5个维度对 Kubernetes 集群优化

Bertha 。 2022-12-05 04:53 105阅读 0赞

### 一、节点配额和内核参数调整 ###

--------------------

对于公有云上的 Kubernetes 集群，规模大了之后很容器碰到配额问题，需要提前在云平台上增大配额。这些需要增大的配额包括：

*  虚拟机个数
 *  vCPU 个数
 *  内网 IP 地址个数
 *  公网 IP 地址个数
 *  安全组条数
 *  路由表条数
 *  持久化存储大小

参考gce随着node节点的增加master节点的配置：

*  1-5 nodes: n1-standard-1
 *  6-10 nodes: n1-standard-2
 *  11-100 nodes: n1-standard-4
 *  101-250 nodes: n1-standard-8
 *  251-500 nodes: n1-standard-16
 *  more than 500 nodes: n1-standard-32

参考阿里云配置：

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>节点规模</th> 
   <th>Master规格</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>1-5个节点</td> 
   <td>4C8G(不建议2C4G)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>6-20个节点</td> 
   <td>4C16G</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>21-100个节点</td> 
   <td>8C32G</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>100-200个节点</td> 
   <td>16C64G</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

增大内核选项配置 /etc/sysctl.conf：

fs.file-max=1000000
    # max-file 表示系统级别的能够打开的文件句柄的数量， 一般如果遇到文件句柄达到上限时，会碰到
    "Too many open files"或者Socket/File: Can’t open so many files等错误。
    
    # 配置arp cache 大小
    net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh1=1024
    # 存在于ARP高速缓存中的最少层数，如果少于这个数，垃圾收集器将不会运行。缺省值是128。
    
    net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh2=4096
    # 保存在 ARP 高速缓存中的最多的记录软限制。垃圾收集器在开始收集前，允许记录数超过这个数字 5 秒。缺省值是 512。
    
    net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh3=8192
    # 保存在 ARP 高速缓存中的最多记录的硬限制，一旦高速缓存中的数目高于此，垃圾收集器将马上运行。缺省值是1024。
    以上三个参数，当内核维护的arp表过于庞大时候，可以考虑优化
    
    net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=10485760
    # 允许的最大跟踪连接条目，是在内核内存中netfilter可以同时处理的“任务”（连接跟踪条目）
    net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established=300
    net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_buckets=655360
    # 哈希表大小（只读）（64位系统、8G内存默认 65536，16G翻倍，如此类推）
    net.core.netdev_max_backlog=10000
    # 每个网络接口接收数据包的速率比内核处理这些包的速率快时，允许送到队列的数据包的最大数目。
    关于conntrack的详细说明：https://testerhome.com/topics/7509
    
    fs.inotify.max_user_instances=524288
    # 默认值: 128 指定了每一个real user ID可创建的inotify instatnces的数量上限
    
    fs.inotify.max_user_watches=524288
    # 默认值: 8192 指定了每个inotify instance相关联的watches的上限

### 二、Etcd 数据库 ###

--------------------

*  搭建高可用的etcd集群, 集群规模增大时可以自动增加etcd节点；
    
    目前的解决方案是使用etcd operator来搭建etcd 集群，operator是CoreOS推出的旨在简化复杂有状态应用管理的框架，它是一个感知应用状态的控制器，通过扩展Kubernetes API来自动创建、管理和配置应用实例。
    
    etcd operator 有如下特性：
 *   *  ceate/destroy: 自动部署和删除 etcd 集群，不需要人额外干预配置。
     *  resize：可以动态实现 etcd 集群的扩缩容。
     *  backup：支持etcd集群的数据备份和集群恢复重建
     *  upgrade：可以实现在升级etcd集群时不中断服务。
 *  配置etcd使用ssd固态盘存储；
 *  设置 --quota-backend-bytes 增大etcd的存储限制。默认值是 2G；
 *  需要配置单独的 Etcd 集群存储 kube-apiserver 的 event。

### 三、镜像拉取相关配置 ###

--------------------

#### 1. Docker 配置 ####

*  设置 max-concurrent-downloads=10  
    配置每个pull操作的最大并行下载数，提高镜像拉取效率，默认值是3。
 *  使用 SSD 存储。
 *  预加载 pause 镜像，比如 docker image save -o /opt/preloaded\_docker\_images.tar 和docker image load -i /opt/preloaded\_docker\_images.tar 启动pod时都会拉取pause镜像，为了减小拉取pause镜像网络带宽，可以每个node预加载pause镜像。

#### 2. Kubelet配置 ####

*  设置 --serialize-image-pulls=false  
    该选项配置串行拉取镜像，默认值时true，配置为false可以增加并发度。但是如果docker daemon  
    版本小于 1.9，且使用 aufs 存储则不能改动该选项。
 *  设置 --image-pull-progress-deadline=30  
    配置镜像拉取超时。默认值时1分，对于大镜像拉取需要适量增大超时时间。
 *  Kubelet 单节点允许运行的最大 Pod 数：--max-pods=110（默认是 110，可以根据实际需要设置）。

#### 3. 镜像registry p2p分发 ####

### 四、Kube APIServer 配置 ###

--------------------

node节点数量 >= 3000， 推荐设置如下配置：  
\--max-requests-inflight=3000  
\--max-mutating-requests-inflight=1000

node节点数量在 1000 -- 3000， 推荐设置如下配置：

--max-requests-inflight=1500
    --max-mutating-requests-inflight=500

内存配置选项和node数量的关系，单位是MB：

--target-ram-mb=node_nums * 60

### 五、Pod 配置 ###

--------------------

#### 在运行 Pod 的时候也需要注意遵循一些最佳实践，比如: ####

*  为容器设置资源请求和限制，尤其是一些基础插件服务  
    spec.containers\[\].resources.limits.cpu  
    spec.containers\[\].resources.limits.memory  
    spec.containers\[\].resources.requests.cpu  
    spec.containers\[\].resources.requests.memory  
    spec.containers\[\].resources.limits.ephemeral-storage  
    spec.containers\[\].resources.requests.ephemeral-storage  
    在k8s中，会根据pod不同的limit 和 requests的配置将pod划分为不同的qos类别：  
    \- Guaranteed  
    \- Burstable  
    \- BestEffort  
    当机器可用资源不够时，kubelet会根据qos级别划分迁移驱逐pod。被驱逐的优先级：BestEffort > Burstable > Guaranteed
 *  对关键应用使用 nodeAffinity、podAffinity 和 podAntiAffinity 等保护，  
    使其调度分散到不同的node上。比如kube-dns 配置：

affinity:
     podAntiAffinity:
       requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
       - weight: 100
         labelSelector:
           matchExpressions:
           - key: k8s-app
             operator: In
             values:
             - kube-dns
         topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

*  尽量使用控制器来管理容器（如 Deployment、StatefulSet、DaemonSet、Job 等）

### Kube-scheduler 配置 ###

--------------------

*  设置 --kube-api-qps=100  
    默认值是50

### Kube-controller-manager 配置 ###

--------------------

*  设置 --kube-api-qps=100  
    默认值是20
 *  设置 --kube-api-burst=100  
    默认值是30

作者：薛海山

链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/e9fcc1a9eea4

\- END -

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[Alertmanager]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638ab7cc1403a1f6b07cbe682548595fe683f1ffdf56d2b4d31382003907a41da1e03c1408&idx=1&mid=2247484834&scene=21&sn=7f407f5a27b03b4757c8892f1b5d6234#wechat_redirect
[jenkins_kubernetes_harbor_gitlab_devops]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638d2fcc14043990967471ba8a2aaf389ab483594fd81395b5afda1c23a9eff4371df6bca4&idx=1&mid=2247483962&scene=21&sn=595eac335f7fb523bbb60cbbede109ca#wechat_redirect
[kubernetes_-flannel]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c005de5f4913b3e81d32cf98dc4f237be04b0c19e02f615650538a9aa0aabdc025604918&idx=1&mid=2247483855&scene=21&sn=26587a359cca53d129ab7e8a7fa394e0#wechat_redirect
[kubernetes_-calico]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c073de5f49658fdaed40affb1a9ea3f059e7df3cc90ae24b194a8698a7f73089d3964cab&idx=1&mid=2247483833&scene=21&sn=c00c2b69db7d06eacaf6206805d2955a#wechat_redirect
[kubernetes 1]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c05fde5f494917570591168d9e71f507c2d124312c51dfdb6cfb30eb03eb48b73a3e0d9b&idx=1&mid=2247483797&scene=21&sn=bc208ee075c41b81ffabaefe509538ba#wechat_redirect
[k8s 1]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c0b4de5f49a2eef8cc91afa81095b71eb093e94dce6eddbc7059583e819b1ac51c596ebb&idx=1&mid=2247483774&scene=21&sn=dfc3babde045fe99da9fa168cc9f0595#wechat_redirect
[-]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c0bfde5f49a9990c672e4434f5ae7b74004dc1982cc44801c524b58067d9b245e5ba5b71&idx=1&mid=2247483765&scene=21&sn=b8444e82a93535425349b509ded4e4b6#wechat_redirect
[Prometheus_MySQL]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c0aade5f49bc7df29ecb2280ab9e1a8aa905b31e36856bf8dc19b05ef60c5e7be0333b88&idx=1&mid=2247483744&scene=21&sn=1035d73f8cf39caf8534766435497590#wechat_redirect
[Prometheus_Nginx]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c095de5f4983c249b1b556fa6f8f60a0bb6991d2872079a9d5c28ce2ee17b8fc407eeb2c&idx=1&mid=2247483743&scene=21&sn=3ad15cd693685479dc7bf5dd628796d2#wechat_redirect
[Prometheus_Tomcat]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c086de5f499011eb542c6da8ead32b538c0bf06340ebe56ad439e2649e0b63efbcb4a611&idx=1&mid=2247483724&scene=21&sn=dd390f05270c6ac7a9c2b51fdc22f0ee#wechat_redirect
[linux 1]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzOTQ3NDg1Mw%3D%3D&chksm=e928c0dede5f49c878898e04329f08d8adf554397476283aaa3f2554f71a8bf20986755fbcc9&idx=1&mid=2247483668&scene=21&sn=a7d0768b7eb034ef2e2f23e25b1b1845#wechat_redirect
[storageclass_pv]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638837cc140121578456f6a5d679ae481421f2f3f1d5099bb7f2c56d00174fe61b2016061d&idx=1&mid=2247485218&scene=21&sn=ba698d444a029a2659091bfd81133697#wechat_redirect
[k8s_yaml_gitlab]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638814cc1401028c7ab321d2ac6579f5c6d2b029fadc5687874e41470bf95aa09c01c33d45&idx=1&mid=2247485185&scene=21&sn=2b5646119a008d69948c5a84d3724c95#wechat_redirect
[helm_-_helm_k8s]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638bbbcc1402ad16d4b65b3db26cbd324c85819934077caa41969f0c9d573b71b21e2c51ff&idx=1&mid=2247484590&scene=21&sn=2c23098269c5df1e793aa47198a7b1e6#wechat_redirect
[k8s_Ingress-nginx]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb6385fdcc140ceb4a5cf902d24499ce3480f91aa97e0e0c7a1fb12a466865ff2f8dedc8be0c&idx=1&mid=2247486184&scene=21&sn=cccb2bc67ca74a01be7b4f79e05f8bec#wechat_redirect
[k8s_Pod]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb6385c3cc140cd57c41dcdd267f2bc0f0f6476d3a56e1fa88b23a7ad3f82799bad72cbdde93&idx=1&mid=2247486166&scene=21&sn=a40899007709d1a1f3e7b5be79ed6e49#wechat_redirect
[Prometheus Operator-_-]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638626cc140f30c8d35e45239e6b559f7369b8c58bacd157a24e7b62313c826baec75f299f&idx=2&mid=2247485747&scene=21&sn=3da14a91d75f745b26c3aa8d10361d23#wechat_redirect
[Prometheus Operator-_]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb63865bcc140f4d8966d1c3745c8f69c6384337c43a1a8eda6e1ae488bd78f08e44c9553b19&idx=1&mid=2247485774&scene=21&sn=1b0301dadc4b737e19b1066219813db7#wechat_redirect
[kubeconfig_k8s_dashboard ui]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638679cc140f6f4e024f2e7739b995fc235b6f4e97983a583bc9c7e82da88cf0fbf8736fe7&idx=1&mid=2247485804&scene=21&sn=c157f0596f130bd97ec745b278546c50#wechat_redirect
[token_k8s dashboard ui]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638687cc140f918f04ca60ed188da26cd3ab37a79e6fdbf64531efd11ae60dac0a77788f7c&idx=2&mid=2247485842&scene=21&sn=163174142218e8dca3bb9a94ed173694#wechat_redirect
[kubernetes_etcd]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb63853bcc140c2d4c4da1b59a4865c193383392d92075cee80530866892d8a2a365e2b4e565&idx=1&mid=2247485998&scene=21&sn=9889882d1820ac005e5512eccb67c0f1#wechat_redirect
[Linux]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb638538cc140c2e581b8c673a9c529359042a2262ec112f8c3476c7408f25e04856f0b37bbd&idx=2&mid=2247485997&scene=21&sn=ac694beaf60cbf18d133eb6ebbc7a345#wechat_redirect
[kubernetes_EFK]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb63851fcc140c09d17fe6e270524da6c3ec3c5f3969f6f4f61a54c54724168801d93b2cda9d&idx=1&mid=2247485962&scene=21&sn=87dfde054f2ff489a1ffd28dfe02a435#wechat_redirect
[prometheus operator_k8s_haproxy]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb6386f0cc140fe6dea923cb07c2164db1c894c87d8c85d828aa269cdf4ae2d92eeb201adb67&idx=1&mid=2247485925&scene=21&sn=5ae9bc969963775e347c3a1f279d541c#wechat_redirect
[kubernetes ConfigMap]: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NjEwMTg4Mg%3D%3D&chksm=fb63853acc140c2ca1dc3ca813b133ca7158c34df5cfe59cebf7621851ead91490eaabc74a1b&idx=1&mid=2247485999&scene=21&sn=f6b03745426149e498a8c7065b060e24#wechat_redirect
[format_png 1]: /images/20221123/b7878099a2484e15ae58ff1fd75e4ab5.png
[format_png 2]: /images/20221123/650c89d43a364081b65d78eea46766e8.png