Linux LVM条带化

亦凉 2022-09-12 08:00 175阅读 0赞

# 一、什么是条带化 #

当多个进程同时访问一个磁盘时，可能会出现磁盘冲突。磁盘系统对访问次数（每秒的IO操作，IOPS）和数据传输速率（读写速率，TPS）有限制。

当达到这些限制时，后面需要访问磁盘的进程就需要挂起等待，这就是磁盘冲突。避免磁盘冲突是优化I/O性能的一个重要目标。

条带化技术是一种自动的将I/0负载均衡到多个物理磁盘上的技术。条带化技术将一块连续的数据分成很多小部分，并把他们分别存储到不同的磁盘上去。

这样就能使多个进程同时访问数据的多个不同部分而不会造成磁盘冲突，最大化I/0性能。

LVM的条带化：为了性能考虑，将数据跨越多个磁盘存储，即把LV上连续的数据分成大小相同的块，然后依次存储在各个磁盘PV上，类似于RAID0的数据存

放形式，实现数据读写的并发；管理员一句自己的数据需求，定义数据分块大小，分布PV磁盘个数信息，从而实现读写性能最佳化。

粗略来讲，条带化strip就是raid0。

# 二、示意图 #

如下是条带化示意图（raid0）和镜像的条带化（raid01）

![ecb0b85e4b433ccec684a29966e110ec.png][]

一、条带化的概念

一般以LVM管理的存储，一个vg中可能会有很多pv，同样的，一个lv可能跨越多块pv，为了使硬盘存储速度加快，就会用到条带化的技术，即把连续的数据分成大小相同的数据块，然后依次存储在各个pv上。类似于RAID0，使存储速度加快。但并不会使数据像RAID0一样危险容易丢失，因为在正式使用中，不会像此时做测试一样没有任何保障地将多块硬盘做成一个vg，而是普遍连接的后台存储，在划分LUN之前，已经在物理硬盘上做好RAID5或RAID1，在RAID5或RAID1的基础上再划分出多块LUN,即系统上的pv，即使pv所在硬盘损坏，但有底层的硬RAID冗余，并不会丢失数据。  
条带单元大小：即条带化的LV中，每一个条带单元的大小，对应于I/O中数据块的大小。对于Oracle来讲，db\_block\_size即设定的数据块大小。而db\_file\_multiblock\_read\_count就一次读取时最多并行的数据块的个数，db\_block\_size和db\_file\_multiblock\_read\_count相乘即一次总的I/O大小。这个大小不能超过操作系统的最大I/O (max\_io\_size)值。在ORACLE应用中，lv条带的大小一般设置为两倍或两倍以上的Oracle块大小，因为假如设置成与Oracle数据块相同大小，无法保证Oracle数据块的边界正好与条带单元的边界对应，如果不对应的话，就会出现大量的一个I/O由两个条带单元，来处理的情况。  
条带大小的原则：对于高并发并且IO请求小的情况下，一块物理硬盘处理多个I/O请求，低并发但I/O请求较大时，可能需要多块硬盘处理一个I/O请求。原则上的要求是一次I/O请求能被一次性处理完成。  
大概的条带化的概念就是这样。

二、条带化lv的创建

先看本机中的VG情况，只有一个vg00，物理硬盘个数是从/dev/sdd到/dev/sdi一共6块。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# vgscan
      Reading all physical volumes.  This may take a while...
      Found volume group "vg00" using metadata type lvm2

将每块硬盘做为一个PV，先全部执行完成。为了一会做lvextend的测试，先用前三块硬盘创建vg01

[root@dbabc.net ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf /dev/sdg /dev/sdh /dev/sdi
      Physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully created
      Physical volume "/dev/sde" successfully created
      Physical volume "/dev/sdf" successfully created
      Physical volume "/dev/sdg" successfully created
      Physical volume "/dev/sdh" successfully created
      Physical volume "/dev/sdi" successfully created
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# vgcreate /dev/vg01 /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf
      Volume group "vg01" successfully created
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# vgdisplay vg01
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               vg01
      System ID
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        3
      Metadata Sequence No  1
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                0
      Open LV               0
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                3
      Act PV                3
      VG Size               5.99 GB
      PE Size               4.00 MB
      Total PE              1533
      Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0
      Free  PE / Size       1533 / 5.99 GB
      VG UUID               W6EwVP-YIva-iCqr-KuZf-B3jt-4cA3-4XcSv4

再创建条带化的lv，下面用到的lvextend的参数如下：  
\-i:此处写lv用到的pv的数量，不能超过所在vg的pv数量，一般设置与vg的pv个数相同  
\-I:条带单元大小，单位Kb  
\-L:lv的大小，默认为Mb,可带单位G,M,K  
\-l:小写L，分配给lv的LE个数，对应于VG中的PE，在上条vgdisplay的输出中可看到VG中一共有1533个PE。  
\-n:自定义lv的名字，默认从lvol0开始往下排。  
为了下面测试条带化下的lvextend，所以将此vg的所有空间都给这个lv，即1533个LE，一共5.99G的可用空间。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# lvcreate -i 3 -I 64 -l 1533 -n stripe_lv vg01
      Logical volume "stripe_lv" created
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Name                /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      VG Name                vg01
      LV UUID                TyF4aW-gegH-Vmxi-hWUl-a7t7-Vw5V-B64Eik
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Status              available
      # open                 0
      LV Size                5.99 GB
      Current LE             1533
      Segments               1
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     768
      Block device           253:4

执行格式化和挂载

[root@dbabc.net ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
    mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
    Filesystem label=
    OS type: Linux
    Block size=4096 (log=2)
    Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
    784896 inodes, 1569792 blocks
    78489 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    First data block=0
    Maximum filesystem blocks=1610612736
    48 block groups
    32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    16352 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks:
            32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
    
    Writing inode tables: done
    Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    
    This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or
    180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# mkdir /stripe
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# mount /dev/vg01/stripe_lv /stripe/
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# df -h
    Filesystem                  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/vg00-lv_root     6.0G  398M  5.3G   7% /
    /dev/mapper/vg00-lv_usr      6.8G  1.7G  4.8G  26% /usr
    /dev/mapper/vg00-lv_data      93M  5.6M   83M   7% /data
    /dev/sdc1                    988M   24M  914M   3% /boot
    /dev/mapper/vg01-stripe_lv  5.9G  141M  5.5G   3% /stripe

三、条带化lv的扩展

然后测试给此条带化的lv扩容，先vgextend,再lvextend.  
条带化的lv扩展需要新增pv的时候，有个重要条件，增加的pv数量必须与lv现有的pv数量相同或成倍数关系。想想RAID0的原理就知道了，抽象地说，数据分成大小相同的数据块，然后依次存储在每块硬盘，如果要扩大，必然要每块硬盘都相应扩大。此处先只增加一块硬盘看是否可以。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# vgextend /dev/vg01 /dev/sdg
      Volume group "vg01" successfully extended

增加硬盘后，可以看到vg size变大为7.98G，并且PE数量变为2044，pv数量变为4个。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# vgdisplay /dev/vg01
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               vg01
      System ID
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        4
      Metadata Sequence No  3
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                1
      Open LV               1
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                4
      Act PV                4
      VG Size               7.98 GB
      PE Size               4.00 MB
      Total PE              2044
      Alloc PE / Size       1533 / 5.99 GB
      Free  PE / Size       511 / 2.00 GB
      VG UUID               W6EwVP-YIva-iCqr-KuZf-B3jt-4cA3-4XcSv4

因为有2G的可用空间，此处试着增加100M，但是结果是失败的，提示不够用。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# lvextend -L+100 /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Rounding size (1558 extents) down to stripe boundary size for segment (1557 extents)
      Extending logical volume stripe_lv to 6.08 GB
      Insufficient suitable allocatable extents for logical volume stripe_lv: 24 more required

然后再以LE的方式增加，一共有511个可用的PE，即最大应该可增加511个LE，此处只增加10个仍然失败，提示需要额外的9个。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# lvextend -l+10 /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Rounding size (1543 extents) down to stripe boundary size for segment (1542 extents)
      Extending logical volume stripe_lv to 6.02 GB
      Insufficient suitable allocatable extents for logical volume stripe_lv: 9 more required

看起来增加1个应该可以，每次执行也都提示成功。但是每次都提示增加到1534个LE。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# lvextend -l+1 /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Rounding size (1534 extents) down to stripe boundary size for segment (1533 extents)
      Extending logical volume stripe_lv to 5.99 GB
      Logical volume stripe_lv successfully resized
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# lvextend -l+1 /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Rounding size (1534 extents) down to stripe boundary size for segment (1533 extents)
      Extending logical volume stripe_lv to 5.99 GB
      Logical volume stripe_lv successfully resized

然后以lvdisplay查看，LE的数量仍为1533，并未增加。至于为何会显示增加1个成功，就不晓得了~~~但从结果知道，其实并没有增加

[root@dbabc.net ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Name                /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      VG Name                vg01
      LV UUID                TyF4aW-gegH-Vmxi-hWUl-a7t7-Vw5V-B64Eik
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Status              available
      # open                 1
      LV Size                5.99 GB
      Current LE             1533
      Segments               1
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     768
      Block device           253:4

再把剩余的另外2个pv加上，就一共增加了3个pv，正好与vg01的原pv数量相同，成倍数关系。此时vg01的pv个数变成了6个，是原来的2倍。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# vgextend /dev/vg01 /dev/sdh /dev/sdi
      Volume group "vg01" successfully extended
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# vgdisplay /dev/vg01
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               vg01
      System ID
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        6
      Metadata Sequence No  7
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                1
      Open LV               1
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                6
      Act PV                6
      VG Size               11.98 GB
      PE Size               4.00 MB
      Total PE              3066
      Alloc PE / Size       1788 / 6.98 GB
      Free  PE / Size       1278 / 4.99 GB
      VG UUID               W6EwVP-YIva-iCqr-KuZf-B3jt-4cA3-4XcSv4

再用lvextend扩展空间，分别从LE和SIZE的角度扩展，均提示成功。

[root@dbabc.net ~]# lvextend -L+1024 /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Rounding size (1789 extents) down to stripe boundary size for segment (1788 extents)
      Extending logical volume stripe_lv to 6.98 GB
      Logical volume stripe_lv successfully resized
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
    resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
    Filesystem at /dev/vg01/stripe_lv is mounted on /stripe; on-line resizing required
    Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg01/stripe_lv to 1830912 (4k) blocks.
    The filesystem on /dev/vg01/stripe_lv is now 1830912 blocks long.
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Name                /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      VG Name                vg01
      LV UUID                TyF4aW-gegH-Vmxi-hWUl-a7t7-Vw5V-B64Eik
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Status              available
      # open                 1
      LV Size                6.98 GB
      Current LE             1788
      Segments               2
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     768
      Block device           253:4
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# lvextend -l+1278 /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Extending logical volume stripe_lv to 11.98 GB
      Logical volume stripe_lv successfully resized
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
    resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
    Filesystem at /dev/vg01/stripe_lv is mounted on /stripe; on-line resizing required
    Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg01/stripe_lv to 3139584 (4k) blocks.
    The filesystem on /dev/vg01/stripe_lv is now 3139584 blocks long.
    [root@dbabc.net ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Name                /dev/vg01/stripe_lv
      VG Name                vg01
      LV UUID                TyF4aW-gegH-Vmxi-hWUl-a7t7-Vw5V-B64Eik
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Status              available
      # open                 1
      LV Size                11.98 GB
      Current LE             3066
      Segments               2
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     768
      Block device           253:4

查看大小

[root@dbabc.net ~]# df -h
    Filesystem                    Size   Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/vg00-lv_root      6.0G  398M  5.3G   7% /
    /dev/mapper/vg00-lv_usr       6.8G  1.7G  4.8G  26% /usr
    /dev/mapper/vg00-lv_data       93M  5.6M   83M   7% /data
    /dev/sdc1                    988M    24M  914M   3% /boot
    /dev/mapper/vg01-stripe_lv 12.0G  141M  11.6G   97% /stripe

### 4.4.12. Growing Logical Volumes ###

To increase the size of a logical volume, use the `lvextend` command.

When you extend the logical volume, you can indicate how much you want to extend the volume, or how large you want it to be after you extend it.

The following command extends the logical volume `/dev/myvg/homevol` to 12 gigabytes.

# lvextend -L12G /dev/myvg/homevol 
    lvextend -- extending logical volume "/dev/myvg/homevol" to 12 GB
    lvextend -- doing automatic backup of volume group "myvg"
    lvextend -- logical volume "/dev/myvg/homevol" successfully extended

The following command adds another gigabyte to the logical volume `/dev/myvg/homevol`.

# lvextend -L+1G /dev/myvg/homevol
    lvextend -- extending logical volume "/dev/myvg/homevol" to 13 GB
    lvextend -- doing automatic backup of volume group "myvg"
    lvextend -- logical volume "/dev/myvg/homevol" successfully extended

As with the `lvcreate` command, you can use the `-l` argument of the `lvextend` command to specify the number of extents by which to increase the size of the logical volume. You can also use this argument to specify a percentage of the volume group, or a percentage of the remaining free space in the volume group. The following command extends the logical volume called `testlv` to fill all of the unallocated space in the volume group `myvg`.

[root@tng3-1 ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/myvg/testlv
      Extending logical volume testlv to 68.59 GB
      Logical volume testlv successfully resized

After you have extended the logical volume it is necessary to increase the file system size to match.

By default, most file system resizing tools will increase the size of the file system to be the size of the underlying logical volume so you do not need to worry about specifying the same size for each of the two commands.

4.4.12.1. Extending a Striped Volume

In order to increase the size of a striped logical volume, there must be enough free space on the underlying physical volumes that make up the volume group to support the stripe. For example, if you have a two-way stripe that that uses up an entire volume group, adding a single physical volume to the volume group will not enable you to extend the stripe. Instead, you must add at least two physical volumes to the volume group.

For example, consider a volume group `vg` that consists of two underlying physical volumes, as displayed with the following `vgs` command.

# vgs
      VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
      vg     2   0   0 wz--n- 271.31G 271.31G

You can create a stripe using the entire amount of space in the volume group.

# lvcreate -n stripe1 -L 271.31G -i 2 vg
      Using default stripesize 64.00 KB
      Rounding up size to full physical extent 271.31 GB
      Logical volume "stripe1" created
    # lvs -a -o +devices
      LV      VG   Attr   LSize   Origin Snap%  Move Log Copy%  Devices
      stripe1 vg   -wi-a- 271.31G                               /dev/sda1(0),/dev/sdb1(0)

Note that the volume group now has no more free space.

# vgs
      VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
      vg     2   1   0 wz--n- 271.31G    0

The following command adds another physical volume to the volume group, which then has 135G of additional space.

# vgextend vg /dev/sdc1
      Volume group "vg" successfully extended
    # vgs
      VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
      vg     3   1   0 wz--n- 406.97G 135.66G

At this point you cannot extend the striped logical volume to the full size of the volume group, because two underlying devices are needed in order to stripe the data.

# lvextend vg/stripe1 -L 406G
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Extending logical volume stripe1 to 406.00 GB
      Insufficient suitable allocatable extents for logical volume stripe1: 34480 
    more required

To extend the striped logical volume, add another physical volume and then extend the logical volume. In this example, having added two physical volumes to the volume group we can extend the logical volume to the full size of the volume group.

# vgextend vg /dev/sdd1
      Volume group "vg" successfully extended
    # vgs
      VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
      vg     4   1   0 wz--n- 542.62G 271.31G
    # lvextend vg/stripe1 -L 542G
      Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Extending logical volume stripe1 to 542.00 GB
      Logical volume stripe1 successfully resized

If you do not have enough underlying physical devices to extend the striped logical volume, it is possible to extend the volume anyway if it does not matter that the extension is not striped, which may result in uneven performance. When adding space to the logical volume, the default operation is to use the same striping parameters of the last segment of the existing logical volume, but you can override those parameters. The following example extends the existing striped logical volume to use the remaining free space after the initial `lvextend` command fails.

# lvextend vg/stripe1 -L 406G

Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
      Extending logical volume stripe1 to 406.00 GB
      Insufficient suitable allocatable extents for logical volume stripe1: 34480 
    more required
    # lvextend -i1 -l+100%FREE vg/stripe1
    
    整理自：https://www.cnblogs.com/langdashu/p/5948458.html
    https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_34138139/article/details/92950634?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-baidujs-6

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