ProgUseJava SampleExam-----PTJ_(07-07)_(reference answer参考答案)

「爱情、让人受尽委屈。」 2022-08-24 00:51 14阅读 0赞

<table style="MARGIN: auto auto auto -9.15pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 8.85pt 0cm 8.85pt"> 
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<table style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.05pt 0cm 5.05pt"> 
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 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: white 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: white 1pt solid; WIDTH: 113.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: white 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; Registration No: </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 11.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 11.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 14.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; - </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; - </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: white 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 138.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: white 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Student No: </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: white 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.05pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.05pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 12.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt"> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td> 
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**DURATION: 3 Hours and 10 Minutes Reading Time**

**INSTRUCTIONS:**

üStudents are reminded to write their own **Registration and Student Number** clearly on **Question Paper and All Pages of Answer Scripts.**

üStudents are reminded to **read the questions carefully.**

ü**No reference material** of any kind may be taken in the examination.

üStudents must attempt **ALL** questions.

üThere are **4**pages altogether.

<table style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN: auto auto auto 29.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.5pt double windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext"> 
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 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1.5pt double; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1.5pt double; WIDTH: 140.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> QUESTION NO </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1.5pt double; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext"> MAXIMUM MARKS </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1.5pt double; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1.5pt double; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> MARKS OBTAINED </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1.5pt double; WIDTH: 140.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt"> Part – I ( 1 to 10 )</td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext"> 10 x 2 = 20</td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1.5pt double; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1.5pt double; WIDTH: 140.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt"> Part – II ( 1 to 4 )</td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext"> 4 x 20 = 80</td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1.5pt double; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 3"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1.5pt double; WIDTH: 140.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt"> Total </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext"> 100</td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1.5pt double; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 140.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt double; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
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# Part – I (20 Marks) #

1)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ language is also refers to as one-for-one language.

A)Machine B)AssemblyC)C++D)Pascal

2)The program that translates programming language into machine code is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ .

A)CompilerB)AssemblerC)InterpreterD)None of the above

3)Which of the following errors refer to as bugs in the program?

A)Logic errorsB)Syntax errorsC)Source errors **D)**Compiler errors

4)This language has become one of the most popular because of the ability to quickly create user-friendly event-driven programs.

A)JavaB)C++C)VBD)ASP

5)Program written in the assembly language is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

A)Macro**B)**Source ProgramC)Object ProgramD)None of the above

6)In the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ algorithms, the smallest value moves up to the top of the array while the largest value moves to the bottom.

A)Bubble SortB)Quick SortC)Selection SortD)Merge Sort

7)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is invoked via HTTP on the Web server computer in responds to requests from browsers.

A)Java appletB)Java servletC)Java applicationD)None of the above

8)A Java bytecode program that runs on the application user's computer is called a(n):

A)Java virtual machineB)Servlet

C)Byte code interpreterD)Applet

9)Which of the following terms means that an object is complete in itself?

A)Inheritance继承B)Encapsulation封装C)Polymorphism 多态D)None of the above

10)Instances of objects may be referred to as:

A)Object classesB)Persistent objects

C)Object class librariesD)None of the above

# Part – II (80 Marks) #

# Question 1 (20 Marks) #

a)What do you understand by the term “Compiler”?\[6 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p4**

**Compiler** is the program that translates source code programs into computer language. it do the following jobs:

First the source code is read into the computer's memory ,then it will be translated into a kind of in between code: OBJECT CODE, a program will have many different objects and libraries that need to be linked together into one (large) executable By compiling a program into computer language, the execution speed is very fast because the processor read instructions in the program directly.

b)Distinguish between Local and Global variables. Give examples.\[4 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p39**

Localvariables usually are defined in a function body, the use scope is limited in the function body, outside the function body ,the local variables can’t be used. Butglobal variables usually are defined in the beginning of the program and ouside all functions in the program. we can use the global variables at any function in the program. In the following examples, variable x,n, array ndigitsareglobal variables, variable i is local variable and only be used in the for loop block.

c)Define the following terms related to a decision table:

i)Action Stub

ii)Action Entry \[4 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p8**

**A** decision tableas following:

<table style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN: auto auto auto 57.2pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 343.95pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480"> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr style="HEIGHT: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 168.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; candies&gt;=20packets </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> Y </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="HEIGHT: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 168.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> 2&nbsp;&nbsp; candies&gt;=10packets </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> Y </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="HEIGHT: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 168.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> 3&nbsp;&nbsp; candies&lt;=10packets </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> Y </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> N </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="HEIGHT: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 168.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="HEIGHT: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 168.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> 10% discount is given </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> X </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="HEIGHT: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 168.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> 7% discount is given </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> X </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr style="HEIGHT: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 6"> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 168.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> 5% discount is given </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> &nbsp; </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> X </td> 
 <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 19.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> X </td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Action Stub refer to the statements:10% discount is given, 7% discount is given, 5% discount is given.

Action Entry refer to the corresponding action ,in the above example,the symbole ‘X’ is the action entry.

d)Explain what you understand by Abstract Classes. \[6 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p62**

An abstract class is one that is not used to construct objects, but only as a basis for making subclasses. An abstract class exists only to express the common properties of all its subclasses. In Java, every class has a superclass. If we don't specify a superclass, then the superclass is automatically taken to be Object, a predefined class that is part of the package java.lang.

# Question 2 (20 Marks) #

a)Describe each of the following approaches to program design checking:

i)Catalytic Checking

ii)Independent Inspection\[2 x 5 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p11**

**Catalytic Checking**is a much less formal approach to design checking: the designer tries to describe in detail to a single colleague exactly how the program works.The colleague appears in a purely passive role, occasionally asking "why?" or "how?".The designer has to describe every part of the program carefully, and be able to justify every step.

I**ndependent Inspection**nvolves the designer handing work to a colleague to go through alone.The colleague may walk through or dry run the design, or simply study it: the point that a separate view may bring to light unrecognized problems.This technique is often adopted by a senior programmer, who will "inspect" a junior's work before discussing it.

b)With the help of example(s), describe the following terms:

i)Inheritance

ii)Polymorphism\[2 x 5 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p57**

**Inheritance**refers to the fact that one class can inherit part or all of its structure and behavior from another class. (一个类可以继承另一个类的部分或全部结构和行为) If class B is a subclass of class A, we also say that class A is a superclass of class B. A subclass can add to the structure and behavior that it inherits. It can also replace or modify inherited behavior.

A method is **polymorphic** if the action performed by the method depends on the actual type of the object to which the method is applied. Polymorphism is one of the major distinguishing features of object-oriented programming.

abstract class shape\{

int x,y;

String color;

public shape()\{

x=0;

y=0;

public shape(int xx,int yy)\{

x=xx;

y=yy;

void setColor(String str)\{

color=str;

abstractdouble getArea();

class Rect extends shape\{

public Rect(int xx,int yy)\{

super(xx,yy);

double getArea()\{

return x\*y;

class oval extends shape\{

public oval(int xx,int yy)\{

super(xx,yy);

double getArea()\{

return 0.5\*x\*x\*y\*y;

classaaa\{

public static void main(String\[\] args)\{

//shape sh=new shape(10,10);

Rect rc=new Rect(10,10);

System.out.println(rc.getArea());

oval ov=new oval(20,10);

System.out.println(ov.getArea());

# Question 3 (20 Marks) #

a)What do you understand by “Abstract Data Types”?\[4 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p65**

We call a data type *abstract*, if we do not reveal its representation to the user. Abstract data types offer great flexibility to the programmer. Abstract data types satisfy the good programming principles of *information hiding* and *divide and conquer*. Information such as the representation of data items is given only to the one with a need to know: to the implementer and not to the user. With an abstract data type we cleanly separate the programming tasks of implementation and usage: we are well on our way to decompose a large system into smaller modules.

b)What is meant by “Recursion”? Use example(s) whenever necessary.\[6 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p65**

A programming technique in which a routine calls itself is refer to asrecursion. In the following example, the function factorial uses itself in its function body.

public class Factorial \{

public static int factorial (int n)\{

int result = 0;

if (n <= 1)\{

result = 1;

else if (n > 1)\{

result = n \* factorial (n-1);

return result;

public static void main (String args\[\])\{

for (int i=0; i<10; i++)

System.out.print(factorial (i) +" ");

c)Distinguish between Linked lists and Arrays.\[4 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p70**

**A linked list** consists of a chain of objects of the same type, linked together by pointers from one object to the next. The elements in a linked list is class object. The address of each elements is pointed to by its prior element.**A****n array**consists of elements that are simple data type such as int ,float and so on. The address of each element is orderly in the array.

d)Compare and contrast between Stacks and Queues.\[6 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p76**

**A stack** consists of a sequence of items, which should be thought of piled one on top of the other like a physical stack of boxes or cafeteria trays. Only the top item on the stack is accessible at any given time. LIFO(last in first out)先进后出

**Queues** are similar to stacks in that a queue consists of a sequence of items, and there are restrictions about how items can be added to and removed from the list. a queue has two ends, called the front and the back of the queue. FIFO(first in first out)先进先出

# Question 4 (20 Marks) #

a)By using proper example, discuss the use of "Constructors" in Java classes.\[6 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p53**

Object types(对象类型) in Java are very different from the primitive types(原始). Simply declaring a variable whose type is given as a class does not automatically create an object of that class. Objects must be explicitly constructed（对象必须显式地被构造）by Constructor.

An example is listed in the following:

class Person

private String name;

private int age;

Person(String name,int age)

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

The name of the Constructor is the same with the class name Person. An object of the class Personis created by the ConstructorPerson(String name,int age) There are two parameters in the Constructor function, they are name and age.

b)What do you understand about the term “garbage collection”?\[4 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p56**

In Java, the destruction of objects takes place automatically, we call it garbage collection. Java uses a procedure called garbage collection to reclaim memory occupied by objects that are no longer accessible to a program. It is the responsibility of the system, not the programmer, to keep track of which objects are "garbage".

c)Briefly describe the **three** major types of testing.\[6 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p108**

There are three main types of testing:

@Assertion Testing—Testing at the API level, demonstrating that the code will perform as specified: "For this API, and this input, the following output/error will be returned...."

@Functional Testing—Testing using a high-level, building-block approach. Taking features that have been tested independently, assembling them into small applications, and confirming that they work together.

@Stress Testing—Continually running features and methods randomly for as long as they might be running in the real world. Stress testing is particularly effective at manifesting memory leaks, garbage collection problems, and thread execution issues.

d)List the different categories of testing tools.\[4 Marks\]

**Reference:** **参见书****p109**

There are several different categories of testing tools:

·Code coverage analyzers

·API level tools

·Stress level tools

·Test harnesses

·GUI/user-level tools