Django学习之Auth认证系统

ゝ一世哀愁。 2022-09-04 08:50 207阅读 0赞

# Django学习之Auth认证系统 #

继续打码学习Django，本次记录的是《Django Web应用开发实战》第10章的内容，主要内容为内置user实现用户管理。

## 项目创建&应用创建&项目配置 ##

项目创建直接在pycharm中创建Django项目即可，项目应用的创建方式是在pycharm终端输入以下指令：

`python manage.py startapp user`

其中user就是想要创建的应用名

创建应用后，新建templates和static文件夹，分别用来放置模板文件以及CSS文件。

创建后的项目结构图如下：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTI4NDgzMDQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

项目配置主要是修改settings.py文件，要把项目应用、模板文件和一些静态资源文件添加到Django的运行环境中去，配置如下：

"""
    Django settings for MyDjango project.
    
    Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.1.2.
    
    For more information on this file, see
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/settings/
    
    For the full list of settings and their values, see
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/
    """
    
    import os
    
    # Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
    BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
    
    # Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
    # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/deployment/checklist/
    
    # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
    SECRET_KEY = '#+m+r2vq)0fy2r((-=g4(m3betkfhj7ax5hbwf34v^+fb(kb8g'
    
    # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
    DEBUG = True
    
    ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
    
    # Application definition
    
    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        'django.contrib.admin',
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.sessions',
        'django.contrib.messages',
        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
        'user'
    ]
    
    MIDDLEWARE = [
        'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
        'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
        'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    ]
    
    ROOT_URLCONF = 'MyDjango.urls'
    
    TEMPLATES = [
        {
        
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
            'APP_DIRS': True,
            'OPTIONS': {
        
                'context_processors': [
                    'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                    'django.template.context_processors.request',
                    'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                    'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
                ],
            },
        },
    ]
    
    WSGI_APPLICATION = 'MyDjango.wsgi.application'
    
    # Database
    # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#databases
    
    DATABASES = {
        
        'default': {
        
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
            'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
        }
    }
    
    # Password validation
    # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
    
    AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
        {
        
            'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
        },
        {
        
            'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
        },
        {
        
            'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
        },
        {
        
            'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
        },
    ]
    
    # Internationalization
    # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/i18n/
    
    LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
    
    TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
    
    USE_I18N = True
    
    USE_L10N = True
    
    USE_TZ = True
    
    # Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
    # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/static-files/
    
    STATIC_URL = '/static/'
    STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')]

## 设置路由 ##

随后设置项目路由，分别在MyDjango/urls.py和user/urls.py中添加代码：

# MyDjango/urls.py
    from django.urls import path, include
    # from django.contrib import admin
    
    urlpatterns = [
        # path('', admin.site.urls),
        path('', include(('user.urls', 'user'), namespace='user')),
    ]

# user/urls.py
    from django.urls import path
    from .views import *
    urlpatterns = [
    	path('login.html', loginView, name='login'),
    	path('register.html', registerView, name='register'),
    	path('setps.html', setpsView, name='setps'),
    	path('logout.html', logoutView, name='logout'),
    ]

user/urls.py中添加了用户登录、注册、密码修改、注销等功能的路由信息，这些功能将在视图函数中实现。

## 编写模板文件 ##

在templates文件夹中创建html文件，并添加以下代码作为模板：

<!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
        {
        % load static %}
    	<title>{
        {
         title }}</title>
    	<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static "css/reset.css" %}" />
    	<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static "css/user.css" %}" />
        <script src="{% static "js/jquery.min.js" %}"></script>
        <script src="{% static "js/user.js" %}"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
    <div class="page">
    	<div class="loginwarrp">
    		<div class="logo">{
        {
         pageTitle }}</div>
            <div class="login_form">
    			<form id="Login" name="Login" method="post" action="">
                    {
        % csrf_token %}
    				<li class="login-item">
    					<span>用户名：</span>
    					<input type="text" name="username" class="login_input">
                        <span id="count-msg" class="error"></span>
    				</li>
    				<li class="login-item">
    					<span>密　码：</span>
    					<input type="password" name="password" class="login_input">
                        <span id="password-msg" class="error"></span>
    				</li>
                    {
        % if password2 %}
                        <li class="login-item">
                            <span>新密码：</span>
                            <input type="password" name="password2" class="login_input">
                            <span id="password-msg" class="error"></span>
    				    </li>
                    {
        % endif %}
                    <div>{
        {
         tips }}</div>
    				<li class="login-sub">
    					<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="确定">
    				</li>				
               </form>
    		</div>
    	</div>
    </div>
    <script type="text/javascript">
    	window.onload = function() {
        
    		var config = {
        
    			vx : 4,
    			vy : 4,
    			height : 2,
    			width : 2,
    			count : 100,
    			color : "121, 162, 185",
    			stroke : "100, 200, 180",
    			dist : 6000,
    			e_dist : 20000,
    			max_conn : 10
    		};
    		CanvasParticle(config);
    	}
    </script>
    <script src="{% static "js/canvas-particle.js" %}"></script>
    </body>
    </html>

应当注意的是，原书中`{% load static %}`写成了`{% load staticfiles %}`，这个写法是有问题的，这是Python2中的写法，Python3中这么写会报错。  
讲真，JavaScript我并不熟悉，所以也就看个热闹，大概意思就是写了页面的布局和文本内容吧。

## 编写视图函数 ##

设置路由的时候介绍到，

> user/urls.py中添加了用户登录、注册、密码修改、注销等功能的路由信息，这些功能将在视图函数中实现

现在将在视图函数中添加以下功能：

from django.shortcuts import render
    from django.http import HttpResponse
    from django.contrib.auth.models import User
    from django.contrib.auth import login, logout, authenticate
    
    # 用户注册
    def registerView(request):
        # 设置模版上下文
        title = '注册'
        pageTitle = '用户注册'
        if request.method == 'POST':
            u = request.POST.get('username', '')
            p = request.POST.get('password', '')
            if User.objects.filter(username=u):
                tips = '用户已存在'
            else:
                d = dict(username=u, password=p, is_staff=1, is_superuser=1)
                user = User.objects.create_user(**d)
                user.save()
                tips = '注册成功，请登录'
        return render(request, 'user.html', locals())
    
    # 用户登录
    def loginView(request):
        # 设置模版上下文
        title = '登录'
        pageTitle = '用户登录'
        if request.method == 'POST':
            u = request.POST.get('username', '')
            p = request.POST.get('password', '')
            if User.objects.filter(username=u):
                user = authenticate(username=u, password=p)
                if user:
                    if user.is_active:
                        login(request, user)
                    return HttpResponse('登录成功')
                else:
                    tips = '账号密码错误，请重新输入'
            else:
                tips = '用户不存在，请注册'
        return render(request, 'user.html', locals())
    
    # 修改密码
    def setpsView(request):
        # 设置模版上下文
        title = '修改密码'
        pageTitle = '修改密码'
        password2 = True
        if request.method == 'POST':
            u = request.POST.get('username', '')
            p = request.POST.get('password', '')
            p2 = request.POST.get('password2', '')
            if User.objects.filter(username=u):
                user = authenticate(username=u, password=p)
                # 判断用户的账号密码是否正确
                if user:
                    user.set_password(p2)
                    user.save()
                    tips = '密码修改成功'
                else:
                    tips = '原始密码不正确'
            else:
                tips = '用户不存在'
        return render(request, 'user.html', locals())
    
    # 使用make_password实现密码修改
    from django.contrib.auth.hashers import make_password
    def setpsView2(request):
        # 设置模版上下文
        title = '修改密码'
        pageTitle = '修改密码'
        password2 = True
        if request.method == 'POST':
            u = request.POST.get('username', '')
            p = request.POST.get('password', '')
            p2 = request.POST.get('password2', '')
            # 判断用户是否存在
            user = User.objects.filter(username=u)
            if User.objects.filter(username=u):
                user = authenticate(username=u,password=p)
                # 判断用户的账号密码是否正确
                if user:
                    # 密码加密处理并保存到数据库
                    dj_ps = make_password(p2, None, 'pbkdf2_sha256')
                    user.password = dj_ps
                    user.save()
                else:
                    print('原始密码不正确')
        return render(request, 'user.html', locals())
    
    # 用户注销，退出登录
    def logoutView(request):
        logout(request)
        return HttpResponse('注销成功')

视图函数相比模板文件要好理解多了，从上面的代码来看，这个项目用的是FBV视图，也就是函数类视图。

## 界面展示 ##

完成上面的设置后，总体功能基本上就完成了。运行项目，以修改密码为例，在浏览器中输入以下网址：

`http://127.0.0.1:8000/setps.html`

即可看到如下界面：

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTI4NDgzMDQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

当然了，这个界面是使用CSS美化过的界面，至于到底是怎么美化的，我也还是一知半解。

总体来说，界面还是比较美观的。但前提是得对CSS有所掌握才行，模板文件中在script标签中加入了CSS的美化文件，博主还没看明白。

总之学习之路还很漫长啊。。。

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