C++程序设计【三】之类和对象进阶

比眉伴天荒 2022-12-30 14:54 181阅读 0赞

> 感谢内容提供者：[金牛区吴迪软件开发工作室][Link 1]  
> 接上一篇：[C++程序设计【二】之面向对象的基本概念][C]

### 文章目录 ###

*  第三章：类和对象进阶
 *   *  一、构造函数
     *   *  1.构造函数的作用
         *  2.构造函数的定义
         *  3.构造函数的使用
         *  4.复制构造函数与类型转换构造函数
     *  二、析构函数
     *  三、类的静态成员
     *   *  1.静态变量
         *  2.类的静态成员
     *  四、变量及对象的生存期和作用域
     *   *  1.变量的生存期和作用域
         *  2.类对象的生存期和作用域
     *  五、常量成员和常引用成员
     *   *  1.常量成员和常引用成员
     *  六、成员对象和封闭类
     *   *  1.封闭类构造函数的初始化列表
         *  2.封闭类的复制构造函数
     *  七、友元
     *   *  1.友元
         *  2.友元函数
         *  3.友元类
     *  八、this指针

# 第三章：类和对象进阶 #

## 一、构造函数 ##

### 1.构造函数的作用 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

### 2.构造函数的定义 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

### 3.构造函数的使用 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

### 4.复制构造函数与类型转换构造函数 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

## 二、析构函数 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
**示例：**

> 使用delete语句  
> 现在修改类 myDate 和类 Student 的无参构造函数和析构函数如下：

myDate::myDate(): year(1970), month(1), day(10) { 
    	cout << "myDate 构造函数" << endl;
    }
    myDate::~myDate() { 
    	cout << "myDate 析构函数" << endl;
    }
    Student::Student(): name("Noname"), birthday(myDate()) { 
    	cout << "Student 构造函数" << endl;
    }
    Student::~Student() { 
    	cout << "Student 析构函数" << endl;
    }

> 如果在主函数中执行以下语句：

Student *stud = new Student();
    delete stud;

> 则得到信息如下：  
> myDate 构造函数  
> Student 构造函数  
> Student 析构函数  
> myDate 析构函数

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]

## 三、类的静态成员 ##

### 1.静态变量 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

### 2.类的静态成员 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]

#include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    static int glos = 100;
    void f() { 
    	int a = 1; // 局部自动变量a
    	static int fs = 1;	// 静态局部变量fs，完成初始化。
    	cout << "在f中：a（自动）=" << a << " fs（静态）=" << fs << " glos（静态）=" << glos << endl;
    	a += 2;
    	fs += 2;
    	glos += 10;
    	cout << "在f中：a（自动）=" << a << " fs（静态）=" << fs << " glos（静态）=" << glos << endl;
    	// cout << "ms= " << ms << endl; // 改行错误，变量ms不可见。
    }
    int main() { 
    	static int ms = 10;
    	for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { 
    		f();
    	}
    	// cout << "fs = " << fs << endl; 该行报错，变量fs不可见。
    	cout << "ms=" << ms << endl;
    	cout << "glos=" << glos << endl;
    	return 0;
    }

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

## 四、变量及对象的生存期和作用域 ##

### 1.变量的生存期和作用域 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

### 2.类对象的生存期和作用域 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20201230174920528.png]

## 五、常量成员和常引用成员 ##

### 1.常量成员和常引用成员 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]

## 六、成员对象和封闭类 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

### 1.封闭类构造函数的初始化列表 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]

### 2.封闭类的复制构造函数 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20201230180624193.png]

## 七、友元 ##

### 1.友元 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]

#include <iostream>
    #include <cmath>
    
    using namespace std;
    class Pixel; // 前向引用声明
    class Text { 
    	public:
    		void printX(Pixel p);	// 用到了类Pixel
    };
    
    class Pixel { 
    	private:
    		int x, y;
    	public:
    		Pixel(int x0, int y0) { 
    			x = x0;
    			y = y0;
    		}
    		void printxy() { 
    			cout << "pixel:(" << x << "," << y << ")" << endl;
    		}
    		friend double getDist(Pixel p1, Pixel p2);
    		friend void Test::printX(Pixel p);
    };
    
    void Test::printX(Pixel p) { 
    	cout << "x=" << p.x << " y=" << p.y << endl;	// 访问类Pixel的私有成员
    	return;
    }
    double getDist(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) { 	// 友元函数在类体外定义
    	double xd = double(p1.x - p2.x);	// 使用类Pixel的私有成员x
    	double yd = double(p1.y - p2.y);	// 使用类Pixel的私有成员y
    	return sqrt(xd * xd + yd * yd);	// 俩点间距离
    }
    
    int main() { 
    	Pixel p1(0, 0), p2(10, 10);
    	p1.printxy();
    	p2.printxy();
    	cout << "(p1, p2)间距离=" << getDist(p1, p2) << endl;
    	Test t;
    	cout << "从友元函数中输出--" << endl;
    	t.printX(p1);	// 通过对象调用类的成员函数
    	t.printX(p2);	// 通过对象调用类的成员函数
    	return 0;
    }

### 2.友元函数 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

### 3.友元类 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]

## 八、this指针 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]

class myDate { 
    	public:
    		myDate();
    		myDate(int, int, int);
    	private:
    		int year, month, day;
    };
    myDate::myDate() { 
    	year = 1970;
    	month = 1;
    	day = 1;
    }
    // 加参数的例一
    myDate::myDate(int y, int m, int d) { 
    	year = y;
    	month = m;
    	day = d;
    }
    // 其实加参数的例一可以写成下面这样，只不过简写了而已
    myDate::myDate(int year, int month, int day) { 
    	this -> year = year;
    	this -> month = month;
    	this -> day = day;
    }

下一篇：[C++程序设计【四】之运算符重载的概念][C 1]

[Link 1]: http://wdstudio.top/
[C]: https://wudi98.blog.csdn.net/article/details/111700805
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[C 1]: https://wudi98.blog.csdn.net/article/details/111997160