linux上安装MySQL（二进制版）

清疚 2023-01-17 08:54 146阅读 0赞

## 前言 ##

MySQL 的安装方式一般分为三种，二进制版本、编译版本、RPM 包。比较常见的是二进制版本安装，方便简单，相对于编译安装，如果不是追求极致性能，使用起来差别不大。本次教程以二进制版本为例，系统为 centos6.8，MySQL 版本为`5.7.20`。

## 下载安装包 ##

先去官网下载二进制安装包，进入官网下载页面 [mysql下载页面][mysql]，点击下载 5.7.20 二进制 64 位版本

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80Mjc0MDUzMA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

下载完成，把安装包移到目标 Linux 下

## 环境准备 ##

**1 安装依赖**

yum install libaio numactl -y

**2 创建用户以及用户组**

groupadd mysql
    useradd -m -r -g mysql mysql

**3 配置 ulimit**

我们一般使用 mysql 用户启动数据库，如果不设置文件打开数和进程数，后期会有问题

打开 `/etc/security/limits.conf` 文件，在文件末尾写上

mysql     soft    nproc    65536
    mysql     hard    nproc    65536
    mysql     soft    nofile   65536
    mysql     hard    nofile   65536

打开 `/etc/security/limits.d/90-nproc.conf` 把参数调整为

*          soft    nproc     65536
    root       soft    nproc     unlimited
    *          soft    nofile    65536
    root       soft    nofile    unlimited

**4 在 hosts 文件加上本机解析**

如果不设置 hosts 本机解析，偶然会出现一些诡异的问题，所以还是加上比较好

vim /etc/hosts

在最后面加上：`host_ip host_name`

![在这里插入图片描述][20210428133846609.png]

**5 开启时间同步**

时间同步对于数据库来说非常重要，请保证所有数据库节点时间是一致的

yum install -y ntp
    service ntpd start

**6 关闭 iptable**

数据库一般不允许通外网，如果对防火墙不是很熟悉，可以关掉; 如果网络环境不够安全，可以开启

service iptables stop
    chkconfig iptables off

**7 关闭 selinux**

selinux 可能会造成无法写入数据，如果对它不熟悉，建议关掉

**查看 selinux 状态**

getenforce

**临时关闭**

setenforce 0

**永久关闭**

打开 `/etc/sysconfig/selinux`

`SELINUX=enforcing` 改为 `SELINUX=disabled`

## 安装 ##

这次安装数据目录为 `/data/mysql_db/`，日志目录为 `/data/mysql_log/`，启动用户为 `mysql`

**1 解压文件**

把二进制文件解压出来，放到 /user/local/ 目录下

tar -xvzf mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
    mv mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql57

如果想要全局访问到 `mysql` 客户端，可以把 `/usr/local/mysql57/bin` 加入系统路径，我这里采取直接创建`软连接`的方式

ln -s  /usr/local/mysql57/bin/mysql /usr/bin/mysql
    ln -s  /usr/local/mysql57/bin/mysqlbinlog /usr/bin/mysqlbinlog

**2 创建数据和日志目录**

mkdir -p /data/mysql_db/mysql_test
    mkdir -p /data/mysql_log/mysql_test

**3 初始化目录**

/usr/local/mysql57/bin/mysqld --initialize-insecure --basedir=/usr/local/mysql57 --datadir=/data/mysql_db/mysql_test --user=mysql
    /usr/local/mysql57/bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup --basedir=/usr/local/mysql57 --datadir=/data/mysql_db/mysql_test

正常输出

[root@mysql-test ~]# /usr/local/mysql57/bin/mysqld --initialize-insecure --basedir=/usr/local/mysql57 --datadir=/data/mysql_db/mysql_test --user=mysql
    2018-06-03T05:19:31.469841Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
    2018-06-03T05:19:32.525091Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
    2018-06-03T05:19:32.751099Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
    2018-06-03T05:19:32.861647Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: b2d883be-66ed-11e8-bd72-90b11c1a653a.
    2018-06-03T05:19:32.877177Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
    2018-06-03T05:19:32.877705Z 1 [Warning] root@localhost is created with an empty password ! Please consider switching off the --initialize-insecure option.
    [root@mysql-test ~]# /usr/local/mysql57/bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup --basedir=/usr/local/mysql57 --datadir=/data/mysql_db/mysql_test
    Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
    ............................................................................+++
    ....+++
    writing new private key to 'ca-key.pem'
    -----
    Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
    ......................................+++
    ...........................+++
    writing new private key to 'server-key.pem'
    -----
    Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
    ..............................................................................+++
    ..................................................+++
    writing new private key to 'client-key.pem'
    -----

**4 生成配置文件**

一台机器上有可能会存在多个 MySQL 实例，我们可以把 `my.cnf` 文件放到对应实例的数据目录下，由于 MySQL 会受到默认配置文件的影响，所以我们要把 `/etc/my.cnf` 移走, 然后创建新的 `my.cnf` 文件

rm -f /etc/my.cnf
    vim /data/mysql_db/mysql_test/my.cnf

本次安装参考配置，具体参数结合服务器情况调整

# my.cnf
    [client]
    port = 3306
    default-character-set =utf8
    socket = /data/mysql_db/mysql_test/mysql.sock
    
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /data/mysql_db/mysql_test
    basedir = /usr/local/mysql57
    tmpdir = /tmp
    socket = /data/mysql_db/mysql_test/mysql.sock
    pid-file = /data/mysql_db/mysql_test/mysql.pid
    skip-external-locking = 1
    skip-name-resolve = 1
    port = 3306
    server_id = 1
    
    default-storage-engine = InnoDB
    character-set-server = utf8
    default_password_lifetime=0
    
    #### log ####
    binlog_cache_size = 16M
    log_bin = /data/mysql_log/mysql_test/mysql-bin
    log_bin_index = /data/mysql_log/mysql_test/mysql-bin.index
    binlog_format = row
    expire_logs_days = 15
    
    relay_log_recovery=ON
    relay_log=/data/mysql_log/mysql_test/mysql-relay-bin
    relay_log_index=/data/mysql_log/mysql_test/mysql-relay-bin.index
    
    log_error = /data/mysql_log/mysql_test/mysql-error.log
    log_queries_not_using_indexes = /data/mysql_log/mysql_test/nouseindex.log
    
    slow_query_log = 1
    long_query_time = 1
    slow_query_log_file = /data/mysql_log/mysql_test/mysql-slow.log
    
    #### innodb ####
    innodb_buffer_pool_size = 4G
    innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 8
    innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/mysql_log/mysql_test/
    innodb_undo_directory = /data/mysql_log/mysql_test/
    innodb_undo_logs = 128
    innodb_flush_neighbors = 1
    innodb_log_file_size =  1G
    innodb_file_per_table = on 
    
    bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
    myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M
    myisam_max_sort_file_size = 1G
    myisam_repair_threads = 1
    
    log_timestamps=system
    
    [mysqldump]
    quick
    max_allowed_packet = 64M
    
    [myisamchk]
    key_buffer_size = 32M
    sort_buffer_size = 32M
    read_buffer = 16M
    write_buffer = 16M

**5 生成启动文件**

cp /usr/local/mysql57/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
    vim /etc/init.d/mysqld

把

basedir=
    datadir=
    lock_file_path="$lockdir/mysql"
    $bindir/mysqld_safe --datadir="$datadir" --pid-file="$mysqld_pid_file_path" $other_args >/dev/null &

改为, 手动指定配置文件和数据目录

basedir=/usr/local/mysql57
    datadir=/data/mysql_db/mysql_test
    default_file=/data/mysql_db/mysql_test/my.cnf
    lock_file_path="$lockdir/mysqld"
    $bindir/mysqld_safe  --defaults-file="$default_file" --datadir="$datadir" --pid-file="$mysqld_pid_file_path" $other_args >/dev/null 2>&1 &

**把数据目录的所有者改为 mysql**

chown mysql.mysql /etc/init.d/mysqld 
    chown mysql.mysql -R /data/mysql*

**启动实例**

我们以 `mysql` 用户来启动

su - mysql

[mysql@chengqm ~]$ /etc/init.d/mysqld-test start
    Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!

进入 `mysql` 客户端

mysql -S /data/mysql_db/mysql_test/mysql.sock

到此，MySQL 已经成功安装并启动, 后续可以修改密码.

[mysql]: https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/
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[20210428133846609.png]: /images/20221021/e12f47471c054beebf8bddd866927f06.png