MacOS-MacAPP通过纯代码不依赖storyboard/xib加载UI主界面

不念不忘少年蓝@ 2023-10-04 12:18 7阅读 0赞

在网上下载了很多MacOS端的APP开源项目和代码，发现基本都是通过storyBoard或xib加载UI；使用storyBoard或xib也是有坑的，具体参考[MacOS-MacAPP使用Main.storyboard启动视图程序踩坑][MacOS-MacAPP_Main.storyboard]

但是我想和iPhone一样在AppDelegate中创建主UIWindow，然后设置自定义的rootViewController，如下图：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]

在网上找了很久，发现可参考的资料太少了，但是功夫不负有心人啊，博主最终解决了

我们如何通过纯代码而不依赖storyboard/xib加载UI主界面呢？

1、删除项目中的Main.storyboard或者xib文件

要在项目Info.plist中删除Main storyboard file base name：指定应用启动时加载的storyboard文件名；Main nib file base name：指定应用启动时加载的xib文件名

Xcode11之后，除了与以前一样，还要在项目Info.plist中删除SceneDelegate的StoryboardName

具体可参考博客[iOS-Xcode11: 删除默认Main.storyBoard, 自定义UIWindow不能在AppDelegate中处理，新增SceneDelegate代理][iOS-Xcode11_ _Main.storyBoard_ _UIWindow_AppDelegate_SceneDelegate]

2、完全纯代码需要修改main.m文件，具体可参考博客[iOS-main.m文件][iOS-main.m]

这里查看macOS的APPmain.m文件代码如下：

#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
        @autoreleasepool {
            // Setup code that might create autoreleased objects goes here.
        }
        return NSApplicationMain(argc, argv);
    }

启动项目运行断点如下：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2][]

我们需要自行创建应用NSApplication和代理AppDelegate，然后设置代理，并启动运行应用

#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
    #import "AppDelegate.h"
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
        @autoreleasepool {
            //创建应用
            NSApplication *application = [NSApplication sharedApplication];
            //创建代理
            AppDelegate *appDelegate = [[AppDelegate alloc]init];
            //配置应用代理
            [application setDelegate:appDelegate];
            //运行应用
            [application run];
        }
        return NSApplicationMain(argc, argv);
    }

如果这里不自己创建应用设置代理，会发现启动运行程序，断点压根就不会进入AppDelegate中的方法- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification \*)aNotification；

而通过Main.storyboard或者xib文件加载的UI却会进入，因此他们是默认做了创建应用和设置代理并且运行应用的操作；他们执行main方法，APP运行时首先创建NSApplication实例加载storyboard/xib文件，创建storyboard/xib文件中自定义的菜单/window。NSApplication是AppDelegate代理。因此会执行AppDelegate中的applicationDidFinishLaunching方法进行自定义的一些初始化

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3][]

3、在AppDelegate中设置自定义的NSWindow

#import "AppDelegate.h"
    
    @interface AppDelegate ()
    
    @property (strong, nonatomic) NSWindow *window;
    
    @end
    
    @implementation AppDelegate
    
    - (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)aNotification {
        NSRect frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, 300, 400);
        NSUInteger style = NSTitledWindowMask | NSClosableWindowMask | NSMiniaturizableWindowMask | NSWindowStyleMaskResizable;
    
        /*
         contentRect: frame
         styleMask:   窗口风格
         backing:     窗口绘制缓存模式
         defer:       延迟创建还是立马创建
         */
        self.window = [[NSWindow alloc] initWithContentRect:frame styleMask:style backing:NSBackingStoreBuffered defer:YES];
        self.window.title = @"My Window";
        self.window.backgroundColor = [NSColor redColor];
        //窗口居中
        [self.window center];
        //窗口显示
        [self.window makeKeyAndOrderFront:self];
    }
    
    
    - (void)applicationWillTerminate:(NSNotification *)aNotification {
        // Insert code here to tear down your application
    }
    
    @end

在这里，创建NSWindow类和iOS中的创建UIView还是有何大区别的，它不仅仅只需要设置frame（initWithFrame:方法），还需要设置styleMask参数确认窗口样式风格（- (instancetype)initWithContentRect:(NSRect)contentRect styleMask:(NSWindowStyleMask)style backing:(NSBackingStoreType)backingStoreType defer:(BOOL)flag NS\_DESIGNATED\_INITIALIZER）

（1）contentRect：frame

（2）styleMask：窗口风格

typedef NS_OPTIONS(NSUInteger, NSWindowStyleMask) {
        NSWindowStyleMaskBorderless = 0,   //没有顶部titilebar边框
        NSWindowStyleMaskTitled = 1 << 0,   //有顶部titilebar边框
        NSWindowStyleMaskClosable = 1 << 1,  //带有关闭按钮
        NSWindowStyleMaskMiniaturizable = 1 << 2,   //带有最小化按钮
        NSWindowStyleMaskResizable	= 1 << 3,   //恢复按钮
        
        /* Specifies a window with textured background. Textured windows generally don't draw a top border line under the titlebar/toolbar. To get that line, use the NSUnifiedTitleAndToolbarWindowMask mask.
         */
        NSWindowStyleMaskTexturedBackground API_DEPRECATED("Textured window style should no longer be used", macos(10.2, 11.0)) = 1 << 8,    //带纹理背景的window，文字，标题栏没有边框线。如果需要线，要使用 NSUnifiedTitleAndToolbarWindowMask
        
        /* Specifies a window whose titlebar and toolbar have a unified look - that is, a continuous background. Under the titlebar and toolbar a horizontal separator line will appear.
         */
        NSWindowStyleMaskUnifiedTitleAndToolbar = 1 << 12,  //标题栏和toolBar 下有统一的分割线
        
        /* When set, the window will appear full screen. This mask is automatically toggled when toggleFullScreen: is called.
         */
        NSWindowStyleMaskFullScreen API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.7)) = 1 << 14,  //全屏显示
        
        /* If set, the contentView will consume the full size of the window; it can be combined with other window style masks, but is only respected for windows with a titlebar.
         Utilizing this mask opts-in to layer-backing. Utilize the contentLayoutRect or auto-layout contentLayoutGuide to layout views underneath the titlebar/toolbar area.
         */
        NSWindowStyleMaskFullSizeContentView API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.10)) = 1 << 15,  //contentView会充满整个窗口
        
        /* 下面样式只适用于NSPanel及其子类 */
        /* The following are only applicable for NSPanel (or a subclass thereof)
         */
        NSWindowStyleMaskUtilityWindow			= 1 << 4,
        NSWindowStyleMaskDocModalWindow 		= 1 << 6,
        NSWindowStyleMaskNonactivatingPanel		= 1 << 7, // Specifies that a panel that does not activate the owning application
        NSWindowStyleMaskHUDWindow API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.6)) = 1 << 13 // Specifies a heads up display panel   //用于头部显示的panel 
    };

（3）backing:窗口绘制的缓存模式

/* Types of window backing stores.
     */
    typedef NS_ENUM(NSUInteger, NSBackingStoreType) {
        /* NSBackingStoreRetained and NSBackingStoreNonretained have effectively been synonyms of NSBackingStoreBuffered since OS X Mountain Lion.  Please switch to the equivalent NSBackingStoreBuffered.
         */
        NSBackingStoreRetained API_DEPRECATED_WITH_REPLACEMENT("NSBackingStoreBuffered", macos(10.0,10.13)) = 0,  // 兼容老系统参数,基本很少用到
        NSBackingStoreNonretained API_DEPRECATED_WITH_REPLACEMENT("NSBackingStoreBuffered", macos(10.0,10.13)) = 1,   //不缓存直接绘制
        NSBackingStoreBuffered = 2,  //缓存绘制
    };

（4）defer:表示延迟创建还是立即创建

4、运行结果如下：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4][]

当然，上述只是使用纯代码很简单的创建了一个NSWindow作为代码创建的简单示例，因此并不是很完善，而且是直接通过手动创建NSWindow管理视图的，可扩展性维护性也不是很强，并不推荐

![20210507162142470.png][]

我们可以对比storyboard/xib文件加载启动视图，界面上并没有菜单栏，因此我们还需要自己添加菜单栏

storyboard

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5][]

xib

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6][]

## 优化升级 ##

我们需要的效果如上：（1）自定义菜单栏；（2）创建WindowController和ViewController 等不同场景Scene分层管理

窗口控制器，视图控制器主要关系如下：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7][]

1、创建MainWindowController，继承自NSWindowController，在init方法中配置它的window和根视图contentViewController

#import "MainWindowController.h"
    #import "MainViewController.h"
    
    @interface MainWindowController ()
    
    @property (nonatomic, strong)MainViewController *viewController;
    
    @end
    
    @implementation MainWindowController
    
    - (MainViewController *)viewController {
        if (!_viewController) {
            _viewController = [[MainViewController alloc]init];
        }
        return _viewController;
    }
    
    - (instancetype)init{
        if (self == [super init]) {
            /*窗口控制器NSWindowController
             1、实际项目中不推荐手动创建管理NSWindow，手动创建需要维护NSWindowController和NSWindow之间的双向引用关系，带来管理复杂性
             2、xib加载NSWindow
                【1】显示window过程：（1）NSApplication运行后加载storyboard/xib文件（2）创建window对象（3）APP启动完成，使当前window成为keyWindow
                【2】关闭window过程：（1）执行NSWindow的close方法（2）最后执行orderOut方法
             3、storyboard加载NSWindow
                【1】执行完NSWindow的init方法，没有依次执行orderFront，makeKey方法，直接执行makeKeyAndOrderFront方法（等价同时执行orderFront和makeKey方法）
                【2】window显示由NSWindowController执行showWindow方法显示
             4、NSWindowController和NSWindow关系；互相引用：NSWindowController强引用NSWindow，NSWindow非强引用持有NSWindowController的指针
                【1】NSWindow.h中
                    @property (nullable, weak) __kindof NSWindowController *windowController;
                【2】NSWindowController.h中
                    @property (nullable, strong) NSWindow *window;
             */
            NSRect frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, 600, 400);
            NSUInteger style = NSTitledWindowMask | NSClosableWindowMask | NSMiniaturizableWindowMask | NSWindowStyleMaskResizable;
            self.window = [[NSWindow alloc]initWithContentRect:frame styleMask:style backing:NSBackingStoreBuffered defer:YES];
            self.window.title = @"My Window";
            //设置window
            self.window.windowController = self;
            [self.window setRestorable:NO];
            //设置contentViewController
            self.contentViewController = self.viewController;
    //        [self.window.contentView addSubview:self.viewController.view];
            [self.window center];
        }
        return self;
    }
    
    - (void)windowDidLoad {
        [super windowDidLoad];
        
        // Implement this method to handle any initialization after your window controller's window has been loaded from its nib file.
    }
    
    @end

NSWindowController和NSWindow关系；互相引用：NSWindowController强引用NSWindow，NSWindow非强引用持有NSWindowController的指针

（1）NSWindow.h中

@property (nullable, weak) __kindof NSWindowController *windowController;

（2）NSWindowController.h中

@property (nullable, strong) NSWindow *window;

因此实际项目中不推荐手动创建管理NSWindow，手动创建需要维护NSWindowController和NSWindow之间的双向引用关系，推荐NSWindow由独立的NSWindowController去管理

2、创建MainViewController，继承自NSViewController

#import "MainViewController.h"
    
    @interface MainViewController ()
    
    @end
    
    @implementation MainViewController
    
    - (instancetype)initWithNibName:(NSNibName)nibNameOrNil bundle:(NSBundle *)nibBundleOrNil{
        self = [super initWithNibName:nibNameOrNil bundle:nibBundleOrNil];
        NSRect frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, 600, 400);
        NSView *view = [[NSView alloc]initWithFrame:frame];
        self.view = view;
        
        [self setSUbViews];
        return self;
    }
    
    - (void)setSUbViews {
        NSButton *button = [NSButton buttonWithTitle:@"Show " target:self action:@selector(showView:)];
        button.frame = CGRectMake(200, 50, 100, 60);
        [button setButtonType:NSPushOnPushOffButton];
        button.bezelStyle = NSRoundedBezelStyle;
        [self.view addSubview:button];
    }
    
    - (void)viewDidLoad {
        [super viewDidLoad];
    }
    
    - (void)showView:(NSButton *)button{
        NSLog(@"点击我");
    }
    
    @end

窗口必须有一个根视图，即contentView

窗口控制器NSWindowController和NSWindow之间互为引用关系，NSWindow的内容视图contentView为NSView；当NSWindowController配置了contentViewController同时，NSViewController的view最终就是NSWindowController的window的contentView，而view所在的window的就是NSWindowController的window。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8][]

3、在AppDelegate中

#import "AppDelegate.h"
    #import "MainWindowController.h"
    
    @interface AppDelegate ()
    
    @property (nonatomic, strong)MainWindowController *windowController;
    
    @end
    
    @implementation AppDelegate
    
    - (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)aNotification {
        // Insert code here to initialize your application
        [self.windowController showWindow:self];
    }
    
    
    - (void)applicationWillTerminate:(NSNotification *)aNotification {
        // Insert code here to tear down your application
    }
    
    - (MainWindowController *)windowController {
        if (!_windowController) {
            _windowController = [[MainWindowController alloc]init];
        }
        return _windowController;
    }
    
    @end

4、在main.m中创建菜单，创建应用，设置代理

#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
    #import "AppDelegate.h"
    
    NSMenu *mainMenu() {
        NSMenu *mainMenu = [NSMenu new];
        
        //应用和File菜单
        NSMenuItem *mainAppMainItem = [[NSMenuItem alloc]initWithTitle:@"Application" action:nil keyEquivalent:@""];
        NSMenuItem *mainFileMenuItem = [[NSMenuItem alloc]initWithTitle:@"File" action:nil keyEquivalent:@""];
        [mainMenu addItem:mainAppMainItem];
        [mainMenu addItem:mainFileMenuItem];
        
        //应用的子菜单
        NSMenu *appMenu = [NSMenu new];
        mainAppMainItem.submenu = appMenu;
        
        NSMenu *appServiceMenu = [NSMenu new];
        NSApp.servicesMenu = appServiceMenu;
        [appMenu addItemWithTitle:@"About" action:nil keyEquivalent:@""];
        [appMenu addItem:[NSMenuItem separatorItem]];
        [appMenu addItemWithTitle:@"Preferences..." action:nil keyEquivalent:@""];
        [appMenu addItem:[NSMenuItem separatorItem]];
        [appMenu addItemWithTitle:@"Hide" action:@selector(hide:) keyEquivalent:@"h"];
        
        NSMenuItem *hideOthersItem = [[NSMenuItem alloc]initWithTitle:@"Hide Others" action:@selector(hideOtherApplications:) keyEquivalent:@"h"];
        hideOthersItem.keyEquivalentModifierMask = NSEventModifierFlagCommand + NSEventModifierFlagOption;
        [appMenu addItem:hideOthersItem];
        
        [appMenu addItemWithTitle:@"Show All" action:@selector(unhideAllApplications:) keyEquivalent:@"h"];
        [appMenu addItem:[NSMenuItem separatorItem]];
        [appMenu addItemWithTitle:@"Services" action:nil keyEquivalent:@""].submenu = appServiceMenu;
        [appMenu addItem:[NSMenuItem separatorItem]];
        [appMenu addItemWithTitle:@"Quit" action:@selector(terminate:) keyEquivalent:@"q"];
        
        //File的子菜单
        NSMenu *fileMenu = [[NSMenu alloc]initWithTitle:@"File"];
        mainFileMenuItem.submenu = fileMenu;
        [fileMenu addItemWithTitle:@"New..." action:@selector(newDocument:) keyEquivalent:@"n"];
        
        return mainMenu;
    }
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
        @autoreleasepool {
            // Setup code that might create autoreleased objects goes here.
            //创建应用
            NSApplication *application = [NSApplication sharedApplication];
            //创建代理
            AppDelegate *appDelegate = [[AppDelegate alloc]init];
            //配置应用代理
            [application setDelegate:appDelegate];
            //配置菜单
            application.mainMenu = mainMenu();
            //运行应用
            [application run];
        }
        return NSApplicationMain(argc, argv);
    }

最后运行效果

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9][]

当然为了不用自定义菜单栏，我们也可以通过Main.storyboard或者xib文件加载启动UI，但是我们需要删除MainMenu.xib中的window，或者删除Main.storyboard下默认创建的所有NSWindowController和NSViewController Scene（选中，直接按下键盘上的回退键即❎键），如下，这样仅仅是为了保持使用系统菜单

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10][]

还需要特别注意的是需要在MainWindowController.m中增加如下代码：和方法initWithWindowNibName效果一样，这样就是通过加载nib文件来找到对应的NSWindowController

//通过加载xib方式
    - (NSString*)windowNibName {
        return @"MainWindowController";// this name tells AppKit which nib file to use
    }

[MacOS-MacAPP_Main.storyboard]: https://blog.csdn.net/MinggeQingchun/article/details/116273771
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210430172758213.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210430172807631.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[iOS-Xcode11_ _Main.storyBoard_ _UIWindow_AppDelegate_SceneDelegate]: https://blog.csdn.net/MinggeQingchun/article/details/116305591
[iOS-main.m]: https://blog.csdn.net/MinggeQingchun/article/details/116306369
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210430174249296.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210430175747369.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L01pbmdnZVFpbmdjaHVu,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
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[20210507162142470.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210507162142470.png
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