【Python编程：从入门到实践】第二十章练习题

蔚落 2023-06-26 05:43 16阅读 0赞

**20-1  其他表单 ：我们对登录页面和 add\_topic 页面应用了 Bootstrap 样式。请对其他基于表单的页面做类似的修改： new\_entry 页面、 edit\_entry 页面和注册页面。  
20-2  设置博客的样式 ：对于你在第 19 章创建的项目 Blog ，使用 Bootstrap 来设置其样式。  
20-3  在线博客 ：将你一直在开发的项目 Blog 部署到 Heroku 。确保将 DEBUG 设置为 False ，并修改设置 ALLOWED\_HOSTS ，让部署相当安全。  
20-4  在更多的情况下显示 404 错误页面 ：在视图函数 new\_entry() 和 edit\_entry() 中，也使用函数 get\_object\_or\_404() 。完成这些修改后进行测试：输入类似于 http://localhost:8000/new\_entry/99999/ 的 URL ，确认你能够看到 404 错误页面。  
20-5  扩展 “ 学习笔记 ”  ：在 “ 学习笔记 ” 中添加一项功能，将修改推送到在线部署。尝试做一项简单的修改，如在主页中对项目作更详细的描述；再尝试添加一项更高级的功能，如让用户能够将主题设置为公开的。为此，需要在模型 Topic 中添加一个名为 public 的属性（其默认值为 False ），并在 new\_topic 页面中添加一个表单元素，让用户能够将私有主题改为公开的。然后，你需要迁移项目，并修改 views.py ，让未登录的用户也可以看到所有公开的主题。将修改推送到 Heroku 后，别忘了迁移在线数据库。**

**优化第十七章项目“pizzeria ”，****实现过程（部署Heroku未实现）：**

### **七.设置项目样式** ###

1.  执行命令“pip install django-bootstrap3”安装 django-bootstrap3程序，把该程序加入settings.py（图1）；为了能使用Bootstrap提供的交互式元素，需要在settings.py加入代码（图2）：
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]
    
     
2.  修改模板base.html（代码1）、index.html（代码2）、login.html（代码3）、register.html（代码4）：
    
        {% load bootstrap3 %}
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html lang="en">
        
        <head>
            <meta charset="utf-8">
            <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
            <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
            <title>Pizzas</title>
            
            {% bootstrap_css %}
            {% bootstrap_javascript %}
        </head>
        
        <body>
            
            <nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-static-top">
                <div class="container">
                    <div class="navbar-header">
                        <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
                        </button>
                        <a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'pizzas:index' %}">
        Pizzas</a>
                    </div>
                    <div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
                        <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
                            <li><a href="{% url 'pizzas:pizzas' %}">Pizzas</a></li>
                        </ul>
                        <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
                            {% if user.is_authenticated %}
                            <li><a>Hello, {
             { user.username }}.</a></li>
                            <li><a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">log out</a></li>
                            {% else %}
                            <li><a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">register</a></li>
                            <li><a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">log in</a></li>
                            {% endif %}
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                    
                </div>
            </nav>
            <div class="container">
                <div class="page-header">
                    {% block header %}{% endblock header %}
                </div>
                <div>
                    {% block content %}{% endblock content %}
                </div>
            </div> 
        </body>
        
        </html>
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% block header %}
        <div class='jumbotron'>
            <h1>Track your message.</h1>
        </div>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        <h2>
        	<a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">Register an account</a> to make your own pizzeria, and list the pizzas you're learning about.
        </h2>
        <h2>
        	Whenever you learn something new about a pizza, make an entry
        	summarizing what you've learned.
        </h2>
        {% endblock content %}
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% load bootstrap3 %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>Log in to your account.</h2>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        <form method="post" action="{% url 'users:login' %}" class="form">
            {% csrf_token %}
            {% bootstrap_form form %}
            {% buttons %}
            <button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">log in</button>
            {% endbuttons %}
            
            <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'pizzas:index' %}" />
        </form>
        {% endblock content %}
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% load bootstrap3 %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>Register an account.</h2>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        <form method="post" action="{% url 'users:register' %}">
            {% csrf_token %}
            {% bootstrap_form form %}
            {% buttons %}
            <button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">register</button>
            {% endbuttons %}
            
            <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'pizzas:index' %}" />
        </form>
        {% endblock content %}
    
     
3.  修改模板pizzas.html（代码1）、pizza.html（代码2）、new\_pizza.html（代码3）、new\_topping.html（代码4）、edit\_topping.html（代码5）：
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% block header %}
        <h1>Pizzas</h1>
        <h4 class="text-right"><a href="{% url 'pizzas:new_pizza' %}">Add new pizza</a></h4>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        <ul>
            {% for pizza in pizzas %}
            <li>
                <h4>
        			<a href="{% url 'pizzas:pizza' pizza.id %}">{
             { pizza }}</a>
        			<span class="pull-right">{
             { pizza.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i' }}</span>
        		</h4>
            </li>
            {% empty %}
            <li>No pizzas have been added yet.</li>
            {% endfor %}
        </ul>
        {% endblock content %}
    
        {% extends 'pizzas/base.html' %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>{
             { pizza }}</h2>
        <h4 class="text-right"><a href="{% url 'pizzas:new_topping' pizza.id %}">Add new topping</a></h4>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        {% for topping in toppings %}
        <div class="panel panel-default">
            <div class="panel-heading">
                <h3>
                    {
             { topping.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i' }}
                    <small>
                        <a class="pull-right" href="{% url 'pizzas:edit_topping' topping.id %}">
                        edit topping</a>
                    </small>
                </h3>
            </div>
            <div class="panel-body">
                {
             { topping.name|linebreaks }}
            </div>
        </div> 
        {% empty %}
        There are no toppings for this pizza yet.
        {% endfor %}
        {% endblock content %}
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% load bootstrap3 %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>Add a new pizza:</h2>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        <form action="{% url 'pizzas:new_pizza' %}" method='post' class="form">
            {% csrf_token %}
            {% bootstrap_form form %}
            {% buttons %}
            <button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">add pizza</button>
            {% endbuttons %}
        </form>
        {% endblock content %}
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% load bootstrap3 %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>Add a new topping:</h2>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        <form action="{% url 'pizzas:new_topping' pizza.id %}" method='post'>
            {% csrf_token %}
            {% bootstrap_form form %}
            {% buttons %}
            <button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">add topping</button>
            {% endbuttons %}
        </form>
        {% endblock content %}
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% load bootstrap3 %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>Edit topping:</h2>
        {% endblock header %}
        {% block content %}
        <form action="{% url 'pizzas:edit_topping' topping.id %}" method='post'>
            {% csrf_token %}
            {% bootstrap_form form %}
            {% buttons %}
            <button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">save changes</button>
            {% endbuttons %}
        </form>
        {% endblock content %}
    
     
4.  全部页面效果如下（分别index、register、login、pizzas、pizza、new\_pizza、new\_topping、edit\_topping）：
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9][]
    
     
5.  创建自定义错误页面，路径pizzeria/pizzeria下新建文件夹templates，文件夹新建模板404.html（代码1）、500.html（代码2）：
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>The item you requested is not available. (404)</h2>
        {% endblock header %}
    
        {% extends "pizzas/base.html" %}
        {% block header %}
        <h2>There has been an internal error. (500)</h2>
        {% endblock header %}
    
     
6.  修改settings.py，使用自定义错误页面模板（图1），禁止默认的Django调试页面（图2，DEBUG设置False时，必须设置ALLOWED\_HOSTS）：
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10][]
    
    ![20191231141304828.jpg][]
    
     
7.  手工请求不存在的pizza或topping时，显示500错误（服务端错误），不符合实际情况；现把这两种情况改成显示404错误，修改pizzas--views.py（使用get\_object\_or\_404）：
    
        from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
        from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
        
        # django2.0后把原来的django.core.urlresolvers包更改为了django.urls包
        from django.urls import reverse
        from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
        from .models import Pizza, Topping
        from .forms import PizzaForm, ToppingForm
        
        # Create your views here.
        def index(request):
            """ 披萨的主页 """
            return render(request, 'pizzas/index.html')
        
        # login_required() 的代码检查用户是否已登录，仅当用户已登录时， Django 才运行 topics() 的代码。如果用户未登录，就重定向到登录页面。
        # @login_required
        def pizzas(request):
            """ 显示所有的配料 """
            if request.user.is_authenticated:
                # 登录状态下，只显示自己的数据
                pizzas = Pizza.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
            else:
                # 未登录状态下，显示公开的数据
                pizzas = list(Pizza.objects.all())
                for pizza in pizzas[:]:
                    if pizza.public == False:
                        pizzas.remove(pizza)
            context = {'pizzas': pizzas}
            return render(request, 'pizzas/pizzas.html', context)
        
        @login_required
        def pizza(request, pizza_id):
            """ 显示单个披萨及其所有的配料 """
            #   获取不到pizza条目改成显示404
            pizza = get_object_or_404(Pizza, id=pizza_id)
            # 请求的披萨不归当前用户所有，我们就引发 Http404 异常，让 Django 返回一个 404 错误页面
            check_topic_owner(pizza, request)
            #   date_added 前面的减号指定按降序排列
            toppings = pizza.topping_set.order_by('-date_added')
            context = {'pizza': pizza, 'toppings': toppings}
            return render(request, 'pizzas/pizza.html', context)
        
        @login_required
        def new_pizza(request):
            """ 添加新披萨 """
            if request.method != 'POST':
                #  未提交数据：创建一个新表单
                form = PizzaForm()
            else:
                # POST 提交的数据 , 对数据进行处理
                form = PizzaForm(request.POST)
                # is_valid校验填写了必填信息和符合数据类型及长度
                if form.is_valid():
                    new_pizza = form.save(commit=False)
                    new_pizza.owner = request.user
                    new_pizza.save()
                    # 将用户重定向到网页 pizzas
                    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('pizzas:pizzas'))
            context = {'form': form}
            return render(request, 'pizzas/new_pizza.html', context)
        
        @login_required
        def new_topping(request, pizza_id):
            """ 在特定的披萨中添加新配料 """
            # 获取不到配料条目显示404
            pizza = get_object_or_404(Pizza, id=pizza_id)
            # 解决一个用户可在另一个用户的学习笔记中添加条目问题
            check_topic_owner(pizza, request)
        
            if request.method != 'POST':
                #  未提交数据 , 创建一个空表单
                form = ToppingForm()
            else:
                # POST 提交的数据 , 对数据进行处理
                form = ToppingForm(data=request.POST)
                if form.is_valid():
                    # 传递了实参commit=False，让Django创建一个新的配料对象，并将其存储到new_topping中，但不将它保存到数据库中
                    new_topping = form.save(commit=False)
                    new_topping.pizza = pizza
                    # 把配料保存到数据库，并将其与正确的披萨相关联
                    new_topping.save()
                    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('pizzas:pizza', args=[pizza_id]))
            context = {'pizza': pizza, 'form': form}
            return render(request, 'pizzas/new_topping.html', context)
        
        @login_required
        def edit_topping(request, topping_id):
            """ 编辑既有配料 """
            # 获取不到配料编辑条目显示404
            topping = get_object_or_404(Topping, id=topping_id)
            pizza = topping.pizza
            check_topic_owner(pizza, request)
            if request.method != 'POST':
                #  初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单（instance=topping）
                form = ToppingForm(instance=topping)
            else:
                # POST 提交的数据，对数据进行处理
                form = ToppingForm(instance=topping, data=request.POST)
                if form.is_valid():
                    form.save()
                    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('pizzas:pizza', args=[pizza.id]))
            context = {'topping': topping, 'pizza': pizza, 'form': form}
            return render(request, 'pizzas/edit_topping.html', context)
        
        def check_topic_owner(pizza, request):
            """校验关联到的用户是否为当前登录的用户"""
            if pizza.owner != request.user:
                raise Http404
    
     
8.  给pizza增加设置是否公开的功能，实现当登录状态下，只显示登录用户自己的数据；而未登录状态下，则显示公开的数据；先修改模型Pizza（pizzas--models.py）增加public属性（图1）、修改pizzas--forms.py（图2，增加字段“is public”和显示字段名）、修改pizzas--views.py（图3，判断登录和未登录情况，并注释“@login\_required”），最后进行数据迁移（先执行命令“python manage.py makemigrations pizzas”，后执行命令“python manage.py migrate”）；登录和未登录显示数据效果图（图4、图5）：
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14][]
    
    ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15][]
    
    总结：到这里全部练习题更新完毕。

[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191231114445447.jpg?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191231114502150.jpg?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191231140153205.jpg?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191231140206743.jpg?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191231140212194.jpg?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2tpbmcwOTY0,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
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