RabbitMQ 七种队列模式应用场景案例分析（通俗易懂）

秒速五厘米 2022-11-17 10:07 131阅读 0赞

![9eb1aeb04c6228e6c1f21a316b31dded.png][]

*作者**：我思知我在*

blog.csdn.net/qq\_32828253/article/details/110450249

## 七种模式介绍与应用场景 ##

### 简单模式（Hello World） ###

![7555cb0223d7749999553b5b5385730b.png][]

做最简单的事情，一个生产者对应一个消费者，RabbitMQ相当于一个消息代理，负责将A的消息转发给B

**应用场景：** 将发送的电子邮件放到消息队列，然后邮件服务在队列中获取邮件并发送给收件人

### 工作队列模式（Work queues） ###

![1d49fc4e310d4af50474d37279fac1f5.png][]

在多个消费者之间分配任务（竞争的消费者模式），一个生产者对应多个消费者，一般适用于执行资源密集型任务，单个消费者处理不过来，需要多个消费者进行处理

**应用场景：** 一个订单的处理需要10s，有多个订单可以同时放到消息队列，然后让多个消费者同时处理，这样就是并行了，而不是单个消费者的串行情况

### 订阅模式（Publish/Subscribe） ###

![8177d16b16339f4acdcc6d84705b889d.png][]

一次向许多消费者发送消息，一个生产者发送的消息会被多个消费者获取，也就是将消息将广播到所有的消费者中。

**应用场景：** 更新商品库存后需要通知多个缓存和多个数据库，这里的结构应该是：

*  一个fanout类型交换机扇出两个个消息队列，分别为缓存消息队列、数据库消息队列
 *  一个缓存消息队列对应着多个缓存消费者
 *  一个数据库消息队列对应着多个数据库消费者

### 路由模式（Routing） ###

![99bfda0ebd516952939547590ff0f265.png][]

有选择地（Routing key）接收消息，发送消息到交换机并且要指定路由key ，消费者将队列绑定到交换机时需要指定路由key，仅消费指定路由key的消息

**应用场景：** 如在商品库存中增加了1台iphone12，iphone12促销活动消费者指定routing key为iphone12，只有此促销活动会接收到消息，其它促销活动不关心也不会消费此routing key的消息

### 主题模式（Topics） ###

![09c9905ec2172262e9743d49e61690d5.png][]

根据主题（Topics）来接收消息，将路由key和某模式进行匹配，此时队列需要绑定在一个模式上，`#`匹配一个词或多个词，`*`只匹配一个词。

**应用场景：** 同上，iphone促销活动可以接收主题为iphone的消息，如iphone12、iphone13等

### 远程过程调用（RPC） ###

![466323146811b5ffc8de2c67ae2ae465.png][]

如果我们需要在远程计算机上运行功能并等待结果就可以使用RPC，具体流程可以看图。应用场景：需要等待接口返回数据，如订单支付

### 发布者确认（Publisher Confirms） ###

与发布者进行可靠的发布确认，发布者确认是RabbitMQ扩展，可以实现可靠的发布。在通道上启用发布者确认后，RabbitMQ将异步确认发送者发布的消息，这意味着它们已在服务器端处理。（搜索公众号Java知音，回复“2021”，送你一份Java面试题宝典）

**应用场景：** 对于消息可靠性要求较高，比如钱包扣款

## 代码演示 ##

代码中没有对后面两种模式演示，有兴趣可以自己研究

### 简单模式 ###

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    public class Sender {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simple_queue";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            // 声明队列
            // queue：队列名
            // durable：是否持久化
            // exclusive：是否排外  即只允许该channel访问该队列   一般等于true的话用于一个队列只能有一个消费者来消费的场景
            // autoDelete：是否自动删除  消费完删除
            // arguments：其他属性
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
    
            //消息内容
            String message = "simplest mode message";
            channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("[x]Sent '" + message + "'");
    
            //最后关闭通关和连接
            channel.close();
            connection.close();
    
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Receiver {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simplest_queue";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
            // 获取连接
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
    
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
                        delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
            };
            channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
        }
    }

工作队列模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    public class Receiver1 {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            // 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者
            channel.basicQos(1);
    
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
                        delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
            };
            channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
    
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Receiver2 {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
    
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            // 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者
            channel.basicQos(1);
    
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
                        delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
            };
            channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
    
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Sender {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            // 声明队列
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
                String message = "work mode message" + i;
                channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
                System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
                Thread.sleep(i * 10);
            }
    
            channel.close();
            connection.close();
        }
    }

### 发布订阅模式 ###

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    public class Receive1 {
    
        private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
    
        public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
    
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
            String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
            channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
    
            System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
    
            // 订阅消息的回调函数
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
            };
    
            // 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数
            channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    public class Receive2 {
    
        private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
    
        public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
    
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
            String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
            channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
    
            System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
    
            // 订阅消息的回调函数
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received2 '" + message + "'");
            };
    
            // 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数
            channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    
    public class Sender {
    
        private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
    
        public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
    
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
    
            String message = "publish subscribe message";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
            System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
    
            channel.close();
            connection.close();
        }
    }

### 路由模式 ###

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Receiver1 {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing";
        private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
    
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            // 指定路由的key，接收key和key2
            channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key");
            channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");
    
            channel.basicQos(1);
    
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
                        delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
            };
            channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
        }
    
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Receiver2 {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing2";
        private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
    
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            // 仅接收key2
            channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");
    
            channel.basicQos(1);
    
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
                        delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
            };
            channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
    
    
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Sender {
    
        private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";
        private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "direct";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            // 交换机声明
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);
    
            // 只有routingKey相同的才会消费
            String message = "routing mode message";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2", null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
    //        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key", null, message.getBytes());
    //        System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
    
            channel.close();
            connection.close();
        }
    }

### 主题模式 ###

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Receiver1 {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic";
        private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            // 可以接收key.1
            channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.*");
    
            channel.basicQos(1);
    
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
                        delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
            };
            channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    public class Receiver2 {
    
        private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic2";
        private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
        private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "topic";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            // *号代表单个单词，可以接收key.1
            channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "*.*");
            // #号代表多个单词，可以接收key.1.2
            channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "*.#");
    
            channel.basicQos(1);
    
            DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
                String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
                        delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
            };
            channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
            });
        }
    }

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
    import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
    
    
    public class Sender {
    
        private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
        private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "topic";
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
            ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
            factory.setHost("localhost");
            factory.setPort(5672);
            Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
            Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
    
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);
    
            String message = "topics model message with key.1";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1", null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
            String message2 = "topics model message with key.1.2";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1.2", null, message2.getBytes());
            System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message2 + "'");
    
            channel.close();
            connection.close();
        }
    }

## 四种交换机介绍 ##

*  **直连交换机（Direct exchange）：** 具有路由功能的交换机，绑定到此交换机的时候需要指定一个routing\_key，交换机发送消息的时候需要routing\_key，会将消息发送道对应的队列
 *  **扇形交换机（Fanout exchange）：** 广播消息到所有队列，没有任何处理，速度最快
 *  **主题交换机（Topic exchange）：** 在直连交换机基础上增加模式匹配，也就是对routing\_key进行模式匹配，`*`代表一个单词，`#`代表多个单词
 *  **首部交换机（Headers exchange）：** 忽略routing\_key，使用Headers信息（一个Hash的数据结构）进行匹配，优势在于可以有更多更灵活的匹配规则

## 总结 ##

这么多种队列模式中都有其应用场景，大家可以根据应用场景示例中进行选择

## 参考 ##

*  RabbitMQ官方教程
 *  官方教程源码

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