jvm详解、GC、堆内存参数调优

小咪咪 2023-06-29 10:32 109阅读 0赞

# 一些常见面试题： #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

# JVM的位置（运行在操作系统上，与硬件没有直接的交互） #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

# 一、jvm体系结构（记住背下来） #

*运行时数据区：有亮色的有灰色的，灰色的就是占得内存非常小，几乎不存在GC垃圾回收，并且线程独占的，亮色的存在垃圾回收，并且所有线程共享。*

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

# 二、类装载器 #

（看做成快递员，把class文件（**class文件开头有特定的文件标示*cafe babe***）字节码加载到内存，并将这些内容转换成方法区中的运行时数据结构并且ClassLoader只负责class文件的加载，至于是否可以运行，由Execution Engine决定）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]  
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### 类装载器有哪几个？ ###

1-启动类加载器，负责加载%JAVA\_HOME%\\bin目录下的所有jar包，或者是-Xbootclasspath参数指定的路径；  
2-扩展类加载器：负责加载%JAVA\_HOME%\\bin\\ext目录下的所有jar包，或者是java.ext.dirs参数指定的路径；  
3-应用程序类加载器：负责加载用户类路径上所指定的类库，如果应用程序中没有自定义加载器，那么次加载器就为默认加载器。

###### 加载器之间的层次关系： ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

public class MyObject { 
        public static void main(String []args){ 
            Object object = new Object();
            MyObject myObject = new MyObject();
            System.out.println(object.getClass().getClassLoader());
            System.out.println(myObject.getClass().getClassLoader());
        }
    }

##### 运行结果：启动类加载器来加载java自带的类，BootStrap是C++写的所以输出的null； #####

![在这里插入图片描述][20200111173633408.png]

package JVM;
    
    public class MyObject { 
        public static void main(String []args){ 
            Object object = new Object();
            System.out.println(object.getClass().getClassLoader());
    
            System.out.println();
            System.out.println();
            System.out.println();
    
            MyObject myObject = new MyObject();
            System.out.println(myObject.getClass().getClassLoader());
            System.out.println(myObject.getClass().getClassLoader().getParent());
            System.out.println(myObject.getClass().getClassLoader().getParent().getParent());
        }
    }

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

# 双亲委派机制： #

双亲委派机制得工作过程：  
1-类加载器收到类加载的请求；  
2-把这个请求委托给父加载器去完成，一直向上委托，直到启动类加载器(bootstrap)；  
3-启动器加载器检查能不能加载（使用findClass()方法），能就加载（结束）；否则，抛出异常，通知子加载器进行加载。  
4-重复3；

**当加载一个类会先到启动类加载器去找，找得到就用，找不到就到扩展类加载器找，找不到再去应用程序类加载器去找。（从顶层往下开始找）**  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

# 双亲委派机制的理由？ #

是沙箱安全机制

# 例： #

String类，String是java.lang包下的类，默认情况下是启动类加载器进行加载的。假设我也自定义一个String。现在你会发现自定义的String可以正常编译，但是永远无法被加载运行。  
这是因为申请自定义String加载时，总是启动类加载器，不会是其他的加载器，也就是不会用应用程序加载器加载。

package java.lang;
    
    public class String { 
        public static void main(String[] args) { 
            System.out.println(1111);
        }
    }

运行结果：是无法被加载的![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

# 三、本地方法栈（加载native方法，了解） #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]

# 四、程序计数器（类似一个指针，一条指令执行完用来指向下一个指令 ） #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200113150407388.png]

# 五、方法区（类的模板工厂） #

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11][]

# 六、java栈（灰色，线程私有，不存在gc ） #

栈中主要存储3类数据：  
本地变量：输入参数和输出参数，方法内的变量  
栈操作：记录出栈、入栈的操作  
栈帧数据：包括类文件、方法等。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]

# 七、堆（一个jvm实例只存在一个堆空间，大小可以调节） #

堆分为三部分：新生区，养老区，永久区  
新生区分为：伊甸区、幸存者0区、幸存者1区  
java8把永久区改为元空间  
（物理上堆分为新生区、养老区；逻辑上分为新生区、养老区、元空间）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]

# java7之前， java8把永久区换成了元空间（） #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]  
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### 详细版：复制 -> 清空 -> 交换 ###

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# 对象生命周期和GC #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200113200627711.png]

# jvm堆参数调优： #

**-Xms：start起始内存  
\-Xmx：max最大内存**  
\-Xmn：一般不会调这个参数！  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

java8中，永久代被移除，被元空间取代，元空间的本质和永久代类似。  
元空间与永久代之间最大的区别在于：  
永久带使用的JVM的堆内存，但是**java8以后的元空间并不在虚拟机中而是使用本机物理内存**。

因此，默认情况下，元空间的大小仅受本地内存限制。类的元数据放入native memory，字符串池和类的静态变量放入java堆中，这样可以加载多少的类的元数据就不再有MaxPermSize控制，而由系统的实际可用空间来控制。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]  
默认  
\-Xms：为物理内存大小的1/64  
\-Xmx：为物理内存大小的1/4  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]

# jvm参数调优：实际-Xms和-Xmx大小必须一致，防止GC和应用程序争抢内存，理论值的峰值和峰度忽高忽低。 #

先查看内存大小：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]

package JVM;
    
    public class heap { 
        public static void main(String[] args) { 
            long maxMemory = Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory();//返回java虚拟机试图使用的最大内存容量
            long totalMemory = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory();//返回java虚拟机的总内存容量
            System.out.println("-Xmx:MAX_MEMORY = " + maxMemory + "(字节)、" + (maxMemory / (double)1024 / 1024) + "MB");
            System.out.println("-Xms:TOTAL_MEMORY = " + totalMemory + "(字节)、" + (totalMemory / (double)1024 / 1024) + "MB");
        }
    }

#### 更改-Xms和-Xmx参数：`-Xms1024m -Xmx1024m -XX:+PrintGCDetails` ####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27]  
运行：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28]  
上图： 新生代+老年代的内存大小等于981.5MB，元空间用的是物理内存空间！

# GC 垃圾收集机制（分代回收算法） #

**分代收集算法：**

*  次数上频繁收集Young区
 *  次数上较少收集Old区
 *  基本不动元空间  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 29]  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 30]

# GC 4个算法 #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 31]

##### 1.引用计数法（了解，不用） #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 32]

##### 2. 复制算法（年轻代中的GC，不会产生内存碎片速度快，但是消耗内存空间） #####

当Eden区满了，会回收，没有被回收的会和survivorFrom区没有被回收的使用复制**算法复制**到survivorTo区，然后from区和Eden区全部清空，然后from区和to去进行交换（from区变成to区，to区变成from区，所以说谁空谁是to），对象没熬过一次Minor GC年龄就会+1，当对象年龄达到默认设置的15  
（-XX:MaxTenuring Threshold参数来设置）那么就会被送到老年代。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 33]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200115142055575.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 34]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 35]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 36]![在这里插入图片描述][20200115142303533.png]![在这里插入图片描述][20200115142407221.png]

##### 3.标记清除（老年代使用，一般由标记清除或者是标记清除与标记整理的混合实现。。。与复制算法比较：节约了内存空间，但是会产生内存碎片，标记和清除会扫描两次耗时严重） #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 37]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 38]  
当程序运行期间，若可以使用的内存被耗尽的时候，GC线程就会被触发并将程序暂停，随后将要回收的对象标记一遍，最终统一回收这些对象，完成标记清理工作接下来便让应用程序恢复运行  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 39]

##### 4.标记压缩（标记完成后不会进行清除，而是所有存活对象都像一端移动，然后直接清除边界以外的内存，这样不会产生内存碎片，但是时间会更长） #####

原理：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 40]  
工作中实际使用：（标记压缩，多次GC后才会进行清除）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 41]

##### GC算法小总结： #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 42]

# 有没有最好的GC算法？？（没有最好的算法，只有最适合的算法，所以采用分代收集，标记整理好但是耗时） #

但是有个G1垃圾收集算法： Garbage First(G1) 垃圾收集器（目前就不往下深入学习了，这里留个问题，以后再学习）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 43]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzczNjA4NA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 44]

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