计算机系统结构概论第2章数据表示寻址方式指令系统

Love The Way You Lie 2023-02-25 08:58 3阅读 0赞

*  数据表示 寻址方式 指令系统
 *  提高计算机系统的性能
 *  减少计算机系统的消耗
 *

# 数据表示 #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

*  浮点数 尾数
 *  一个字节 8个bit 是个字符
 *  4个字节，32 bit， 整型
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

*  缺失 没有看到

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

*  未看到

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

*  是否减少了 实现时间 和
 *  处理机之间
 *  其 实现时间 就会越少  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

*  半个字 或 单字
 *  双精度浮点数 （双字）
 *

### 高级数据表示 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]

*  由数据本身 给出操作类型
 *  数据标志，2 位，增加4种表示
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]

*  是否兼容
 *  总开销时间

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]

*  每个数据
 *  数据的类型特征

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]

*  形式 分别 如下所示

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

*  如果索引是101 表示的是 二维的数组
 *  
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

### 向量，数组 数据表示 ###

向量：一组相同类型的数据

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

![在这里插入图片描述][20200712140745693.png]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]

### 堆栈数据表示 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]

### 浮点数尾数基值大小 和 下溢处理 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][2020071214430529.png]

![在这里插入图片描述][20200712144333718.png]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]

*  Rm=2 就是2进制，每个是1位
 *  8进制 ，就是3位

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28]

*  10 的 10次方 更大
 *  2 的 10 次方 ，

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 29]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 30]

*  分布 很稀疏

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 31]

*  已可得出数的表示精度下降

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 32]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 33]

*  需左移的次数

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 34]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 35]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 36]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 37]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 38]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 39]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 40]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 41]

# 寻址方式 #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 42]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 43]

*  mem\[1000\] 内存偏移1000的位置
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 44]

*  结果 大多
 *  或 寄存器

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 45]

*  寄存器 Regs\[R1\]+ Mem\[1001\] 加存储器
 *  1001 直接就是地址
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 46]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 47]

*  数组应用
 *  分支跳转应用
 *  虚拟存储器应用
 *  进栈 指针 减1，

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 48]

*  专门 设置寻址方式
 *  
 *  操作码： 拿出 01 是地址，拿出00 是内容。
 *  如果2位，就支持4中寻址方式
 *

### 逻辑地址与 主存物理地址 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 49]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 50]

*  基地址寻址：给每个程序分配一个基地址，每个都有一个起始位置，
 *  拿到起始位置，和 在程序里的偏移值，就知道主存的偏移值
 *  即：动态再定位
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 51]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 52]

*  单字：一条指令占用 4 \* 8 = 32 Byte 。 100
 *  双字： 8 个字节，000
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 53]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 54]

# 2.3 指令系统的设计和优化 #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 55]

*  指令系统，软件 和 硬件的界面
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 56]

*  额外需求
 *

*  A-B——》 A 送给A ，也有 A-B——》B
 *  兼容：向后兼容。指令系统更新了，今天的程序依然可以运行
 *  即：指令系统只能 增加

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 57]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 58]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 59]

*  特权指令 debug
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 60]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 61]

## 指令操作码优化 ##

*  把指令的操作码变短
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 62]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 63]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 64]

*  \- log20.4
 *  0.4 小于1，所以是 负数。 在加 一个负号 ，所以为正
 *  0.4 的倒数 分之一
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 65]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 66]

*  即： 28% 。相当于浪费了28%
 *  ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 67]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 68]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 69]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 70]

*  只浪费 1%

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 71]

*  前三个 加在一块 为 85%
 *  1 2 3 用 2的2次方表示。 11 预留出来，继续扩展
 *  0.4 ，0.3 假如省一位 也没有什么差别
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 72]

*  扩展编码 浪费在 5% 左右
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 73]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 74]

*  一共32为
 *  op A1，比如 A1 10位，A1 为 22 位，就有 2的 22次方个指令
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 75]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 76]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 77]

*  15条频繁，其他一般 用第一个。
 *  只有几条频繁，用第二个。
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 78]

*  右边 254 后面为2
 *  单地址 255条 不行。
 *  254 条正好。

![在这里插入图片描述][20200718205024287.png]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 79]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 80]

## 指令字格式优化 ##

*  地址如何优化
 *  寻址方式

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 81]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 82]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 83]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 84]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 85]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 86]

*  4 G 地址 为 2 的 32 次方
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][20200718211157266.png]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 87]

*  号 和 段内

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 88]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 89]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 90]

## 指令系统的发展和改进 ##

*  x86 是 CISC
 *  ram处理器 RISC 精简
 *

### cisc ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 91]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 92]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 93]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 94]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 95]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 96]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 97]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 98]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 99]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 100]

### risc ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 101]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 102]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 103]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 104]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 105]

*  尽可能减少 访问，只通过 load 和 store

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 106]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 107]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 108]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 109]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 110]

*  25-16 号 10 个 为 本地区
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 111]

*  重叠寄存器窗口的技术
 *  
 *  10+16\* 8 =138
 *  6个重复的 算一次即可。
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 112]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 113]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 114]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 115]

*  程序的设计
 *

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 116]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 117]

[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20230209/2dc8a25c89794c53a34d09e07b5a5682.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: /images/20230209/d43cec4b7e004bafbe64e6f978b30243.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]: /images/20230209/73e9a25a33564b39a558f714c2a21f54.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]: /images/20230209/6910a27217cb485998ddf5e44012874a.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]: /images/20230209/3ebfea06c82946ad920bc7714e9722ab.png
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[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]: /images/20230209/1648bc07cedb44aea86b4522456932b0.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxMTIwNjMxMTU3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]: /images/20230209/90060615ab754726a8ae1c21d1026a36.png
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[20200712140745693.png]: /images/20230209/8426dbd7cfc74ab892380df1c47bc96b.png
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[2020071214430529.png]: /images/20230209/be0d91c85af44c31aecb6951be361918.png
[20200712144333718.png]: /images/20230209/e194eae15a7d4eed87e705d36fc750b2.png
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