h  -- exceptions and inheritance
    #include <stdexcept>
    #include <string>
    
    class Sales {
        public:
        enum { MONTHS = 12 };  // could be a static const
        class bad_index : public std::logic_error {
            private:
            int bi;  // bad index value
            public:
            explicit bad_index(int ix,
                               const std::string& s = "Index error in Sales object\n");
            int bi_val() const { return bi; }
            virtual ~bad_index() throw() {}
        };
        explicit Sales(int yy = 0);
        Sales(int yy, const double* gr, int n);
        virtual ~Sales() {}
        int Year() const { return year; }
        virtual double operator[](int i) const;
        virtual double& operator[](int i);
    
        private:
        double gross[MONTHS];
        int year;
    };
    
    class LabeledSales : public Sales {
        public:
        class nbad_index : public Sales::bad_index {
            private:
            std::string lbl;
    
            public:
            nbad_index(const std::string& lb, int ix,
                       const std::string& s = "Index error in LabeledSales object\n");
            const std::string& label_val() const { return lbl; }
            virtual ~nbad_index() throw() {}
        };
        explicit LabeledSales(const std::string& lb = "none", int yy = 0);
        LabeledSales(const std::string& lb, int yy, const double* gr, int n);
        virtual ~LabeledSales() {}
        const std::string& Label() const { return label; }
        virtual double operator[](int i) const;
        virtual double& operator[](int i);
    
        private:
        std::string label;
    };
    
    #endif  // SALES_H_

sales.cpp:

// sales.cpp -- Sales implementation
    #include "sales.h"
    using std::string;
    
    Sales::bad_index::bad_index(int ix, const string& s)
        : std::logic_error(s), bi(ix) {}
    
    Sales::Sales(int yy) {
        year = yy;
        for (int i = 0; i < MONTHS; ++i) gross[i] = 0;
    }
    
    Sales::Sales(int yy, const double* gr, int n) {
        year = yy;
        int lim = (n < MONTHS) ? n : MONTHS;
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < lim; ++i) gross[i] = gr[i];
        // for i > n and i < MONTHS
        for (; i < MONTHS; ++i) gross[i] = 0;
    }
    
    double Sales::operator[](int i) const {
        if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS) throw bad_index(i);
        return gross[i];
    }
    
    double& Sales::operator[](int i) {
        if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS) throw bad_index(i);
        return gross[i];
    }
    
    LabeledSales::nbad_index::nbad_index(const string& lb, int ix, const string& s)
        : Sales::bad_index(ix, s) {
            lbl = lb;
        }
    
    LabeledSales::LabeledSales(const string& lb, int yy) : Sales(yy) { label = lb; }
    
    LabeledSales::LabeledSales(const string& lb, int yy, const double* gr, int n)
        : Sales(yy, gr, n) {
            label = lb;
        }
    
    double LabeledSales::operator[](int i) const {
        if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS) throw nbad_index(Label(), i);
        return Sales::operator[](i);
    }
    
    double& LabeledSales::operator[](int i) {
        if (i < 0 || i >= MONTHS) throw nbad_index(Label(), i);
        return Sales::operator[](i);
    }

use\_sales.cpp:

// use_sales.cpp  -- nested exceptions
    #include <iostream>
    #include <typeinfo>
    
    #include "sales.h"
    
    int main() {
        using std::cin;
        using std::cout;
        using std::endl;
    
        double vals1[12] = {1220, 1100, 1122, 2212, 1232, 2334,
                            2884, 2393, 3302, 2922, 3002, 3544};
    
        double vals2[12] = {12, 11, 22, 21, 32, 34, 28, 29, 33, 29, 32, 35};
    
        Sales sales1(2011, vals1, 12);
        LabeledSales sales2("Blogstar", 2012, vals2, 12);
    
        cout << "First try block:\n";
        try {
            int i;
            cout << "Year = " << sales1.Year() << endl;
            for (i = 0; i < 12; ++i) {
                cout << sales1[i] << ' ';
                if (i % 6 == 5) cout << endl;
            }
            cout << "Year = " << sales2.Year() << endl;
            cout << "Label = " << sales2.Label() << endl;
            for (i = 0; i <= 12; ++i) {
                cout << sales2[i] << ' ';
                if (i % 6 == 5) cout << endl;
            }
            cout << "End of try block 1.\n";
        } catch (Sales::bad_index &bad) {
            cout << bad.what();
            if (typeid(bad) == typeid(LabeledSales::nbad_index)) {
                cout << "Company: " << ((LabeledSales::nbad_index &)bad).label_val()
                    << endl;
            }
            cout << "bad index: " << bad.bi_val() << endl;
        }
        cout << "\nNext try block:\n";
        try {
            sales2[2] = 37.5;
            sales1[20] = 23345;
            cout << "End of try block 2.\n";
        } catch (Sales::bad_index &bad) {
            cout << bad.what();
            if (typeid(bad) == typeid(LabeledSales::nbad_index)) {
                cout << "Company: " << ((LabeledSales::nbad_index &)bad).label_val()
                    << endl;
            }
            cout << "bad index: " << bad.bi_val() << endl;
        }
        cout << "done\n";
        return 0;
    }

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