MySQL 优化:Explain 执行计划详解

╰半夏微凉° 2023-09-23 21:40 229阅读 0赞

昨天中午在食堂,和部门的技术大牛们坐在一桌吃饭,作为一个卑微技术渣仔默默的吃着饭,听大佬们高谈阔论,研究各种高端技术,我TM也想说话可实在插不上嘴。

聊着聊着突然说到他上午面试了一个工作6年的程序员,表情挺复杂,他说:我看他简历写着熟悉SQL语句调优,就问了下 Explain 执行计划怎么看?结果这老哥一问三不知,工作6年这么基础的东西都不了解!

感受到了大佬的王之鄙视,回到工位我就开始默默写这个,哎~ 我TM也不太懂 Explain ,老哥你这是针对我啊!哭唧唧~

64b83688643fb1275a4106f17739c721.png

Explain有什么用

ExplainSQL语句一起使用时,MySQL 会显示来自优化器关于SQL执行的信息。也就是说,MySQL解释了它将如何处理该语句,包括如何连接表以及什么顺序连接表等。

  • 表的加载顺序
  • sql 的查询类型
  • 可能用到哪些索引,哪些索引又被实际使用
  • 表与表之间的引用关系
  • 一个表中有多少行被优化器查询 …..

Explain有哪些信息

Explain 执行计划包含字段信息如下:分别是 idselect_typetablepartitionstypepossible_keyskeykey_lenrefrowsfilteredExtra 12个字段。

d9353bf0a9555cb04312e6d38414403f.png

下边我们会结合具体的SQL示例,详细的解读每个字段以及每个字段中不同参数的含义,以下所有示例数据库版本为 MySQL.5.7.17

  1. mysql> select version() from dual;
  2. +------------+
  3. | version() |
  4. +------------+
  5. | 5.7.17-log |
  6. +------------+

我们创建三张表 onetwothree,表之间的关系 one.two_id = two.two_id AND two.three_id = three.three_id

Explain执行计划详解

一、id

id: :表示查询中执行select子句或者操作表的顺序,id的值越大,代表优先级越高,越先执行id大致会出现 3种情况:

1、id相同

看到三条记录的id都相同,可以理解成这三个表为一组,具有同样的优先级,执行顺序由上而下,具体顺序由优化器决定。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM one o,two t, three r WHERE o.two_id = t.two_id AND t.three_id = r.three_id;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |
  6. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
  7. | 1 | SIMPLE | r | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.t.three_id | 1 | 100 | NULL |
  8. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

2、id不同

如果我们的 SQL 中存在子查询,那么 id的序号会递增,id值越大优先级越高,越先被执行 。当三个表依次嵌套,发现最里层的子查询 id最大,最先执行。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.two_id = (select t.two_id from two t where t.three_id = (select r.three_id from three r where r.three_name='我是第三表2'));
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  5. | 1 | PRIMARY | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
  6. | 2 | SUBQUERY | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
  7. | 3 | SUBQUERY | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
  8. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

3、以上两种同时存在

将上边的 SQL 稍微修改一下,增加一个子查询,发现 id的以上两种同时存在。相同id划分为一组,这样就有三个组,同组的从上往下顺序执行,不同组 id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.two_id = (select t.two_id from two t where t.three_id = (select r.three_id from three r where r.three_name='我是第三表2')) AND o.one_id in(select one_id from one where o.one_name="我是第一表2");
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
  5. | 1 | PRIMARY | o | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
  6. | 1 | PRIMARY | one | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.o.one_id | 1 | 100 | Using index |
  7. | 2 | SUBQUERY | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
  8. | 3 | SUBQUERY | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
  9. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

二、select_type

select_type:表示 select 查询的类型,主要是用于区分各种复杂的查询,例如:普通查询联合查询子查询等。

1、SIMPLE

SIMPLE:表示最简单的 select 查询语句,也就是在查询中不包含子查询或者 union交并差集等操作。

2、PRIMARY

PRIMARY:当查询语句中包含任何复杂的子部分,最外层查询则被标记为PRIMARY

3、SUBQUERY

SUBQUERY:当 selectwhere 列表中包含了子查询,该子查询被标记为:SUBQUERY

4、DERIVED

DERIVED:表示包含在from子句中的子查询的select,在我们的 from 列表中包含的子查询会被标记为derived

5、UNION

UNION:如果union后边又出现的select 语句,则会被标记为union;若 union 包含在 from 子句的子查询中,外层 select 将被标记为 derived

6、UNION RESULT

UNION RESULT:代表从union的临时表中读取数据,而table列的<union1,4>表示用第一个和第四个select的结果进行union操作。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN select t.two_name, ( select one.one_id from one) o from (select two_id,two_name from two where two_name ='') t union (select r.three_name,r.three_id from three r);
  2. +------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
  5. | 1 | PRIMARY | two | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
  6. | 2 | SUBQUERY | one | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | 100 | Using index |
  7. | 4 | UNION | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |
  8. | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,4> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
  9. +------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+

三、table

查询的表名,并不一定是真实存在的表,有别名显示别名,也可能为临时表,例如上边的DERIVED<union1,4>等。

四、partitions

查询时匹配到的分区信息,对于非分区表值为NULL,当查询的是分区表时,partitions显示分区表命中的分区情况。

  1. +----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  2. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  3. +----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  4. | 1 | SIMPLE | one | p201801,p201802,p201803,p300012 | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using index |
  5. +----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

五、type

type:查询使用了何种类型,它在 SQL优化中是一个非常重要的指标,以下性能从好到坏依次是:system > const > eq_ref > ref > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL

1、system

system: 当表仅有一行记录时(系统表),数据量很少,往往不需要进行磁盘IO,速度非常快。

2、const

const:表示查询时命中 primary key 主键或者 unique 唯一索引,或者被连接的部分是一个常量(const)值。这类扫描效率极高,返回数据量少,速度非常快。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where three_id=1;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100 | NULL |
  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+

3、eq_ref

eq_ref:查询时命中主键primary key 或者 unique key索引, type 就是 eq_ref

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_name from one o ,two t where o.one_id = t.two_id ;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index | PRIMARY | idx_name | 768 | NULL | 2 | 100 | Using index |
  6. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.o.one_id | 1 | 100 | Using index |
  7. +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+

4、ref

ref:区别于eq_refref表示使用非唯一性索引,会找到很多个符合条件的行。

  1. mysql> select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name = "xin" ;
  2. +--------+
  3. | one_id |
  4. +--------+
  5. | 1 |
  6. | 3 |
  7. +--------+```
  8. ```sql
  9. mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name = "xin" ;
  10. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
  11. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  12. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
  13. | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | const | 1 | 100 | Using index |
  14. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+

5、ref_or_null

ref_or_null:这种连接类型类似于 ref,区别在于 MySQL会额外搜索包含NULL值的行。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name = "xin" OR o.one_name IS NULL;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ref_or_null | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | const | 3 | 100 | Using where; Using index |
  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+

6、index_merge

index_merge:使用了索引合并优化方法,查询使用了两个以上的索引。

下边示例中同时使用到主键one_id 和 字段one_nameidx_name 索引 。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.one_id >1 and o.one_name ='xin';
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index_merge | PRIMARY,idx_name | idx_name,PRIMARY | 772,4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using intersect(idx_name,PRIMARY); Using where |
  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+

7、unique_subquery

unique_subquery:替换下面的 IN子查询,子查询返回不重复的集合。

  1. value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)

8、index_subquery

index_subquery:区别于unique_subquery,用于非唯一索引,可以返回重复值。

  1. value IN (SELECT key_column FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)

9、range

range:使用索引选择行,仅检索给定范围内的行。简单点说就是针对一个有索引的字段,给定范围检索数据。在where语句中使用 bettween...and<><=in 等条件查询 type 都是 range

举个栗子:three表中three_id为唯一主键,user_id普通字段未建索引。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where three_id BETWEEN 2 AND 3;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using where |
  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

从结果中看到只有对设置了索引的字段,做范围检索 type 才是 range

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where user_id BETWEEN 2 AND 3;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where |
  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

10、index

indexIndexALL 其实都是读全表,区别在于index是遍历索引树读取,而ALL是从硬盘中读取。

下边示例:three_id 为主键,不带 where 条件全表查询 ,type结果为index

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT three_id from three ;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using index |
  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+

11、ALL

ALL:将遍历全表以找到匹配的行,性能最差。

  1. mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from two ;
  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | two | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |
  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+

六、possible_keys

possible_keys:表示在MySQL中通过哪些索引,能让我们在表中找到想要的记录,一旦查询涉及到的某个字段上存在索引,则索引将被列出,但这个索引并不定一会是最终查询数据时所被用到的索引。具体请参考上边的例子。

七、key

key:区别于possible_keys,key是查询中实际使用到的索引,若没有使用索引,显示为NULL。具体请参考上边的例子。

typeindex_merge 时,可能会显示多个索引。

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