python matplotlib 绘图

朱雀 2022-11-11 14:58 259阅读 0赞

1.散点图

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']#正常显示字体
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False#正常显示图像中的负号
    
    x=np.random.randint(low=2,high=10,size=10)
    y=np.random.randint(low=2,high=10,size=10)
    plt.scatter(x,y)
    plt.title('散点图')
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.show()

![20210321141929265.png_pic_center][]

2.折线图

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    x=np.linspace(start=0,stop=30,num=300)
    y=np.sin(x)
    plt.plot(x,y)
    plt.title('折线图')
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.show()

![20210321142228528.png_pic_center][]

3.柱状图  
更多柱状图  
[python画柱状图并数值显示][python]

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    x=['a','b','c','d']
    y=[3,5,7,9]
    plt.bar(x,y,width=0.5)
    plt.title('柱状图')
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.show()

![20210321142755893.png_pic_center][]

4.直方图

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    x=np.random.normal(loc=10,scale=1,size=100)
    
    plt.hist(x,bins=50)
    plt.title('直方图')
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.show()

![20210321143725848.png_pic_center][]

6.图形属性  
常用的颜色属性

cnames = { 
    'aliceblue':            '#F0F8FF',
    'antiquewhite':         '#FAEBD7',
    'aqua':                 '#00FFFF',
    'aquamarine':           '#7FFFD4',
    'azure':                '#F0FFFF',
    'beige':                '#F5F5DC',
    'bisque':               '#FFE4C4',
    'black':                '#000000',
    'blanchedalmond':       '#FFEBCD',
    'blue':                 '#0000FF',
    'blueviolet':           '#8A2BE2',
    'brown':                '#A52A2A',
    'burlywood':            '#DEB887',
    'cadetblue':            '#5F9EA0',
    'chartreuse':           '#7FFF00',
    'chocolate':            '#D2691E',
    'coral':                '#FF7F50',
    'cornflowerblue':       '#6495ED',
    'cornsilk':             '#FFF8DC',
    'crimson':              '#DC143C',
    'cyan':                 '#00FFFF',
    'darkblue':             '#00008B',
    'darkcyan':             '#008B8B',
    'darkgoldenrod':        '#B8860B',
    'darkgray':             '#A9A9A9',
    'darkgreen':            '#006400',
    'darkkhaki':            '#BDB76B',
    'darkmagenta':          '#8B008B',
    'darkolivegreen':       '#556B2F',
    'darkorange':           '#FF8C00',
    'darkorchid':           '#9932CC',
    'darkred':              '#8B0000',
    'darksalmon':           '#E9967A',
    'darkseagreen':         '#8FBC8F',
    'darkslateblue':        '#483D8B',
    'darkslategray':        '#2F4F4F',
    'darkturquoise':        '#00CED1',
    'darkviolet':           '#9400D3',
    'deeppink':             '#FF1493',
    'deepskyblue':          '#00BFFF',
    'dimgray':              '#696969',
    'dodgerblue':           '#1E90FF',
    'firebrick':            '#B22222',
    'floralwhite':          '#FFFAF0',
    'forestgreen':          '#228B22',
    'fuchsia':              '#FF00FF',
    'gainsboro':            '#DCDCDC',
    'ghostwhite':           '#F8F8FF',
    'gold':                 '#FFD700',
    'goldenrod':            '#DAA520',
    'gray':                 '#808080',
    'green':                '#008000',
    'greenyellow':          '#ADFF2F',
    'honeydew':             '#F0FFF0',
    'hotpink':              '#FF69B4',
    'indianred':            '#CD5C5C',
    'indigo':               '#4B0082',
    'ivory':                '#FFFFF0',
    'khaki':                '#F0E68C',
    'lavender':             '#E6E6FA',
    'lavenderblush':        '#FFF0F5',
    'lawngreen':            '#7CFC00',
    'lemonchiffon':         '#FFFACD',
    'lightblue':            '#ADD8E6',
    'lightcoral':           '#F08080',
    'lightcyan':            '#E0FFFF',
    'lightgoldenrodyellow': '#FAFAD2',
    'lightgreen':           '#90EE90',
    'lightgray':            '#D3D3D3',
    'lightpink':            '#FFB6C1',
    'lightsalmon':          '#FFA07A',
    'lightseagreen':        '#20B2AA',
    'lightskyblue':         '#87CEFA',
    'lightslategray':       '#778899',
    'lightsteelblue':       '#B0C4DE',
    'lightyellow':          '#FFFFE0',
    'lime':                 '#00FF00',
    'limegreen':            '#32CD32',
    'linen':                '#FAF0E6',
    'magenta':              '#FF00FF',
    'maroon':               '#800000',
    'mediumaquamarine':     '#66CDAA',
    'mediumblue':           '#0000CD',
    'mediumorchid':         '#BA55D3',
    'mediumpurple':         '#9370DB',
    'mediumseagreen':       '#3CB371',
    'mediumslateblue':      '#7B68EE',
    'mediumspringgreen':    '#00FA9A',
    'mediumturquoise':      '#48D1CC',
    'mediumvioletred':      '#C71585',
    'midnightblue':         '#191970',
    'mintcream':            '#F5FFFA',
    'mistyrose':            '#FFE4E1',
    'moccasin':             '#FFE4B5',
    'navajowhite':          '#FFDEAD',
    'navy':                 '#000080',
    'oldlace':              '#FDF5E6',
    'olive':                '#808000',
    'olivedrab':            '#6B8E23',
    'orange':               '#FFA500',
    'orangered':            '#FF4500',
    'orchid':               '#DA70D6',
    'palegoldenrod':        '#EEE8AA',
    'palegreen':            '#98FB98',
    'paleturquoise':        '#AFEEEE',
    'palevioletred':        '#DB7093',
    'papayawhip':           '#FFEFD5',
    'peachpuff':            '#FFDAB9',
    'peru':                 '#CD853F',
    'pink':                 '#FFC0CB',
    'plum':                 '#DDA0DD',
    'powderblue':           '#B0E0E6',
    'purple':               '#800080',
    'red':                  '#FF0000',
    'rosybrown':            '#BC8F8F',
    'royalblue':            '#4169E1',
    'saddlebrown':          '#8B4513',
    'salmon':               '#FA8072',
    'sandybrown':           '#FAA460',
    'seagreen':             '#2E8B57',
    'seashell':             '#FFF5EE',
    'sienna':               '#A0522D',
    'silver':               '#C0C0C0',
    'skyblue':              '#87CEEB',
    'slateblue':            '#6A5ACD',
    'slategray':            '#708090',
    'snow':                 '#FFFAFA',
    'springgreen':          '#00FF7F',
    'steelblue':            '#4682B4',
    'tan':                  '#D2B48C',
    'teal':                 '#008080',
    'thistle':              '#D8BFD8',
    'tomato':               '#FF6347',
    'turquoise':            '#40E0D0',
    'violet':               '#EE82EE',
    'wheat':                '#F5DEB3',
    'white':                '#FFFFFF',
    'whitesmoke':           '#F5F5F5',
    'yellow':               '#FFFF00',
    'yellowgreen':          '#9ACD32'}

marker可选参数

'.'       point marker
    ','       pixel marker
    'o'       circle marker
    'v'       triangle_down marker
    '^'       triangle_up marker
    '<'       triangle_left marker
    '>'       triangle_right marker
    '1'       tri_down marker
    '2'       tri_up marker
    '3'       tri_left marker
    '4'       tri_right marker
    's'       square marker
    'p'       pentagon marker
    '*'       star marker
    'h'       hexagon1 marker
    'H'       hexagon2 marker
    '+'       plus marker
    'x'       x marker
    'D'       diamond marker
    'd'       thin_diamond marker
    '|'       vline marker
    '_'       hline marker

linestyle可选参数：

'-'       solid line style
    '--'      dashed line style
    '-.'      dash-dot line style
    ':'       dotted line style

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    x=np.linspace(start=0,stop=30,num=30)
    y=np.sin(x)
    plt.plot(x,y,color='r',marker='d',linestyle='--',linewidth=2,alpha=0.8)
    plt.title("颜色：红，标记：菱形，线性：虚线，线宽：2，透明度：0.8")
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.show()

![20210321145716289.png_pic_center][]

7.子图

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    fig=plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))#指定画布大小
    ax1=fig.add_subplot(2,2,1)#添加一个子图，返回子图句柄
    ax2=fig.add_subplot(2,2,2)
    ax3=fig.add_subplot(2,2,3)
    ax4=fig.add_subplot(2,2,4)
    
    #子图1
    x=np.linspace(start=0,stop=30,num=30)
    y=sin(x)
    ax1.plot(x,y)
    ax1.set_xlabel('x')
    ax1.set_ylabel('y')
    ax1.set_title('子图1')
    
    
    #子图2
    x=np.random.randint(low=2,high=10,size=10)
    y=np.random.randint(low=2,high=10,size=10)
    ax2.scatter(x,y)
    ax2.set_xlabel('x')
    ax2.set_ylabel('y')
    ax2.set_title('子图2')
    #子图3
    x=['a','b','c','d']
    y=[3,5,7,9]
    ax3.bar(x,y,width=0.5)
    ax3.set_xlabel('x')
    ax3.set_ylabel('y')
    ax3.set_title('子图3')
    
    #子图4
    x=np.random.normal(loc=10,scale=1,size=100)
    ax4.hist(x,bins=50)
    ax4.set_xlabel('x')
    ax4.set_ylabel('y')
    ax4.set_title('子图4')
    
    plt.show()

或者

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    fig=plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))#指定画布大小
    #fig.suptitle('大标题', fontsize=18)
    
    #子图1
    plt.subplot(2,2,1)
    x=np.linspace(start=0,stop=30,num=30)
    y=sin(x)
    plt.plot(x,y)
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.title('子图1')
    
    
    #子图2
    plt.subplot(2,2,2)
    x=np.random.randint(low=2,high=10,size=10)
    y=np.random.randint(low=2,high=10,size=10)
    plt.scatter(x,y)
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.title('子图2')
    #子图3
    plt.subplot(2,2,3)
    x=['a','b','c','d']
    y=[3,5,7,9]
    plt.bar(x,y,width=0.5)
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.title('子图3')
    
    #子图4
    plt.subplot(2,2,4)
    x=np.random.normal(loc=10,scale=1,size=100)
    plt.hist(x,bins=50)
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.title('子图4')
    plt.show()

![2021032115055111.png_pic_center][]

8.三维图：曲线

import numpy as np
    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    fig=plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))#指定画布大小
    ax=fig.gca(projection='3d')#指定为3D
    
    #子图1
    theta=np.linspace(-4*np.pi,4*np.pi,100)
    
    z=np.linspace(start=-2,stop=2,num=100)
    r=z**2+1
    x=r*np.sin(theta)
    y=z*np.cos(theta)
    ax.plot(x,y,z)
    plt.show()

![20210321153742699.png_pic_center][]

9.三维图：散点图

![20210321153959160.png_pic_center][]

10.三维图：曲面图

import numpy as np
    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    fig=plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))#指定画布大小
    ax=fig.gca(projection='3d')#指定为3D
    
    x=np.arange(-5,5,0.25)
    y=np.arange(-5,5,0.25)
    x,y=np.meshgrid(x,y)#用np.meshgrid生成坐标网格矩阵
    z=np.sin(np.sqrt(x**2+y**2))
    #使用plot_surface函数
    #cmap=cm.coolwarm是颜色属性
    surf=ax.plot_surface(x,y,z,cmap=cm.coolwarm)
    plt.show()

![20210321154716334.png_pic_center][]

11.动态图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import numpy as np
    
    POINTS = 100
    sin_list = [0] * POINTS
    indx = 0
    # fig, ax = plt.subplots()
    while True:
        if indx == 40:
            indx = 0
        indx += 1
        # 更新绘图数据
        sin_list = sin_list[1:] + [np.sin((indx / 20) * np.pi)]
        # 显示时间
        plt.pause(0.01)
        # 清除上一次显示
        plt.cla()
        plt.plot(sin_list)
        # plt.draw()也可以放在这个位置，不会阻塞
    plt.draw()

12.使图片可以手动保存  
    前面画的图，我们只能copy，不能自己手动保存。  
添加一行代码`import matplotlib; matplotlib.use('TkAgg')` 即可实现

不加这行代码  
![20210426091808645.png_pic_center][]

加

import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import matplotlib; matplotlib.use('TkAgg')
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    x=np.linspace(-2*np.pi,2*np.pi,400)
    siny=np.sin(x)
    cosy=np.cos(x)
    
    plt.plot(x,siny,color="red",label="sin(x)")
    plt.plot(x,cosy,color="blue",label="cos(x)",linestyle="--")
    plt.xlabel("输入数据 x")
    plt.ylabel("sin(x) 或者 cos(x)")
    plt.title("三角函数图")
    plt.legend()
    plt.show()

![20210426091932573.png_pic_center][]

然后我们可以手动保存，可以保存为不同格式。

13.调整坐标轴刻度大小  
在绘图里加一行代码即可

plt.tick_params(labelsize=23)

14.高级三维 曲线图

import numpy as np
    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from pylab import *
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    
    fig=plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))#指定画布大小
    ax=fig.gca(projection='3d')#指定为3D
    
    #子图1
    theta=np.linspace(-4*np.pi,4*np.pi,100)
    x=np.sin(theta)
    y=np.cos(theta)
    
    ax.plot(np.ones(len(x)),np.arange(len(x)),x)
    ax.plot(2*np.ones(len(x)),np.arange(len(x)),x)
    ax.plot(3*np.ones(len(y)),np.arange(len(y)),y)
    #plt.axis('off')#关闭所有坐标轴
    ax.set_xlabel('个数')
    ax.set_ylabel('长度')
    ax.set_zlabel('数')
    plt.legend()
    plt.show()

![20210607175653398.png_pic_center][]

![在这里插入图片描述][20210321160957120.jpg_pic_center]  
作者：电气余登武  
![20210321161240864.jpg_pic_center][]

[20210321141929265.png_pic_center]: /images/20221022/a3e0cb6c28ad41c491aba160d8d68746.png
[20210321142228528.png_pic_center]: /images/20221022/10115175693247ef86943153f6b9358e.png
[python]: https://blog.csdn.net/kobeyu652453/article/details/106717949
[20210321142755893.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321142755893.png#pic_center
[20210321143725848.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321143725848.png#pic_center
[20210321145716289.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321145716289.png#pic_center
[2021032115055111.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2021032115055111.png#pic_center
[20210321153742699.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321153742699.png#pic_center
[20210321153959160.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321153959160.png#pic_center
[20210321154716334.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321154716334.png#pic_center
[20210426091808645.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210426091808645.png#pic_center
[20210426091932573.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210426091932573.png#pic_center
[20210607175653398.png_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210607175653398.png#pic_center
[20210321160957120.jpg_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321160957120.jpg#pic_center
[20210321161240864.jpg_pic_center]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210321161240864.jpg#pic_center