随手记_英语_学术写作

超、凢脫俗 2023-05-22 22:00 279阅读 0赞

**目录**

学术文章结构

语言惯例( Information conventions )

Processes and Procedures

3W principle

Strategies for organization

逻辑和连贯性 Logic and Coherence

表达上的注意事项

好的表达例子

图表描述 How to describe figures

描述曲线的一个例子

缩写 Abbreviations

常见错误 Types of error

--------------------

# 学术文章结构 #

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NoeWpoeXAxMQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

## 语言惯例( Information conventions ) ##

*  信息元素包括 INFORMATION ELEMENTS INCLUDED：
    
     *  Overview of the Experiment
     *  Population/Sample
     *  Location
     *  Restrictions/Limiting Conditions
     *  Sampling Technique
     *  \*Procedures
     *  Materials
     *  Variables
     *  Statistical Treatment
     *  (The elements included in the method section and the order in which they are presented are not fixed. )
     *  (\* always included)

## Processes and Procedures ##

*  Processes: a series of actions which are carried out in order to achieve a particular result. 过程
 *  Procedures: a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way. 程序

### 3W principle ###

*  Where sth happened
 *  how sth was done
 *  Why sth was done
    
     *  so as to 以便 为了 为的是
     *  so that
     *  in case 假使 假如
     *  in the hope that 怀着…的希望；希望能…
     *  for fear that 以免；以防万一

### Strategies for organization ###

*  climactic order 递进顺序
 *  chronological order （事情发生或发展的）时间次序
    
     *  After that; then;
     *  In the first; In the second experiment; In the third experiment

### 逻辑和连贯性 Logic and Coherence ###

*  cohesion and Coherence 外在接应(语言上的形式上的)和内在接应(思想上的)
    
     *  old-to-new information
     *  this+summary noun
     *  appropriate linking words: so;..
 *  The experiment consisted of ... steps. The first step was ...; Second came ...; The last/final step was to ...
 *  To begin this process ...
 *  ... was initially investigated.
 *  After ... had been done, ... was conducted.
 *  In the follow-up phase of the study, participants were asked ...
 *  Prior to the experiment, ...

### 表达上的注意事项 ###

*  Passive voice 被动语态
    
     *  Data were collected weekly from all sites.
 *  sound immodest: 使用第一人称时，
    
     *  应该用 we...
 *  避免头重脚轻 Do not go top-heavy
    
     *  主语部分不要太长! 可以先使用代词
     *  不好的表达：Wheat and barley, collected from the Virginia field site, as well as sorghum and millet, collected at Loxton, were used.
     *  好的表达：Four cereals were used: wheat and barley, collected from the Virginia field site; and sorghum and millet, collected at Loxton.

### 好的表达例子 ###

*  The sophistication of our lives is in a large part bestowed by material wealth, we would quickly revert to animal behaviour without the stuff of our civilisation: what makes us human is our clothes, our homes, our cities, our things, which we animate through our customs and language. (para. 1)
    
     *  我们生活方式的进步很大程度上是物质财富赐予的。要是没有文明的产物，我们很快就会退回到动物的行为方式。我们之所以为人，是因为我们穿衣服、住房子、建城市、用器物。通过语言和习俗，我们赋予这些事物生命力。
 *  We may assuage our conscience by hoping that they are recycled with some technology equal in sophistication to their fabrication techniques but they are not; most are disposed of in industrial blenders. (para.9)
    
     *  我们可能会自我安慰，希望他们可以通过与制造技术同样成熟的技术得以回收利用，但事实并非如此，他们大部分都被工业搅拌机处理了。
 *  By swapping a material and industrial understanding of the world for one based on facts and information, we find ourselves uncivilized **in a different way**. (para. 10)
    
     *  对世界的理解有两种，一种是基于物质和工业， 一是基于事实和信息，我们用前者换取了后者，结果发现以一种不同的方式远离了文明。
 *  Science finally had been mated indissolubly to war, creating a juggernaut that no one was able to stop.
    
     *  科学最终与战争不可分割的结合在一起，产生了无人可挡的强大力量。
 *  He insisted that in a total war, where science was the major determinant of national survival, a scientist was just as much as a soldier as a man with a rifle on the front line.
 *  他坚持认为在一场全面战争中，科学是国家存亡的主要决定因素，科学家也是战士，就像在前线手持步枪的士兵一样。

## 图表描述 How to describe figures ##

* The figure shows / indicates / depicts / illustrates
 
 * The picture **depicts an ironic situation**: 句子.
 * The drawing(图画) **mirrors**a common social phonomenon:句子.
 * From the figure it is clear that…
 * It can be seen from the figure that…
 * As can be seen from the figure,
 * As is shown / illustrated by the figure,
 * **As is demonstrated in the bar chart, the past five years have seen a sharp increase of 42% in sth.**
 * As is demonstrated in the bar chart, A rank lowest/highest in sth in 2020. B,C and D come next respectively with a proportion of 5%, 6% and 8%.
 * <table> 
 <thead> 
 <tr> 
 <th style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:1.9055in;"> To describe rising numbers </th> 
 <th style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:1.918in;"> To describe falling numbers </th> 
 <th style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:2.2131in;"> To describe the degree of change </th> 
 <th style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:196px;"> Comparision and contrast </th> 
 </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:1.9055in;"> to increase to grow to go up to skyrocket </td> 
 <td style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:1.918in;"> to decline to decrease to go down to plummet </td> 
 <td style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:2.2326in;"> slight/slightly dramatic/dramatically stable/stably rapid/rapidly </td> 
 <td style="border-color:#a3a3a3;vertical-align:top;width:196px;"> similar to double/triple 10 times bigger than 3 times as large as </td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
 </table>

### 描述曲线的一个例子 ###

*  图示
 *  ![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NoeWpoeXAxMQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]
 *  **平稳变化** Remain unchanged, steady, stable, constant, plateau, fixed/static
    
     *  From January to March, the percentage of children using supplements **remained** **fairly static** at approximately 10%.
     *  The percentage of children taking dietary supplements **was**relatively stable during the first two months of the year.
     *  During the first two months, supplement use remained fairly unchanged.
 *  **缓慢下降** fall (fell, fallen), decrease (-ed, -ed), drop (dropped, dropped), plunge (-ed, -ed), decline (-ed, -ed) slight (slightly), steady (steadily), gradual (gradually), gentle (gently), slow (slowly) downward trend
    
     *  **It** then fell gradually in March.
     *  **There was** a slight decrease in the use of dietary supplements in March.
     *  **The graph** shows a slight decrease in March.
     *  **Supplement use** experienced a steady decrease in March.
     *  Supplement use decreased slightly in March.
     *  \-------------------------------------------------------------
     *  Between October and December, the decrease in the use of dietary supplements **was** at a much slower pace than in the previous two months.
     *  Supplement use continued to fall steadily over the next two months until it reached its lowest point in December.
     *  It fell to a low of only 5% in December.
 *  **急剧下降** dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), significant (significantly), rapid (rapidly)
    
     *  Between August and October, this figure dropped dramatically to 11%.
     *  From August to October, there was a drop of 14% in the percentage of children taking dietary supplements.
     *  Between August and October, There was a considerable fall in the percentage of children using supplements.
     *  This was followed by a sharp drop of 14% over the next two months.
     *  Supplement use experienced a dramatic fall between August and October.
 *  **波动** fluctuate (-ed, -ed) wildly
    
     *  It went up and down widely over the next two months.
     *  It fluctuated for the following two months.
 *  **急剧上升** rise (rose, risen), grow (grew, grown), climb (-ed, -ed), shoot up (shot up, shot up) dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), significant (significantly), rapid (rapidly)upward trend
    
     *  There was a significant increase in the percentage of children taking dietary supplements between June and August.
     *  **The period** between June and August **saw** a dramatic growth in the use of dietary supplements.
     *  Between June and August, the percentage of children taking dietary supplements shot up dramatically.
     *  **The greatest rise** was from June to August when it **rose by** 22% for two consecutive months from June to August.
 *  **升到顶峰** peak (-ed, -ed), reach (-ed, -ed)
    
     *  The percentage of children taking dietary supplements was at its highest level in April.
     *  Supplement use peaked at close to 25% in April.
     *  It reached a peak of 25% in April.

# 缩写 Abbreviations #

*  1. no. number
 *  2. av. average
 *  3. diag. diagram
 *  4. gov’t government
 *  5. b/c because
 *  6. imp. important
 *  7. esp. especially
 *  8. e.g. for example
 *  9. cf. 比较(拉丁文 confer (=compare) )
 *  10. vs versus 与……相比
 *  11. stats statistics
 *  12. i.e. that is to say
 *  13. fig. figure （书写形式）图，表
 *  14. w/ With
 *  15. abt. about
 *  16. med. abbr. 医学（medicine）；中间的（middle）；中数（medium）

# 常见错误 Types of error #

*  1.单数复数形式 Incorrect usage of singular plural forms.
    
     *  (e.g., all tea leaves sample were oven dried.)
 *  2. **语法结构过于复杂/不准确** Over complex/inaccurate grammatical structures.
    
     *  （e.g. This may be due to lower pH hinders dissolution of soil organicmatter and decreasestotal dissolved Cu concentration because of Cu-organic complex reducing.)
 *  3. 动词和主语不一致 Non-agreement of verbs and subjects.
    
     *  (e.g. The results of this study suggest that…)
 *  4. **介词选择错误** Incorrect choice of preposition.
    
     *  (e.g. Similar with the results of other researchers.
 *  5. 冠词的非标准用法 Non-standard usage of the articles, a/an and the
    
     *  (e.g. the accumulation of Cu in human body) .
 *  6. 情态动词用错 Non-standard selection of model verbs
    
     *  (e.g. would versus will , can versus could or may) .
 *  7. 词性选择 Incorrect choice of part of speech
    
     *  （e.g. drought resistance varieties）.
 *  8.**时态选择** Non-conventional selection of **tense** 
    
     *  (e.g. present tense to refer to results of study being reported.)

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