C++学习笔记（一）指针、结构体

曾经终败给现在 2023-01-04 14:54 103阅读 0赞

### **（一）指针** ###

1.空指针 int \* p = NULL；

指向内存中编号为0的空间，用来初始化指针变量, 其指向的内存是不可访问的（因为0~255间的内存编号由系统占用）

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]

注：

指针前加\*表示解引用，用来找到该指针指向的内存中的数据。所以当形参是 &引用或指针的指针\*\*  时，改变形参就是改变实参。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2][]

2.野指针

指向非法的内存空间。野指针和空指针都不是我们申请的空间，故无法访问。

**3.const修饰指针有3种情况（根据const与\*的前后关系，就能辨别不同的叫法）**

（1）const修饰指针——常量指针

指针的指向可改，指向的值不可改。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3][]

（2）const修饰常量——指针常量

指针的指向不可改，指向的值可改。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4][]

（3）const既修饰指针，又修饰常量

指针的指向与指向的值都不可改。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5][]

例：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8][]

4. 值传递只改变形参，不影响实参。地址传递都影响。

例1

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9][]

![20201215222646245.png][]

例2

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11][]

### **（二）结构体** ###

1.定义

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13][]

![20210128154841996.png][]

![20210128154856195.png][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14][]

![20201216002717382.png][]

![20201216100915912.png][]

2.结构体数组

![20201216101027709.png][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15][]

![20201216104108403.png][]

3.结构体指针

通过结构体指针访问结构体里的属性，需要利用‘—>’

![20201216104203714.png][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16][]

![2020121610520022.png][]

4.结构体嵌套结构体

![20201216105353476.png][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17][]

![20201216172715164.png][]

5.结构体做函数参数

![20201216193532843.png][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18][]

![202012162000377.png][]

6. 结构体中的const使用场景

把函数中的形参改为指针，可以大幅减少内存空间的占用，不会复制新的副本出来

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19][]

此时加const得到常量指针，**解决地址传递带来的参数误更改问题**：

![20201216200748137.png][]

举例1

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23][]

举例2

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26][]

7. **项目实战 —— 通讯录管理系统**

#include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    #include <string>
    #define MAX 1000
    
    //设计联系人结构体
    struct Person
    {
        string m_Name;
        int m_Sex;
        int m_Age;
        string m_Phone;
        string m_Addr;
    };
    
    //设计通讯录结构体
    struct Addressbooks
    {
        struct Person personArray[MAX];//通讯录保留的联系人数组
        int m_Size;//通讯录当前记录的联系人个数
    };
    
    //1、添加联系人
    void addPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
    {
        if(abs->m_Size == MAX)
        {
            cout << "通讯录已满，无法添加！\n" ;
            return;
        }
        else
        {
            //姓名
            string name;
            cout << "请输入姓名： \n";
            cin >> name;
            abs->personArray[abs->m_Size].m_Name = name;
            //性别
            cout << "请输入性别： \n";
            cout << "1 --- 男 \n";
            cout << "2 --- 女 \n";
            int sex = 0;
            while (1)
            {
                cin >> sex;
                if(sex==1 || sex==2)
                {
                    abs->personArray[abs->m_Size].m_Sex = sex;
                    break;
                }
                else
                    cout << "输入有误，请重新输入！ \n";
            }
            //年龄
            cout << "请输入年龄： \n";
            int age = 0;
            cin >> age;
            abs->personArray[abs->m_Size].m_Age = age;
            //电话
            cout << "请输入电话： \n";
            string phone;
            cin >> phone;
            abs->personArray[abs->m_Size].m_Phone = phone;
            //住址
            cout << "请输入住址： \n";
            string address;
            cin >> address;
            abs->personArray[abs->m_Size].m_Addr = address;
            //更新通讯录的当前人数
            abs->m_Size++;
            cout << "添加成功！\n";
    
    //        system("pause");//请按任意键继续
    //        system("cls");//清屏
        }
    }
    
    //2、显示所有联系人
    void showPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
    {
        if(abs->m_Size == 0)
            cout << "当前记录为空 \n";
        else
            for(int i = 0; i < abs->m_Size; i++)
            {
                cout << "姓名" << abs->personArray[i].m_Name << "\t";
                cout << "性别" << abs->personArray[i].m_Sex << "\t";
                cout << "年龄" << abs->personArray[i].m_Age << "\t";
                cout << "电话" << abs->personArray[i].m_Phone << "\t";
                cout << "住址" << abs->personArray[i].m_Addr << endl;
            }
    //    system("pause");
    //    system("cls");
    }
    
    //判断指定联系人是否存在
    int isExist(Addressbooks* abs, string name)
    {
        for(int i = 0; i < abs->m_Size; i++)
            if(abs->personArray[i].m_Name == name)
                return i;//找到
        return -1;//没找到
    }
    
    //3、删除指定联系人
    void deletePerson(Addressbooks* abs)
    {
        cout << "请输入删除联系人姓名： \n";
        string name;
        cin >> name;
        int ret = isExist(abs,name);
        if(ret != -1)
        {
            //找到此人，做删减
            for(int i = ret; i < abs->m_Size; i++)
                abs->personArray[i] = abs->personArray[i+1];//数据依次前移
            abs->m_Size--;//实时更新通讯录上的人数
            cout << "删除成功！\n";
        }
        else
            cout << "查无此人\n";
    //    system("pause");
    //    system("cls");
    }
    
    //4、查找指定联系人
    void findPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
    {
        cout << "请输入您要查找的联系人： \n";
        string name;
        cin >> name;
        int ret = isExist(abs,name);
        if(ret != -1)
        {
            cout << "姓名： " << abs->personArray[ret].m_Name << "\t";
            cout << "性别： " << abs->personArray[ret].m_Sex << "\t";
            cout << "年龄： " << abs->personArray[ret].m_Age << "\t";
            cout << "电话： " << abs->personArray[ret].m_Phone << "\t";
            cout << "住址： " << abs->personArray[ret].m_Addr << endl;
        }
        else
            cout << "查无此人\n";
    //    system("pause");
    //    system("cls");
    }
    
    //5、修改指定联系人
    void modifyPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
    {
        cout << "请输入您要修改的联系人： \n";
        string name;
        cin >> name;
        int ret = isExist(abs,name);
        if(ret != -1)
        {
            string name;
            cout << "请输入姓名：\n";
            cin >> name;
            abs->personArray[ret].m_Name = name;
    
            cout << "请输入性别：\n";
            cout << "1 --- 男\n";
            cout << "2 --- 女\n";
            int sex = 0;
            while (1)
            {
                cin >> sex;
                if(sex == 1 || sex == 2)
                {
                    abs->personArray[ret].m_Sex = sex;
                    break;
                }
                cout << "输入有误，请重新输入！\n";
            }
    
            int age = 0;
            cout << "请输入年龄：\n";
            cin >> age;
            abs->personArray[ret].m_Age = age;
    
            string phone;
            cout << "请输入电话：\n";
            cin >> phone;
            abs->personArray[ret].m_Phone = phone;
    
            string address;
            cout << "请输入地址：\n";
            cin >> address;
            abs->personArray[ret].m_Addr = address;
    
            cout << "修改成功！\n";
        }
        else
            cout << "查无此人\n";
    //    system("pause");
    //    system("cls");
    }
    
    //6、清空联系人
    void cleanPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
    {
        abs->m_Size = 0;
        cout << "通讯录已清空 \n";
    //    system("pause");
    //    system("cls");
    }
    
    void ShowMenu()
    {
        cout << "***************************" << endl;
        cout << "*****   1、添加联系人  *****" << endl;
        cout << "*****   2、显示联系人  *****" << endl;
        cout << "*****   3、删除联系人  *****" << endl;
        cout << "*****   4、查找联系人  *****" << endl;
        cout << "*****   5、修改联系人  *****" << endl;
        cout << "*****   6、清空联系人  *****" << endl;
        cout << "*****   0、退出通讯录  *****" << endl;
        cout << "***************************" << endl;
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        Addressbooks abs;
        abs.m_Size = 0;
    
        int select = 0;
        while (1)
        {
            ShowMenu();
            cin >> select;
            switch (select)
            {
                case 1://添加
                    addPerson(&abs);//地址传递，修改实参
                    break;
                case 2://显示
                    showPerson(&abs);
                    break;
                case 3://删除
                    deletePerson(&abs);
                    break;
                case 4://查找
                    findPerson(&abs);
                    break;
                case 5://修改
                    modifyPerson(&abs);
                    break;
                case 6://清空
                    cleanPerson(&abs);
                    break;
                case 0:
                    cout << "欢迎下次使用" << endl;
                    return 0;
                default:
                    break;
            }
        }
    }

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM5OTM4NjY2_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27][]

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