git常见操作

野性酷女 2022-08-27 15:58 142阅读 0赞

References:

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/315911/git-for-beginners-the-definitive-practical-guide

http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/

http://progit.org/book/

git安装、配置用户名邮箱、SSH服务器搭建

[http://www.cnblogs.com/elfsundae/archive/2011/07/06/2099182.html][http_www.cnblogs.com_elfsundae_archive_2011_07_06_2099182.html]

Create/List/Remove a new Project/Repository

$ git init   
将在当前目录创建一个隐藏的名为".git"的目录。  
$ git init project1  
等价于 $ mkdir project1 && cd project1 && git init  
$ git status   
检查当前目录是否包含一个git repo  
$ ls .git   
查看git目录  
$ rm -rf .git/   
移除有关git的所有东西

Configure git to ignore files

.gitignore文件可以定义要忽略的文件。详细规则见http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitignore.html

过滤文件夹: /build/  
过滤某种类型的文件:  \*.tmp  
过滤某各文件: /Build/Products/test.app  
!开头表示不过滤： !\*.c , !/dir/subdir/  
支持通配符： \*.\[oa\] 过滤repo中所有以.o或者.a为扩展名的文件

有三种方法应用过滤：

1.  对该repo的所有用户应用过滤:  
    将 .gitignore 文件放在工作目录的跟目录，编辑.gitignore完成后提交  
    git add .gitignore
2.  仅对自己的repo备份过滤:  
    添加/编辑你工作目录的$GIT\_DIR/info/exclude,例如你的working copy目录是  
    ~/src/project1 , 则路径为  
    ~/src/project1/.git/info/exclude
3.  系统全局过滤  
    创建一个ignore文件，名字随意起，比如我的放在 ~/.gitglobalignore ，然后配置git：  
    $ core.excludesfile = ~/.gitglobalignore

.gitignore文件示例:

.DS_Store
    ### build directory
    iMochaApp/build/
    iMochaSDK/build/
    ### Testing projects directory
    /Testing/

Getting the latest Code

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$ git pull <remote> <branch> # fetches the code and merges it into 
                                 # your working directory
    $ git fetch <remote> <branch> # fetches the code but does not merge
                                  # it into your working directory
    
    $ git pull --tag <remote> <branch> # same as above but fetch tags as well
    $ git fetch --tag <remote> <branch> # you get the idea

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

Checking Out Code (clone)

$ git clone user@host.com/dir/to/repo \[Target DirName\]

Commit Changes

当修改了文件，你需要提交(commit)这些更改。

$ git commit source/main.c  
上句将提交 ./source/ 目录下的 main.c 文件。

$ git commit -a  
\-a标识表示提交所有修改过的文件，但是不提交新增加的文件。新增加的文件需要使用$ git-add 将其添加到git的索引中。

“提交”仅改变你本地repo，如果要提交更改到服务器，需要使用push：  
$ git push <remote> <branch>

查看当前状态

$ git status 可以查看当前工作与那个branch，将要提交什么，提醒你忘记了什么等等...

Undo/Revert/Reset a commit

如果不想让当前的更改生效，返回之前的提交，可以运行如下命令:  
\# Revert to a previous commit by hash:  
$ git-reset --hard <hash>

可使用 HEAD^ 快捷指定上一次提交hash：  
\# Revert to previous commit:  
$ git-reset --hard HEAD^

文件比较

比较命令是 $ git diff

\# to compare 2 revisions of a file:  
$ git diff <commit1> <commit2> <file\_name>

\# to compare current staged file against the repository:  
$ git diff --staged <file\_name>

\#to compare current unstaged file against the repository:  
$ git diff <file\_name>

How do you see the history of revisions to a file?

$ git log -- filename

git branch (分支)

git默认分支叫 master

\# create a new branch  
$ git branch <branch-name>  
\# to see a list of all branches in the cureent repoitory   
$ git branch  
\# if you want to switch to another branch you can use  
$ git checkout <branch-name>  
\# to create a new branch and switch to it in one step  
$ git checkout -b <branch-name>  
\# to delete a branch:  
$ git branch -d <branch-name>  
\# to create a branch with the changes from the current branch,do :  
$ git stash  
$ git stash branch <branch-name>

How do you merge branches?

if you want to merge a branch(e.g. "master" to "release"), make sure your current branch is the target branch you'd like to merge into(use $git branch or $git status to see your current branch).

Then use  
$ git merge master  
(where master is the name of the branch you want to merge with the current branch).

If there are any conflicts, you can use  
$ git diff  
to see pending conflicts you have to resolve.

跟踪远程分支

假设你已经clone了一个具有 'some\_branch' 分支的远端repo.下面的命令将本地跟踪这个分支：

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# list remote branches
    git branch -r
    
    # start tracking one remote branch
    git branch --track some_branch origin/some_branch
    
    # change to the branch locally
    git checkout some_branch
    
    # make changes and commit them locally
    ....
    
    # push your changes to the remote repository:
    git push

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

创建远程分支

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

# create a new branch locally
    git branch name_of_branch
    git checkout name_of_branch
    # edit/add/remove files    
    # ... 
    # Commit your changes locally
    git add fileName
    git commit -m Message
    # push changes and new branch to remote repository:
    git push origin name_of_branch:name_of_branch

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

删除远程分支

`git push [远程名] :[分支名]`

$ git push origin :mybranchname

[http_www.cnblogs.com_elfsundae_archive_2011_07_06_2099182.html]: http://www.cnblogs.com/elfsundae/archive/2011/07/06/2099182.html
[copycode.gif]: /images/20220823/5e648f6c01764209adf0923c33e1517c.png