一文教你实现MYSQL数据库主从同步、读写分离

系统管理员 2023-03-12 09:09 3阅读 0赞

### 文章目录 ###

*  一、为什么需要进行MYSQL的主从同步复制、读写分离？
 *  二、主从同步复制的方式
 *   *  1、同步复制
     *  2、异步复制
 *  三、主从数据库实现
 *   *  1、安装mysql数据库
     *   *  1. 下载
         *  2. 安装MYSQL
         *   *  2.1 解压
             *  2.1 配置初始化mysql
     *  2、修改master主服务器配置
     *  3、修改slave从服务器配置
     *  4、测试主从服务器工作情况
 *  四、读写分离

# 一、为什么需要进行MYSQL的主从同步复制、读写分离？ #

对于当下的一些大型网站，仅仅一个数据库服务器已经不足以处理大量的数据库连接操作。而且仅仅拥有一个数据库服务器，容易造成数据丢失，非常不安全。  
部署主从服务器，实现主从数据的同步，并实现读写分离，减轻主服务器的压力，也缓解了数据丢失的问题。  
主从服务器，实际是指**一主多从**，在主服务器上进行写操作，而所有的读操作都在从服务器上进行。  
**主从服务器实现模型：**  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center]  
从以上模型可以看出，从服务器的日志文件相对于主服务器的日志文件而言，存在着延迟。

# 二、主从同步复制的方式 #

在这里将主服务器比喻为1，从服务器比喻为0。

## 1、同步复制 ##

**同步复制的形式为：**`1000 1000 1000`  
即每一个在主服务器上的数据库操作，都需要等待从服务器复制完成，主服务器才会进行下一个数据库操作。

## 2、异步复制 ##

**异步复制的形式为：**  
`1111....`  
`00000.....`  
即主服务器上一直不停的做数据库操作，而从服务器就一直复制日志实现同步。

# 三、主从数据库实现 #

**环境配置：**

服务器系统：
    [root@master-server 桌面]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
    Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 7.0 (Maipo)

两台主机都能连接外网。并且：  
**主服务器IP地址：**`192.168.43.166`  
**从服务器IP地址：**`192.168.43.30`

## 1、安装mysql数据库 ##

### 1. 下载 ###

**MYSQL下载链接**：[MYSQL5.7][]  
在`win10`上下载该软件包，上传到虚拟机中。这里提供两种方式上传：  
①下载`winscp`软件然后上传。（首选）[Winscp下载][Winscp]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 1]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 2]  
②配置`samba`服务，共享`linux`主机的一个目录，再上传。

### 2. 安装MYSQL ###

#### 2.1 解压 ####

通过`winscp`已经将安装包上传到`linux`系统了。

# 先删除原先的mysql目录或文件
    root@master ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql
    [root@master ~]# find / -name mysql
    /usr/lib64/mysql
    /usr/share/mysql
    [root@master ~]# rm -rf /usr/lib64/mysql
    [root@master ~]# rm -rf /usr/share/mysql

#为了方便，把压缩包放到这个目录下
    [root@master ~]# mv ./Desktop/mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz /usr/local/
    [root@master ~]# cd /usr/local
    [root@master local]# pwd
    /usr/local
    [root@master local]# ls
    bin    include  libexec                                     share
    etc    lib      mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz  src
    games  lib64    sbin
    [root@master local]#

#解压，并重命名文件夹
    [root@master local]# tar xzvf mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz 
    #这里省略解压过程
    [root@master local]# ls
    bin    include  libexec                                     sbin
    etc    lib      mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64         share
    games  lib64    mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz  src
    [root@master local]# mv mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 mysql
    [root@master local]# ls
    bin    include  libexec                                     sbin
    etc    lib      mysql                                       share
    games  lib64    mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz  src
    [root@master local]#

#### 2.1 配置初始化mysql ####

[root@master local]# echo "" > /etc/my.cnf
    [root@master local]# vim /etc/my.cnf
    # /etc/my.cnf清空后添加以下部分内容
    [mysql]
    default-character-set=utf8
    
    [mysqld]
    default-storage-engine=INNODB
    character_set_server=utf8

# 创建一个mysql数据目录
    [root@master local]# mkdir /usr/local/mysql/data/
    [root@master local]# cd /usr/local/mysql/support-files/
    [root@master support-files]# cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
    [root@master support-files]# vim /etc/init.d/mysql
    #修改以下内容：
    basedir=/usr/local/mysql
    datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data

# 创建一个用户用于初始化
    [root@master support-files]# cd
    [root@master ~]# useradd mysql
    [root@master ~]# echo 123456 | passwd --stdin mysql
    Changing password for user mysql.
    passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
    [root@master ~]# 
    
    # 初始化mysql
    [root@master ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/bin/
    [root@master bin]# ./mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql/ --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data/
    2020-05-31T02:42:14.560417Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
    2020-05-31T02:42:14.756536Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
    2020-05-31T02:42:14.782061Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
    2020-05-31T02:42:14.845101Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 56137141-a2e8-11ea-ae47-000c29aa3134.
    2020-05-31T02:42:14.846351Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
    2020-05-31T02:42:14.848085Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: dvsae4ehql=B
    [root@master bin]# 
    
    # root用户登录的临时密码
    dvsae4ehql=B

#数据目录加密
    [root@master bin]# ./mysql_ssl_rsa_setup --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data/
    Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
    ..........+++
    .....................................................+++
    writing new private key to 'ca-key.pem'
    -----
    Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
    ...+++
    ...........................+++
    writing new private key to 'server-key.pem'
    -----
    Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
    ....+++
    .......+++
    writing new private key to 'client-key.pem'
    -----
    [root@master bin]# 
    
    
    #启动mysql
    [root@master bin]# ./mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
    [1] 4575
    [root@master bin]# Logging to '/usr/local/mysql/data/master.err'.
    2020-05-31T02:43:39.950747Z mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /usr/local/mysql/data
    
    [root@master bin]# systemctl restart mysql
    [root@master bin]# systemctl status mysql
    mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQL
       Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)
       Active: active (exited) since Sat 2020-05-30 22:43:48 EDT; 5s ago
      Process: 4705 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    
    May 30 22:43:48 master systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MySQL...
    May 30 22:43:48 master mysql[4705]: Starting MySQL SUCCESS!
    May 30 22:43:48 master systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
    May 30 22:43:48 master mysql[4705]: 2020-05-31T02:43:48.632168Z mysq...s
    Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
    [root@master bin]# 
    
    
    # 查看mysql有没有启动
    [root@master bin]# ps -ef | grep mysql
    
    # 开通防火墙的3360端口
    [root@master bin]# cd
    [root@master ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=3306/tcp 
    success
    [root@master ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
    success
    
    #用临时密码登录数据库，并修改root用户密码
    [root@master ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/bin/
    [root@master bin]# ./mysql -uroot -p
    Enter password: 
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 2
    Server version: 5.7.23
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> set password=password('123456');
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to root@'%' identified by '123456';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> exit
    Bye
    
    # 添加mysql服务，并设置开机自启
    [root@master bin]# chkconfig --add mysql
    [root@master bin]# chkconfig mysql on
    
    
    #设置环境变量，在/etc/profile文件的末尾加上这句话
    [root@master bin]# vim /etc/profile
    export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH
    # 让环境变量立即生效
    [root@master bin]# source /etc/profile

至此，mysql数据库已经安装完毕。

# 创建一个测试数据库
    # mysql -h IP地址 -u用户名 -p密码
    [root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 3
    Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> create database test;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> exit
    Bye

通过`Navicat for MySQL`连接主服务器，可以看到连接成功。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
通过以上安装，`mysql`已经在`master`安装成功了。用同样的方法在`slave`上安装`mysql`，创建`test`数据库。

# slave-server的临时密码
    2020-05-31T02:59:11.397333Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: %P>zwYx:9Tsg

可以看到，`slave`上也安装成功了。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

# mysql在不知道root密码的情况下重设root密码，编辑/etc/my.cnf文件，添加以下内容。
    [mysqld]
    skip-grant-tables
    # 重启mysql数据库
    # 此时可以无密码进行登录
    [root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p
    Enter password: 
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 3
    Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> set password for root@localhost = password('123456');
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> exit
    Bye
    
    # 最后再编辑/etc/my.cnf文件，注释掉skip-grant-tables
    # 重启mysql数据库即可用刚设置的新密码进行登录了。

## 2、修改master主服务器配置 ##

# 修改/etc/my.cnf如下：
    [mysql]
    default-character-set=utf8
    
    [mysqld]
    default-storage-engine=INNODB
    character_set_server=utf8
    
    server-id = 1
    log_bin = master-bin
    binlog_format = ROW
    binlog_do_db = test
    
    #server-id 服务器唯一标识。
    #log_bin 主服务器的mysql二进制日志，提供给从服务器用于同步数据。只用需要同步的数据库的操作才会记录在日志里。
    #binlog_format 二进制日志文件格式
    #以下二选一：
    #binlog_do_db 指定同步的数据库名
    #binlog_ignore_db 指定不同步的数据库名

# 授予主服务器上root用户连接从服务器的权限
    [root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 4
    Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to root@192.168.43.166 identified by '123456';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)
    
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> exit
    Bye

# 查看主服务器的状态
    [root@master ~]# systemctl restart mysql
    [root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 2
    Server version: 5.7.23-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show master status;
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
    | File              | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
    | master-bin.000001 |      154 | test         |                  |                   |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

## 3、修改slave从服务器配置 ##

# 修改/etc/my.cnf如下：
    [mysql]
    default-character-set=utf8
    
    [mysqld]
    default-storage-engine=INNODB
    character_set_server=utf8
    
    server-id = 2
    log-bin=master-bin
    binlog_format = ROW
    
    #relay-log=slave-relay-bin
    #relay-log-index = slave-relay-bin.index
    #replicate-do-db=test
    #server-id 服务器唯一标识。
    #relay-log 从服务器的mysql二进制日志，用于数据恢复和备份。当主服务器崩了，提供给其他从服务器作为主服务器是用。
    #以下二选一：
    #replicate-do-db 指定同步的数据库名
    #replicate-ignore-db 指定不同步的数据库名

[root@slave-server ~]# systemctl restart mysql
    [root@slave-server ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 2
    Server version: 5.7.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.43.166',master_port=3306,master_user='root',master_password='123456',master_log_file='master-bin.000001',master_log_pos= 154;
    #master_host 【主服务器的IP地址】
    #master_port 【主服务器的端口】
    #master_log_file 【show master status显示的File列：master-bin.000001】
    #master_log_pos 【show master status显示的Position列：154】
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> start slave;  #启动从服务器
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show slave status\G;   #查看从服务器状态
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
                   Slave_IO_State: Connecting to master
                      Master_Host: 192.168.43.123
                      Master_User: salve_server
                      Master_Port: 3306
                    Connect_Retry: 60
                  Master_Log_File: master-bin.000001
              Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
                   Relay_Log_File: slave-relay-bin.000001
                    Relay_Log_Pos: 4
            Relay_Master_Log_File: master-bin.000001
                 Slave_IO_Running: Connecting
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
                  Replicate_Do_DB: test
              Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
               Replicate_Do_Table: 
           Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
          Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                       Last_Errno: 0
                       Last_Error: 
                     Skip_Counter: 0
              Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
                  Relay_Log_Space: 154
                  Until_Condition: None
                   Until_Log_File: 
                    Until_Log_Pos: 0
               Master_SSL_Allowed: No
               Master_SSL_CA_File: 
               Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
                  Master_SSL_Cert: 
                Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                   Master_SSL_Key: 
            Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
    Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                    Last_IO_Errno: 1045
                    Last_IO_Error: error connecting to master 'salve_server@192.168.43.123:3306' - retry-time: 60  retries: 1
                   Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                   Last_SQL_Error: 
      Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
                 Master_Server_Id: 0
                      Master_UUID: 
                 Master_Info_File: /usr/local/mysql/data/master.info
                        SQL_Delay: 0
              SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
          Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
               Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                      Master_Bind: 
          Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 200516 15:29:13
         Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
                   Master_SSL_Crl: 
               Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
               Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
                Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                    Auto_Position: 0
             Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                     Channel_Name: 
               Master_TLS_Version: 
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    ERROR: 
    No query specified
    
    mysql>

# 针对Slave_IO_Running处于连接中状态的解决方法：
                 Slave_IO_Running: Connecting
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    # 授予root所有权限all privileges
    grant all privileges on *.* to root@192.168.43.166 identified by '123456' with grant option; 
    # 刷新权限
    flush privileges;

## 4、测试主从服务器工作情况 ##

**主服务器IP地址：**`192.168.43.166`  
**从服务器IP地址：**`192.168.43.30`  
**测试：在主服务器上创建表，并插入数据。看从服务器是否会进行同步。**  
**①主服务器上建数据**

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
    CREATE TABLE `user` (
      `id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
      `name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    
    INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('1', 'abong');
    INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('2', 'zhang');

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 3]  
**②检验从服务器是否同步。从下图可以看到，在从服务器上已经有了`user`表，并且数据也是正确的。**  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 4]  
**③从库上修改数据**  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 5]  
**④主库上看数据是否被修改。可以看到，数据并没有被修改。**  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjUyMjA5OQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 6]

# 四、读写分离 #

在**MYSQL数据库主从同步、读写分离**这项技术中，最主要的是如何做到主从同步，而读写分离可以通过数据库用户的权限进行配置。从上面的测试结果可以看出，`将主库作为写库`，而`从库作为读库`，可以将数据库的读写操作分离开，减轻数据库的压力，还能保持数据库的一致性。  
`在主库上，创建一个mysql用户，赋予读写权限。`  
`在从库上，创建一个mysql用户，赋予只读权限。`

**以上就是MYSQL主从同步和读写分离的全部内容了，感兴趣的同学可以自行测试下，有不清楚的可以留言评论，一起探讨。**

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[MYSQL5.7]: https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[Winscp]: https://cdn.winscp.net/files/WinSCP-5.17.6-Setup.exe?secure=F95zrWczG7OSkXJU-vmoDA==,1590768933
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