Linux下Oracle数据库安装详解

ゝ一纸荒年。 2023-06-25 08:22 8阅读 0赞

#### 安装环境 ####

系统：Linux CentOS7 64位  
Oracle版本：Oracle 11g R2

### 一、安装前准备 ###

1、创建运行oracle数据库的系统用户和用户组

[yxc@localhost ~]$ su root　　#切换到root
    Password: 
    [root@localhost ~]# groupadd oinstall　　#创建用户组oinstall
    [root@localhost ~]# groupadd dba　　#创建用户组dba
    [root@localhost ~]# useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle　　#创建oracle用户，并加入到oinstall和dba用户组
    [root@localhost ~]# passwd oracle　　#设置用户oracle的登陆密码，不设置密码，在CentOS的图形登陆界面没法登陆
    Changing password for user oracle.
    New password: 　　# 密码
    BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
    Retype new password: 　　# 确认密码
    passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
    [root@localhost ~]# id oracle # 查看新建的oracle用户
    uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba)

如下图所示：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

2、修改`/etc/sysctl.conf`文件，输入命令:`vi /etc/sysctl.conf` ，将下列内容加入该文件。

fs.file-max = 6815744
    fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
    kernel.shmall = 2097152
    kernel.shmmax = 2147483648
    kernel.shmmni = 4096
    kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
    net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
    net.core.rmem_default = 4194304
    net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
    net.core.wmem_default = 262144
    net.core.wmem_max = 1048576

使用`/sbin/sysctl -p`命令使 sysctl.conf 配置生效。

3、修改操作系统核心参数  
输入命令：`vi /etc/security/limits.conf`，将下列内容加入该文件。

oracle soft nproc 2047
    oracle hard nproc 16384
    oracle soft nofile 1024
    oracle hard nofile 65536

4.、修改`/etc/pam.d/login` 文件，输入命令：`vi /etc/pam.d/login`，将下列内容加入该文件。

session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so
    session required pam_limits.so

5、 编辑 `/etc/profile` ，输入命令：`vi /etc/profile`，将下列内容加入该文件。

if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
          if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
                ulimit -p 16384
                ulimit -n 65536
          else
                ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
          fi
    fi

6、创建数据库软件目录和数据文件存放目录，注意磁盘空间即可，这里我放到oracle用户下，输入如下命令：

mkdir /home/oracle/app
    mkdir /home/oracle/app/oracle
    mkdir /home/oracle/app/oradata
    mkdir /home/oracle/app/oracle/product

7、更改目录属主为 oracle 用户所有，输入命令：

chown -R oracle:oinstall /home/oracle/app

8、切换为oracle用户登录

su - oracle

9、配置 oracle 用户环境变量  
编辑 `bash_profile` ，输入命令：`vi .bash_profile`，添加如下环境变量。

export ORACLE_BASE=/home/oracle/app
    export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
    export ORACLE_SID=orcl
    export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/usr/lib

10、切换为 root 用户，关闭 selinux

su root
    # 修改/etc/selinux/config文件
    vi /etc/selinux/config

修改`SELINUX`为disabled，如下：

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
    # SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
    #     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
    #     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
    #     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
    SELINUX=disabled   #此处修改为disabled
    # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
    #     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
    #     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. 
    #     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
    SELINUXTYPE=targeted

#### 二、软件包依赖 ####

安装oracle之前需要许多软件包依赖，如果可用外网，使用如下命令安装。

yum install binutils compat-libstdc++ elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel elfutils-libelf-devel-static gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers kernel-headers ksh libaio libaio-devel libgcc libgomp libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel

查看这些软件包版本，可使用如下命令，如有未安装的会有提示。

rpm -q binutils compat-libstdc++ elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel elfutils-libelf-devel-static gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers kernel-headers ksh libaio libaio-devel libgcc libgomp libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel

> 如果 compat-libstdc++ 安装提示`No package compat-libstdc++ available.`，请使用命令`yum install compat-libstdc++-33`安装。  
> 使用`rpm -qa | grep "compat-libstdc"`可查看。

### 三、安装 ###

##### 1、下载安装包 #####

官网下载地址：[https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oracle-database-software-downloads.html\#11g][https_www.oracle.com_database_technologies_oracle-database-software-downloads.html_11g]，这里下载11g R2版本，两个包都下载，如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center]

##### 2、安装 #####

解压安装包，命令如下：

unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
    unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip

解压完成后，database目录如下  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

切换到oracle用户

su - oracle

进入 database 目录，使用`./runInstaller`命令安装，如下

cd database
    ./runInstaller

注：如果安装过程中出现弹窗很小，显示不全的问题，安装命令换为如下即可。

./runInstaller -jreLoc /etc/alternatives/jre_1.8.0

不出意外的话，恭喜你，将弹出安装界面，如果遇到`display at least 256 colors`这个问题，请看文末的解决办法。弹出安装界面后安装过程比较简单，就不细说了，步骤截图如下。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 1]

安装选项，三个选项分别为：①创建并配置一个新数据库。②只安装数据库软件，适用于已有Oracle数据库数据用于数据迁移的。③升级已有数据库。这里选择第一个选项。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 2]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 3]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 4]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 5]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 6]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 7]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 8]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 9]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 10]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 12]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 13]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 14]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 15]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 16]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 17]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 21]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 22]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 23]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 24]

这里提示执行这两个脚本，执行即可，如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 25]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 26]  
至此，数据库安装成功。  
注：listener.ora和tnsnames.ora所在路径为  
`/home/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/`

##### 3、防火墙设置 #####

oracle数据库默认端口号1521，这里设置防火墙开放1521端口，如下

firewall-cmd --add-port=1521/tcp --permanent --zone=public
    #重启防火墙(修改配置后要重启防火墙)
    firewall-cmd --reload

### 四、相关使用 ###

##### 1、启动与关闭数据库 #####

//oracle11为需要执行的oracle实例
    export ORACLE_SID=oracle11
    
    sqlplus /nolog
    connect /as sysdba
    
    //启动数据库
    startup
    //关闭数据库
    shutdown
    
    //查看登录的数据库实例
    select instance_name from v$instance;
    //查看当前登录的用户
    show user
    //查看数据字典包含哪些字段
    desc dba_users;

##### 2、启动和停止监听器 #####

在oracle用户下的OS层面执行，而不是在sqlplus中执行

//启动监听
    lsnrctl start
    //停止监听
    lsnrctl stop

##### 3、解锁用户 #####

alter user username account unlock;
    //例如解锁scott用户，如下：
    alter user scott account unlock;

##### 4、创建用户 #####

sqlplus /nolog
    //登录指定数据库
    conn sys/pwd@oracle11 as sysdba;

查看用户表空间放置位置：

select name from v$datafile;

创建用户表空间

CREATE TABLESPACE NOTIFYDB DATAFILE '/home/oracle/app/oradata/oracle11/scsdb.dbf' SIZE 200M AUTOEXTEND ON EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO;

创建用户，指定密码和上面创建的用户表空间

CREATE USER yxc IDENTIFIED BY yxc DEFAULT TABLESPACE NOTIFYDB;

赋予权限

grant connect,resource to yxc;
    grant unlimited tablespace to yxc;
    grant create database link to yxc;
    grant select any sequence,create materialized view to yxc;

### 五、问题及解决方法 ###

##### 1、使用dbca创建数据库时，中文乱码 #####

使用如下命令启动 dbca 即可

export LANG="en_US:UTF-8"
    dbca

##### 2、【ORACLE】安装时遇到“display at least 256 colors” #####

解决方法：  
方式1：

su - root
    password
    DISPLAY=:0.0
    export DISPLAY
    ehco $DISPLAY
    xhost
    xhost +

su - oracle
    DISPLAY=:0.0
    export DISPLAY
    echo $DISPLAY

方式2：也可以直接将DISPLAY写入配置文件

vim .bash_profile
    //配置display变量
    export display=:0.0 
    
    生效配置文件
    source .bash_profile

##### 3、安装过程中弹出错误，如下图所示 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 27]  
查看日志如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 28]  
可能是glibc的版本过高所致（高于2.14），解决办法：  
下载安装glibc-static-2.17-292.el7.x86\_64.rpm，如下图所示，如需下载此包请前往：[传送门][Link 1]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200117111353815.png]  
修改文件/home/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome\_1/ctx/lib/ins\_ctx.mk，将

ctxhx: $(CTXHXOBJ)
    	$(LINK_CTXHX) $(CTXHXOBJ) $(INSO_LINK)

改为：

ctxhx: $(CTXHXOBJ)
    	-static $(LINK_CTXHX) $(CTXHXOBJ) $(INSO_LINK) /usr/lib64/stdc.a

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 29]  
接着又提示错误如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 30]

莫要慌张，修改  
/home/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome\_1/sysman/lib/ins\_emagent.mk文件，将

$(MK_EMAGENT_NMECTL)

改为：

$(MK_EMAGENT_NMECTL) -lnnz11

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 31]  
保存后点击 Retry 即可，如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 32]

##### 4、plsql连接数据库时，报如下错误 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]  
解决：listener.ora中加入如下内容，其中orcl改为你的数据库实例名称

SID_LIST_LISTENER =  
    (SID_LIST =  
      (SID_DESC =  
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)
      (SID_NAME = orcl)
      )
    )

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 33]

原创不易，转载请注明出处！最后感兴趣的可以关注下我的公众号（公众号搜索*chaodev*）。

[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200116161148864.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3hjaF95YW5n,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[https_www.oracle.com_database_technologies_oracle-database-software-downloads.html_11g]: https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oracle-database-software-downloads.html#11g
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[Link 1]: https://download.csdn.net/download/xch_yang/12109357
[20200117111353815.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117111353815.png
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