C++程序设计【二】之面向对象的基本概念

怼烎@ 2022-12-30 13:44 238阅读 0赞

> 感谢内容提供者：[金牛区吴迪软件开发工作室][Link 1]  
> 接上一篇：[C++程序设计【一】之 C++ 语言简介][C_ C_]

### 文章目录 ###

*  第二章：面向对象的基本概念
 *   *  一、结构化程序设计
     *  二、面向对象程序设计的概念和特点
     *   *  1.面向对象思想的提出
         *  2.面向对象程序设计的特点
     *  三、类的初步知识
     *   *  1.类的定义
         *  2.类的定义示例
     *  四、类的示例程序剖析
     *   *  1.程序结构
         *  2.成员变量与成员函数的定义
         *  3.创建类对象的基本形式
     *  五、访问对象的成员
     *   *  1.使用对象访问成员变量与调用成员函数
         *  2.使用指针访问对象的成员
         *  3.使用引用访问对象的成员
     *  六、类成员的可访问范围
     *   *  1.访问范围说明符的含义
         *  2.成员的访问
         *  3.隐藏的作用
     *  七、标识符的作用域与可见性
     *   *  1.函数原型作用域
         *  2.局部作用域
         *  3.类作用域
         *  4.命名空间作用域
         *  5.作用域隐藏规则

# 第二章：面向对象的基本概念 #

## 一、结构化程序设计 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

## 二、面向对象程序设计的概念和特点 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

### 1.面向对象思想的提出 ###

### 2.面向对象程序设计的特点 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

## 三、类的初步知识 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

### 1.类的定义 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

### 2.类的定义示例 ###

> PS:  
> public定义公有成员，可以被外部访问  
> private定义私有成员，只能被内部访问  
> protected定义保护成员，只能被内部或者继承类访问

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    // 定义日期类
    class myDate { 
    	public:
    		myDate();		// 构造函数
    		myDate(int, int, int); 	// 构造函数
    		void setDate(int, int, int);	// 设置日期
    		void setDate(myDate); 	// 设置日期
    		myDate getDate();	// 获取日期
    		void setYear(int);	// 设置年
    		int getMonth();		// 获取月
    		void printDate() const;	// 打印日期
    	private:
    		int year, month, day;	// 成员变量，表示年、月、日
    };
    
    myDate::myDate() { 
    	year = 1970, month = 1, day = 1;
    }
    myDate::myDate(int y, int m, int d) { 
    	year = y;
    	month = m;
    	day = d;
    }
    void myDate::setDate(int y, int m, int d) { 
    	year = y;
    	month = m;
    	day = d;
    	return;
    }
    void myDate::setDate(myDate oneD) { 
    	year = oneD.year;
    	month = oneD.month;
    	day = oneD.day;
    	return;
    }
    myDate myDate::getDate() { 
    	return *this;
    }
    void myDate::setYear(int y) { 
    	year = y;
    	return;
    }
    int myDate::getMonth() { 
    	return month;
    }
    void myDate::printDate() const { 
    	cout << year << "/" << month << "/" << day;
    	return;
    }
    
    // 定义学生类
    class Student { 
    	public:
    	 	void setStudent(string, myDate); // 设置学生信息
    	 	void setName(string);	// 设置姓名
    	 	string getName();		// 获取姓名
    	 	void setBirthday(myDate);	// 设置生日
    	 	myDate getBirthday();	// 获取生日
    	 	void printStudent() const;	// 打印信息
    	private:
    		string name; 	// 姓名
    		myDate birthday;	// 生日
    };
    
    // 在类体外定义成员函数
    void Student::setStudent(string s, myDate d) { 
    	name = s;
    	birthday.setDate(d);
    	return;
    }
    void Student::setName(string n) { 
    	name = n;
    	return;
    }
    string Student::getName() { 
    	return name;
    }
    void Student::setBirthday(myDate d) { 
    	birthday.setDate(d);
    	return;
    }
    myDate Student::getBirthday() { 
    	return birthday;
    }
    void Student::printStudent() const { 
    	cout << "姓名： " << name << "\t生日：";
    	birthday.printDate(); // 调用类myDate的成员函数输出生日
    	cout << endl;
    }
    
    int main() { 
    	Student ss;
    	int y, m, d;
    	string name_;
    	cout << "请输入学生的姓名和生日,生日以\"年月日\"的次序用空格分开输入：" << endl;
    	cin >> name_ >> y >> m >> d;
    	ss.setStudent(name_, myDate(y, m, d));
    	ss.printStudent();
    	return 0;
    }

## 四、类的示例程序剖析 ##

### 1.程序结构 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

### 2.成员变量与成员函数的定义 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]

### 3.创建类对象的基本形式 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

## 五、访问对象的成员 ##

### 1.使用对象访问成员变量与调用成员函数 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]

int main() { 
    	Student ss;
    	int y, m, d;
    	string name_;
    	cout << "请输入学生的姓名和生日,生日以\"年月日\"的次序用空格分开输入：";
    	cin >> name_ >> y >> m >> d;
    	ss.setStudent(name_, myDate(y, m, d));
    	ss.printStudent();
    	return 0;
    }

### 2.使用指针访问对象的成员 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][2020122613214420.png]

int main() { 
    	Student ss;
    	int y, m, d;
    	string name_;
    	Student *sp = &ss;  	// 指向 ss 的指针 sp
    	cout << "请输入学生的姓名和生日,生日以\"年月日\"的次序用空格分开输入：";
    	cin >> name >> y >> m >> d;
    	sp -> setStudent(name_, myDate(y, m, d));  // 或者 (*sp).setStudent()
    	sp -> printStudent();	// 或者 (*sp).printStudent()
    	return 0;
    }

### 3.使用引用访问对象的成员 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20201226132659864.png]

int main() { 
    	Student ss;
    	int y, m, d;
    	string name_;
    	Student &sy = ss;
    	cout << "请输入学生的姓名和生日,生日以\"年月日\"的次序用空格分开输入：";
    	cin >> name >> y >> m >> d;
    	sy.setStudent(name_, myDate(y, m, d));
    	sy.printStudent();
    	return 0;
    }

## 六、类成员的可访问范围 ##

### 1.访问范围说明符的含义 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]

> PS：  
> 默认值是私有的 **private**

### 2.成员的访问 ###

1.  使用 protected 修饰的成员，可以在本类内及其子类内访问
2.  普通函数只能通过对象访问类的公有成员
3.  在类中，不作特别说明的数据成员均为私有类型
4.  类的对象只能访问公有成员
5.  类的私有成员可以在本类的成员函数中访问
6.  类本身的成员函数可以访问自己定义的任何成员

**示例一：**

#include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    class Box { 
    	public:				// 公有的
    		double length;
    		void setWidth(double wid);
    		double getWidth();
    	private:			// 私有的
    		double width;
    };
    // 类体外定义成员函数
    double Box::getWidth() { 
    	return width;
    }
    void Box::setWidth(double wid) { 
    	width = wid;
    }
    
    int main() { 
    	Box box;
    	// 不使用成员函数设置长度
    	box.length = 10.0;
    	cout << "Length of box:" << box.length << endl;		// 输出Length of box: 10;
    	// 不使用成员函数设置宽度
    	// box.width = 10.0; 会报错，因为width是私有的
    	box.setWidth(10.0);		// 必须使用公有的成员函数设置宽度
    	cout << "Width of box:" << box.getWidth() << endl;		// 输出Width of box: 10;
    	return 0;
    }

**示例二：**

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    class CEmployee { 
    	private:
    		string szName;	// 姓名
    		int salary;		// 工资
    	public:
    		void setName(string);	// 设置姓名
    		string getName();	// 获取姓名
    		void setSalary(int);	// 设置工资
    		int getSalary();	// 获取工资
    		int averageSalary(CEmployee);	// 计算俩人的平均工资
    };
    void CEmployee::setName(string name) { 
    	szName = name;
    }
    string CEmployee::getName() { 
    	return szName;
    }
    void CEmployee::setSalary(int mon) { 
    	salary = mon;
    }
    int CEmployee::getSalary() { 
    	return salary;
    }
    int CEmployee::averageSalary(CEmployee e1) { 
    	return (salary + e1.getSalary()) / 2;
    }
    
    int main() { 
    	CEmployee eT, eY;
    	// eT.szName = "Tom" 编译报错
    	eT.setName("Tom");
    	// eT.salary = 5000; 编译报错，不能直接访问私有成员
    	eT.setSalary(5000);		// 需要通过公有成员函数访问
    	cout << eT.getName() << endl;	// 输出Tom
    	eY.setName("Yong");
    	eY.setSalary(3500);
    	cout << eY.getName() << endl;	// 输出Yong
    	cout << "aver=" << eT.averageSalary(eY) << endl;
    	return 0;
    }

### 3.隐藏的作用 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]

## 七、标识符的作用域与可见性 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]

### 1.函数原型作用域 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

### 2.局部作用域 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

### 3.类作用域 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]

### 4.命名空间作用域 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]

### 5.作用域隐藏规则 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
下方代码中，主函数有嵌套的俩个块。外层块中定义了变量a，赋值1.内层块（for循环中）也定义了变量a，赋值2.这俩个变量相互独立。在for循环中，外层定义的变量a将不可见。

#include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    int main() { 
    	int a = 1;
    	cout << a << "\n";	// 输出1
    	for (int i = 1; i < 2; i++) { 
    		int a = 2;
    		cout << a << endl;	// 输出2
    	}
    	cout << a << endl;	// 输出1
    	return 0;
    }

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[Link 1]: http://wdstudio.top/
[C_ C_]: https://wudi98.blog.csdn.net/article/details/111677163
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[C_]: https://wudi98.blog.csdn.net/article/details/111742294