OpenGL 入门基础教程 —— 键盘和鼠标响应

「爱情、让人受尽委屈。」 2023-10-17 13:38 2阅读 0赞

参考资料：http://www.opengl-tutorial.org/cn/beginners-tutorials/tutorial-6-keyboard-and-mouse/

**知识点1：主要思想**：实现键鼠操作对画面的影响，实际上是通过每一帧都变化的MVP矩阵来实现的，那么我们只需要对键鼠操作返回不同的MVP组成矩阵即可，然后在主循环中更新MVP矩阵，最终实现画面的切换。

do{
    
        // ...
    
        // Compute the MVP matrix from keyboard and mouse input
        computeMatricesFromInputs();
        glm::mat4 ProjectionMatrix = getProjectionMatrix();
        glm::mat4 ViewMatrix = getViewMatrix();
        glm::mat4 ModelMatrix = glm::mat4(1.0);
        glm::mat4 MVP = ProjectionMatrix * ViewMatrix * ModelMatrix;
    
        // ...
    }

这段代码需要3个新函数：  
  
computeMatricesFromInputs()读键盘和鼠标操作，然后计算投影观察矩阵。这一步正是精华所在。  
getProjectionMatrix()返回计算好的投影矩阵。  
getViewMatrix()返回计算好的观察矩阵。

// Include GLFW
    #include <glfw3.h>
    extern GLFWwindow* window; // The "extern" keyword here is to access the variable "window" declared in tutorialXXX.cpp. This is a hack to keep the tutorials simple. Please avoid this.
    
    // Include GLM
    #include <glm/glm.hpp>
    #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
    using namespace glm;
    
    #include "controls.hpp"
    
    glm::mat4 ViewMatrix;
    glm::mat4 ProjectionMatrix;
    
    glm::mat4 getViewMatrix(){
    	return ViewMatrix;
    }
    glm::mat4 getProjectionMatrix(){
    	return ProjectionMatrix;
    }
    
    //初始位置的设置
    // Initial position : on +Z
    glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3( 0, 0, 5 ); 
    // Initial horizontal angle : toward -Z
    float horizontalAngle = 3.14f;
    // Initial vertical angle : none
    float verticalAngle = 0.0f;
    // Initial Field of View
    float initialFoV = 45.0f;
    
    //鼠标属性的设定，速度，再乘以帧差时间，就可以得到移动距离
    float speed = 3.0f; // 3 units / second
    float mouseSpeed = 0.005f;
    
    
    //计算MVP矩阵的各分量
    void computeMatricesFromInputs(){
    
    	// glfwGetTime is called only once, the first time this function is called
    	static double lastTime = glfwGetTime();
    
    	// Compute time difference between current and last frame
    	double currentTime = glfwGetTime();
    	float deltaTime = float(currentTime - lastTime);
    
    	// Get mouse position 鼠标位置获取
    	double xpos, ypos;
    	glfwGetCursorPos(window, &xpos, &ypos);
    
    	// Reset mouse position for next frame  下一帧鼠标位置设定在屏幕中央
    	glfwSetCursorPos(window, 1024/2, 768/2);
    
    	// Compute new orientation 新视角的变化
    	horizontalAngle += mouseSpeed * float(1024/2 - xpos );
    	verticalAngle   += mouseSpeed * float( 768/2 - ypos );
    
    	// Direction : Spherical coordinates to Cartesian coordinates conversion  视线方向的向量
    	glm::vec3 direction(
    		cos(verticalAngle) * sin(horizontalAngle), 
    		sin(verticalAngle),
    		cos(verticalAngle) * cos(horizontalAngle)
    	);
    	
    	// Right vector
    	glm::vec3 right = glm::vec3(
    		sin(horizontalAngle - 3.14f/2.0f), 
    		0,
    		cos(horizontalAngle - 3.14f/2.0f)
    	);
    	
    	// Up vector
    	glm::vec3 up = glm::cross( right, direction );
    
    	// Move forward
    	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_UP ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    		position += direction * deltaTime * speed;
    	}
    	// Move backward
    	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    		position -= direction * deltaTime * speed;
    	}
    	// Strafe right
    	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_RIGHT ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    		position += right * deltaTime * speed;
    	}
    	// Strafe left
    	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_LEFT ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    		position -= right * deltaTime * speed;
    	}
    
    	float FoV = initialFoV;// - 5 * glfwGetMouseWheel(); // Now GLFW 3 requires setting up a callback for this. It's a bit too complicated for this beginner's tutorial, so it's disabled instead.
    
    	// Projection matrix : 45?Field of View, 4:3 ratio, display range : 0.1 unit <-> 100 units
    	ProjectionMatrix = glm::perspective(FoV, 4.0f / 3.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
    	// Camera matrix
    	ViewMatrix       = glm::lookAt(
    								position,           // Camera is here
    								position+direction, // and looks here : at the same position, plus "direction"
    								up                  // Head is up (set to 0,-1,0 to look upside-down)
    						   );
    
    	// For the next frame, the "last time" will be "now"
    	lastTime = currentTime;
    }

**知识点2：背面剔除**

自由移动鼠标，您会观察到：如果移动到立方体内部，多边形仍然会显示。这看起来理所当然，实则大有优化的余地。实际上在常见应用中您绝不会身处立方体内部。  
  
有一种思路是让GPU检查摄像机与三角形前后位置关系。如果摄像机在三角形前面则显示该三角形；如果摄像机在三角形后面，且不在网格（mesh）（网格必须是封闭的）内部，那么必有三角形位于摄像机前面。您一定会察觉到速度变快了：三角形数量平均减少了一半！  
  
最可喜的是这种检查十分简单。GPU计算出三角形的法线（用叉乘，还记得吗？），然后检查这个法线是否朝向摄像机。  
  
不过这种方法是有代价的：三角形的方向是隐含的。这意味着如果在缓冲中翻转两个顶点，可能会产生孔洞。但一般来说，这一点额外工作是值得的。一般在3D建模软件中只需点击”反转法线”（实际是翻转两个顶点，从而翻转法线）就大功告成了。  
  
开启背面剔除十分简单：

// Cull triangles which normal is not towards the camera
    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);

C++代码特殊之处：

1：替换了纹理

2：实现模型的自动变化(未实现绕行)，具体方法是将相机的position设置为随时间变化的参量

// Include GLFW
    #include <glfw3.h>
    extern GLFWwindow* window; // The "extern" keyword here is to access the variable "window" declared in tutorialXXX.cpp. This is a hack to keep the tutorials simple. Please avoid this.
    
    // Include GLM
    #include <glm/glm.hpp>
    #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
    using namespace glm;
    
    #include "controls.hpp"
    
    glm::mat4 ViewMatrix;
    glm::mat4 ProjectionMatrix;
    
    glm::mat4 getViewMatrix(){
    	return ViewMatrix;
    }
    glm::mat4 getProjectionMatrix(){
    	return ProjectionMatrix;
    }
    
    //初始位置的设置
    // Initial position : on +Z
    glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3( 0, 0, 5 ); 
    // Initial horizontal angle : toward -Z
    float horizontalAngle = 5.0f;
    // Initial vertical angle : none
    float verticalAngle = 0.0f;
    // Initial Field of View
    float initialFoV = 45.0f;
    
    //鼠标属性的设定
    float speed = 3.0f; // 3 units / second
    float mouseSpeed = 0.005f;
    
    
    //计算MVP矩阵的各分量
    void computeMatricesFromInputs(){
    
    	// glfwGetTime is called only once, the first time this function is called
    	static double lastTime = glfwGetTime();
    
    	// Compute time difference between current and last frame
    	double currentTime = glfwGetTime();
    	float deltaTime = float(currentTime - lastTime);
    
    	// Get mouse position
    	double xpos, ypos;
    	glfwGetCursorPos(window, &xpos, &ypos);
    
    	// Reset mouse position for next frame
    	glfwSetCursorPos(window, 1024/2, 768/2);
    
    	// Compute new orientation 新视角的变化
    	horizontalAngle += mouseSpeed * float(1024/2 - xpos );
    	verticalAngle   += mouseSpeed * float( 768/2 - ypos );
    	//verticalAngle   += 0.0f ;  可限制verticalAngle
    
    	// Direction : Spherical coordinates to Cartesian coordinates conversion  视线方向的向量
    	glm::vec3 direction(
    		cos(verticalAngle) * sin(horizontalAngle), 
    		sin(verticalAngle),
    		cos(verticalAngle) * cos(horizontalAngle)
    	);
    	
    	// Right vector
    	glm::vec3 right = glm::vec3(
    		sin(horizontalAngle - 3.14f/2.0f), 
    		0,
    		cos(horizontalAngle - 3.14f/2.0f)
    	);
    	
    	// Up vector
    	glm::vec3 up = glm::cross( right, direction );
    
    	// Move forward
    // 	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_UP ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    // 		position += direction * deltaTime * speed;
    // 	}
    	// Move backward
    // 	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    // 		position -= direction * deltaTime * speed;
    // 	}
    	// Strafe right
    // 	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_RIGHT ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    // 		position += right * deltaTime * speed;
    // 	}
    	// Strafe left
    // 	if (glfwGetKey( window, GLFW_KEY_LEFT ) == GLFW_PRESS){
    // 		position -= right * deltaTime * speed;
    // 	}
    
    	position = glm::vec3(0.0f,0.0f,10.0f) + (5 * cos(float(currentTime)), 0, 5 * sin(float(currentTime)));
    
    	float FoV = initialFoV; //- 5 * glfwGetMouseWheel(); // Now GLFW 3 requires setting up a callback for this. It's a bit too complicated for this beginner's tutorial, so it's disabled instead.
    
    	// Projection matrix : 45?Field of View, 4:3 ratio, display range : 0.1 unit <-> 100 units
    	ProjectionMatrix = glm::perspective(FoV, 4.0f / 3.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
    	// Camera matrix
    	ViewMatrix       = glm::lookAt(
    								position,           // Camera is here
    								/*position+direction*/glm::vec3(0,2,0), // and looks here : at the same position, plus "direction"
    								glm::vec3(0,1,0)                  // Head is up (set to 0,-1,0 to look upside-down)
    						   );
    
    	// For the next frame, the "last time" will be "now"
    	lastTime = currentTime;
    }