python 爬虫 6 （scrapy item、scrapy pipelines）

今天药忘吃喽~ 2023-10-08 12:07 19阅读 0赞

#### scrapy item、scrapy pipelines ####

*   *  写在前面
     *  1、scrapy item
     *   *  1.1、开始写代码
         *   *  1.1.1、使用scrapy shell测试UniversityItem对象
             *  1.1.2、修改usnews.py
     *  2、scrapy pipelines
     *   *  2.1、用mysql储存
         *   *  2.1.1、配置数据库
         *  2.2、用redis储存

### 写在前面 ###

本片笔记和 [python 爬虫 5 （scrapy重爬世界大学排名）][python _ 5 _scrapy]使用的同一个项目

### 1、scrapy item ###

Items是将要装载抓取的数据的容器，它工作方式像python里面的字典，但它提供更多的保护，比如对未定义的字段填充以防止拼写错误。

#### 1.1、开始写代码 ####

在项目里找到items.py  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
使用items来装载我们抓取的数据  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    
    import scrapy
    
    
    class UniversityItem(scrapy.Item):
        name = scrapy.Field()
        country = scrapy.Field()

##### 1.1.1、使用scrapy shell测试UniversityItem对象 #####

在虚拟环境下安装ipython  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]  
测试请求url

scrapy shell http://www.qianmu.org/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]  
创建UniversityItem对象，并查看类型  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]  
测试u的取值：测试结果发现u和字典几乎一样  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]  
u只能设置UniversityItem对象里已经存在的kay  
![在这里插入图片描述][2020030720195655.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200307201927605.png]

##### 1.1.2、修改usnews.py #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]  
目前usnews.py所有代码

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    import scrapy
    
    
    # scrapy异步请求数据
    from qianmo.items import UniversityItem
    
    
    class UsnewsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
        name = 'usnews'
        # allowed_domains允许爬的url必须要在此字段内
        allowed_domains = ['qianmu.org']
        # start_urls可以设置多个
        start_urls = ['http://www.qianmu.org/ranking/1528.htm']
    
        # start_urls请求成功后就会调用parse方法
        def parse(self, response):
            # extract()返回的是一个列表类型的数据
            urls = response.xpath("//div[@class='rankItem']//tr/td[2]//a/@href").extract()
            for url in urls:
                if not url.startswith("http://www.qianmu.org"):
                    url = "http://www.qianmu.org/%s" % url
                yield response.follow(url, self.parse_university)
    
        def parse_university(self, response):
            """处理大学详情页面"""
            response = response.replace(
                body=response.text.replace('\t', '').replace('\r\n', '')
            )
            item = UniversityItem()
            data = {
        }
            item['name'] = response.xpath("//div[@class='wikiContent']/h1/text()").extract_first()
            table = response.xpath("//div[@class='wikiContent']//table")[0]
            k = table.xpath(".//td[1]/p/text()").extract()
            cols = table.xpath(".//td[2]")
            v = [" ".join(col.xpath('.//text()').extract_first()) for col in cols]
            data.update(zip(k, v))
            item['country'] = data.get("国家")
            yield item

### 2、scrapy pipelines ###

pipelines：管道模块，处理spider模块分析好的结构化数据，如保存入库等

#### 2.1、用mysql储存 ####

在虚拟环境下安装pymysql：pip install pymysql

然后在settings.py打开ITEM\_PIPELINES（记得改QianmoPipeline为MysqlPipeline）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

##### 2.1.1、配置数据库 #####

pipelines.py:配置数据库  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

> 这里有个知识点zip(\*)  
> c=zip(a,b)打包成字典  
> a，b=zip(\*c)解压字典

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    import pymysql
    class MysqlPipeline(object):
        def open_spider(self, spider):
            self.conn = pymysql.connect(
                host="127.0.0.1",
                port=3306,
                db="scrapy01",
                user="root",
                password="root",
                charset="utf8",
            )
            self.cur = self.conn.cursor()
    
        def close_spider(self, spider):
            self.cur.close()
            self.conn.close()
    
        def process_item(self, item, spider):
    		keys, values = zip(*item.items())
            sql = "insert into universities ({}) value ({})".format(
                ','.join(keys),
                ','.join(['%s']*len(values))
            )
            self.cur.execute(sql, values)
            self.conn.commit()
            # 显示sql语句
            print(self.cur._last_executed)
            return item

登录然后创建scrapy01

# 这里我的用户名密码都是root
    mysql -uroot -proot
    # 创建scrapy01
    create database scrapy01;
    # 退出
    exit;

打开图形化界面  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
新建表  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]  
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创建表创建字段：name（主键、不允许为空）、country  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
运行试试  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]  
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查看数据库  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

#### 2.2、用redis储存 ####

在虚拟环境安装redis：pip install redis  
在setting配置reids  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]  
启动redis  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]  
写代码  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
    
    
    class RedisPipeline(object):
        def open_spider(self, spider):
            self.r = redis.Redis(host='127.0.0.1')
    
        def process_item(self, item, spider):
            if self.r.sadd(spider.name, item['name']):
                return item
            # 如果添加name失败就自动删除item，并停止执行process_item
            raise DropItem

打开一个新的cmd窗口进入redis环境  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]  
清空一下redis  
redis：flushdb（注意这个代码会清空redis里面所有数据）  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200308233152687.png]  
reids先别关闭，现在进入pycharm，登录mysql  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
清空mysql里的universities表  
mysql：truncate table universities;（注意这个代码会清空universities表里面所有数据，且不可恢复）  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200308233102806.png]

运行项目  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]  
查看一下redis里面存了多少条数据：

查看存了多少条数据
    scard usnews

![在这里插入图片描述][20200308233929154.png]  
查看一下mysql里面存了多少条数据： select count(\*) from universities;  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]

[python _ 5 _scrapy]: https://blog.csdn.net/a__int__/article/details/104696134
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