英语句子翻译技巧

布满荆棘的人生 2023-06-16 13:59 14阅读 0赞

五种基本句型结构
    
    1主+系+表【S (主）+ V（谓）（lv)(系动词）+ P（表）】
    
     本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:
    
    1.表示特征和存在状态的：be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;
    
    2.表示状态延续的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;
    
    3.表示状态变化的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;
    
    如：Our English teacher is thirty years old.
    
     The cake tastes delicious.
    
     We feel used to living in big cities.
    
     巩固练习1：
    
    1．冬季白天短，夜晚长
    
    2．十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。
    
    3．孩子们很少保持安静。
    
    巩固练习答案1：
    
    1．In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
    
    2．At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.
    
    3．Children seldom keep quiet.
    
     
    
    2主+谓【S(主）+ Vi（不及物动词）（谓）】
    
     本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。
    
    如：The sun rises.   Tom has already left.
    
    主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。
    
    如：1. The red sun rises in the east.
    
     2. So they had to travel by air or boat.
    
     3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.
    
     4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.
    
    巩固练习2：
    
    1．她昨天回家很晚。
    
    2．会议将持续两个小时。
    
    3．在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大。
    
    巩固练习答案2：
    
    1. She went home very late yesterday evening.
    
    2. The meeting will last two hours.
    
    3. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
    
     
    
    3主+谓+宾【S (主）+ Vt（及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾）】
    
     本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。
    
    如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
    
     2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.
    
     3. They haven’t decided where to go next.
    
     4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.
    
     巩固练习3：
    
    1．昨晚我写了一封信。
    
    2．今天下午我想同你谈谈。
    
    3．这本书他读过多次了。
    
    巩固练习答案3：
    
    1. I wrote a letter last night.
    
    2. I want to talk with you this afternoon.
    
    3. He has read this book many times.
    
     
    
    4 主+谓+双宾语【S (主)+VT（谓）+ InO（间接宾）+ DO（直接宾）】
    
     说明：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。
    
    如：He brings me cookies every day.
    
    但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。
    
    如：He brings cookies to me every day.
    
        She made a beautiful dress for me.
    
    用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。
    
    用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。
    
    常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
    
    （需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
    
    巩固练习4：
    
    1．Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。
    
    2．奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
    
    3．请把那本字典递给我好吗？
    
    巩固练习答案4：
    
    1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
    
    2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
    
    3.Would you please pass me the dictionary?
    
     
    
    5 主+谓+宾语+宾补【S (主）+ VT（谓）+ O（宾）+ OC（宾补）】
    
     说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。
    
    如：The sun keeps us warm.     
    
     I heard him singing.
    
     You must get your hair cut. 
    
     They made Tom monitor.
    
     He used to do his homework with his radio on.
    
    用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。
    
    如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
    
    巩固练习5：
    
    1．我们叫她Alice.
    
    2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 
    
    3．他们把小偷释放了。         
    
    4．我要你把真相告诉我。
    
    5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。  
    
    巩固练习答案5：
    
    1.We call her Alice.
    
    2.All of us considered him honest.
    
    3.They have set the thief free.
    
    4.I want you to tell me the truth.
    
    5.The guards ordered us to leave at once.
    
     
    
    6  There be 句型   
    
     说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。
    
    此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。
    
    如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
    
        Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
    
    Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：
    
        现在有   there is/are …      
    
        过去有   there was/were…   
    
        将来有   there will be…；there is /are going to be...
    
        现在已经有  there has/have been…          
    
        可能有  there might be...
    
        肯定有  there must be …/there must have been...  
    
        过去曾经有  there used to be …
    
        似乎有  there seems/seem/seemed to be …        
    
        碰巧有  there happen/happens/happened to be …
    
    巩固练习6：
    
    1．这个村子过去只有一口井。
    
    2．客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。
    
    3．天气预报说下午有大风。      
    
    巩固练习答案6：
    
    1.There was only a well in the village.
    
    2.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.
    
    3.The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
    
     
    
     
    
     
    
     
    
     
    
    课文句子翻译练习：
    
    1. 他们正在面对面地交谈。(face)
    
    _______________________________________________________________.
    
    2. 根据约翰说的, 下周将有一次会议。(according)
    
    ________________________________________________________________.
    
    3. 他早起为了赶头班车。 (in order to)
    
    ________________________________________________________________.
    
    4. 你和你的同学相处得怎么样? (get along with)
    
    _______________________________________________________________.
    
    5. 我们对他的安全都很关切。 (concern)
    
    _______________________________________________________________.
    
    6. 你是否需要一个你可以无话不谈的朋友?
    
    ____________________________________________________________________.
    
    7. 你近况如何?
    
    _____________________________________________________________________.8. 我们成为好朋友已十年了。
    
    _____________________________________________________________________.9. 我还没来得及回答他的第一个问题, 他又问了一个问题。
    
    _____________________________________________________________________
    
    10. 我像大部分人那样记日记。
    
    ____________________________________________________________________.
    
     
    
    课文句子翻译练习答案：
    
    1. They are talking face to face./ They are having a face-to face talk.
    
    2. According to John, there is going to be a meeting next week.
    
    3. He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
    
    4. How are you getting along with your classmates?
    
    5. We are all concerned about his safety.
    
    6. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to?
    
    7. How are you getting along / on recently?
    
    8. We have been good friends for ten years.
    
    9. He asked a second question before I could answer the first one.
    
    10. I keep a diary as most people do.
    
     
    
    1那本告诉我很多有趣的事的书是用英语写的。（定语从句）
    
    The book which tells me a lot of interesting things is written in English. 划线部分为定语从句 关联词which在此也充当主语+谓语tells+间接宾语me+直接宾语 a lot of interesting things
    
    2你给了我们这么大的帮助，不胜感激。(kind) 
    
    It's very kind of you to give us so much help. 此处用of 因为改成You are kind to give us so much help也行。但是 It is important for us to learn English. 此处只能用for 不能用of, 因为不能改成 We are important to learn English.
    
    3如果你不介意的话，我打算开窗。(if) 
    
    I'm going to open the window if you don't mind.
    
    4我们认为英语语法不难学。(think) 
    
    We don't think it is difficult to learn English grammar. 当主句的谓语动词为think, suppose, expect, believe, imagine,等表示”认为”,”猜想”时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词从从句中转移到主句中，成为否定的转移。划线部分为宾语从句，it是宾语从句中的形式主语，真正的主语是to learn English grammar
    
    5售票员告诉我下公共汽车后向右转.(不定式) 
    
    The conductor told me to turn to the right after I got off the bus. tell sb to do:告诉某人做某事
    
    6稍等一会儿，我会帮助你的。（for a while）
    
    Just wait for a while and then I'll help you. 
    
    句型：祈使句, and / or 主语+谓语…   如：请尽早做出决定,不然你会坐失良机.(or) Please make your decision as early as possible, or you’ll miss the golden chance.  
    
    7他们作了自我介绍。(introduce) 
    
    They introduced themselves.
    
    8请去查询下班火车什么时候开。(find out)  
    
    find out when the next train leaves. 划线部分为宾语从句:关联词when+主语the next train+谓语leaves
    
    9昨天下午2时到4时你在做什么？(过去进行时) 
    
    What were you doing from two to four yesterday afternoon? 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作
    
    10我正在吃晚饭，电话铃响了。(when)  
    
    I was having dinner when the phone rang.  was/were doing…when: 过去正在做某事，就在那时 when=at that time
    
    11不仅我，而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢游泳。(be fond of) 
    
    Not only I but also Tom and Mary are fond of swimming.  not only…but also： 就近原则,此句主语为Tome and Mary 喜欢: be fond of
    
    12我在街上走时，看到了一些古老的建筑物。(while) 
    
    While I was walking down the street, I saw some old buildings
    
    13我走近花园时，几个男孩子在爬树。(用过去进行时)  
    
    Some boys were climbing a tree when I entered the garden。
    
    14请脱下你的旧上衣，穿上这件新的。(take off, put on) 
    
    Please take off your old coat and put on this new one.
    
    15当我们到达车站时，火车已开出了。(过去完成时) 
    
    When we got to the station the train had left。
    
    16 我观看体育节目你有意见吗? (mind)  
    
    Do you mind my watching the sports programme?  mind doing:介意做某事
    
    17我还没有读完那本有关伦敦的书.(finish) 
    
    I haven’t finished reading the book about London.  finish doing:完成做某事
    
    18 他没有跟我说一声就离开了山村。(without)  
    
    He left the mountain village without telling m.
    
    19汤姆上楼去他的卧室时，他的姐姐已把他的上衣改短了一英寸。(过去完成时) 
    
    When Tom went upstairs to his bedroom his sister had shortened his coat by one inch.  go upstairs:上楼  by:相差  
    
    20全世界的人都在电视上观看奥运会.(all over the world) 
    
    People all over the world watched the Olympic Games on TV.
    
    21这里要讲英语.(被动) 
    
    English is spoken here.  主语只能用名词或代词充当 “这里”为副词，不能做主语，只能做地点状语
    
    22这座体育馆将于明年建成.(被动语态) 
    
    The gymnasium will be completed next year.
    
    23她总是乐于助人.(be ready to) 
    
    She's always ready to help others.  be ready to help others:乐于助人
    
    24到时候会通知你的.（被动语态）
    
    You'll be told when the time comes. 中文中无主语，所以
    
    25他告诉我一切都会好的。(过去将来时) 
    
    He told me everything would be all right. 注意时态一致, told 过去时，所以后面只能用过去将来时 would
    
    26谁也不知道我们什么时候举行下次会议.(过去将来时) 
    
    Nobody knew when we would have our next meeting. 主语划线部分的时态一致
    
    27我们一读完初中就进入高中。
    
    As soon as we finished junior high school, we entered senior high school
    
    28我的老师比我想象的要年轻得多。
    
    My teacher is much younger than I thought. Much修饰比较级 than是连词，所以后面跟了主语I 和谓语thought
    
    29在我国，自行车不可以在繁忙的街道上行驶。(keep away from) 
    
    In out country, bicycles are kept away from busy streets. keep … away from: 使…远离
    
    30学生们每天问那位老师很多问题。(被动语态) 
    
    The teacher is asked many questions by students every day.  
    
    31我的母亲帮助我铺床。(help…(to)) 
    
    My mother helped me ( to ) make the bed. help sb (to)do:帮助某人做某事, to可以省略 make the bed:铺床
    
    32当你服药时，必须遵照这些指示.(follow the directions) 
    
    You have to follow these directions when you take the medicine. 
    
    33我认为你找到男生宿舍不会有困难的。(have trouble in) 
    
    I don't think you'll have any trouble in finding the boys' dormitory. 做某事有困难have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth  当主句的谓语动词为think, suppose, expect, believe, imagine,等表示”认为”,”猜想”时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词从从句中转移到主句中，成为否定的转移。此句中文为 “我认为你不会有困难”翻译成英文为 “我不认为你会有困难”
    
    34起火时，许多人并不意识到危险。(aware of) 
    
    When the fire started, many people were not aware of the danger. 
    
    意识到 be aware of+词/词组
    
    be aware that +主语+谓语+其他成分
    
    35你能帮我把这篇课文译成汉语吗?(translate…into) 
    
    Could you translate the text into Chinese for me? Translate…into: 把..翻译成
    
    36我们在火车上相遇时，她假装不认识我。(pretend that) 
    
    She pretended that she didn’t know me when we met on the train.
    
    37这就是我出生的地方.(the place where)  
    
    is the place where I was born. 划线部分为定语从句，关联词where +主语I + 谓语was born
    
    38我永远不会忘记我进高中的那一天。(the day when) 
    
    I'll never forget the day when I entered the senior high school. 划线部分为定语从句 关联词 when+ 主语I +谓语 entered
    
    39我发觉做这件工作是必要的。(find it necessary)
    
     I found it necessary to do the work. 动词found+形式宾语it +宾语补足语necessary+真正的宾语to do the work
    
    40如果你不能帮助这些爬山的人，我就去求别人.(else) 
    
    If you can't help these mountain climbers, I'll ask somebody else. 一个连词if连接两个句子 somebody else:其他某个人   anybody else:其他任何人，强调个体  everybody else: 其他所有人，强调整体
    
    41鸟类常利用颜色保护自己，昆虫也是如此。(so) 
    
    Birds often use their colors to protect themselves. So do insects.  So+助动词+主语：主语也… So do insects.= Insects also often use their colors to protect themselves.  Neither+助动词+主语：主语也不…  He isn’t a student. Neither is Mike. Mike也不是一个学生 Neither is Mike.= Mike isn’t a student either.
    
    42约翰跳进了河，我也跳了进去。(so) 
    
    John jumped into the river and so did I.  so did I =  I also jumped into the river
    
    43我们教室的颜色和他们的一样。(the same as) 
    
    The color of our classroom is the same as that of theirs. 英语中强调对等成分, that= the color theirs= their classroom