Sql的优化

忘是亡心i 2022-08-21 04:16 175阅读 0赞

> 一、问题的提出
> 
> 在应用系统开发初期，由于开发数据库数据比较少，对于查询SQL语句，复杂视图的的编写等体会不出SQL语句各种写法的性能优劣，但是如果将应用系统提交实际应用后，随着数据库中数据的增加，系统的响应速度就成为目前系统需要解决的最主要的问题之一。系统优化中一个很重要的方面就是SQL语句的优化。对于海量数据，劣质SQL语句和优质SQL语句之间的速度差别可以达到上百倍，可见对于一个系统不是简单地能实现其功能就可，而是要写出高质量的SQL语句，提高系统的可用性。
> 
> 在多数情况下，Oracle使用索引来更快地遍历表，优化器主要根据定义的索引来提高性能。但是，如果在SQL语句的where子句中写的SQL代码不合理，就会造成优化器删去索引而使用全表扫描，一般就这种SQL语句就是所谓的劣质SQL语句。在编写SQL语句时我们应清楚优化器根据何种原则来删除索引，这有助于写出高性能的SQL语句。
> 
> 二、SQL语句编写注意问题
> 
> 下面就某些SQL语句的where子句编写中需要注意的问题作详细介绍。在这些where子句中，即使某些列存在索引，但是由于编写了劣质的SQL，系统在运行该SQL语句时也不能使用该索引，而同样使用全表扫描，这就造成了响应速度的极大降低。
> 
> 1. 操作符优化
> 
> (a) IN 操作符
> 
> 用IN写出来的SQL的优点是比较容易写及清晰易懂，这比较适合现代软件开发的风格。但是用IN的SQL性能总是比较低的，从Oracle执行的步骤来分析用IN的SQL与不用IN的SQL有以下区别：
> 
> ORACLE试图将其转换成多个表的连接，如果转换不成功则先执行IN里面的子查询，再查询外层的表记录，如果转换成功则直接采用多个表的连接方式查询。由此可见用IN的SQL至少多了一个转换的过程。一般的SQL都可以转换成功，但对于含有分组统计等方面的SQL就不能转换了。
> 
> 推荐方案：在业务密集的SQL当中尽量不采用IN操作符，用EXISTS 方案代替。
> 
> (b) NOT IN操作符
> 
> 此操作是强列不推荐使用的，因为它不能应用表的索引。
> 
> 推荐方案：用NOT EXISTS 方案代替
> 
> (c) IS NULL 或IS NOT NULL操作（判断字段是否为空）
> 
> 判断字段是否为空一般是不会应用索引的，因为索引是不索引空值的。不能用null作索引，任何包含null值的列都将不会被包含在索引中。即使索引有多列这样的情况下，只要这些列中有一列含有null，该列就会从索引中排除。也就是说如果某列存在空值，即使对该列建索引也不会提高性能。任何在where子句中使用is null或is not null的语句优化器是不允许使用索引的。
> 
> 推荐方案：用其它相同功能的操作运算代替，如：a is not null 改为 a>0 或a>’’等。不允许字段为空，而用一个缺省值代替空值，如申请中状态字段不允许为空，缺省为申请。
> 
> (d) > 及 < 操作符（大于或小于操作符）
> 
> 大于或小于操作符一般情况下是不用调整的，因为它有索引就会采用索引查找，但有的情况下可以对它进行优化，如一个表有100万记录，一个数值型字段A，30万记录的A=0，30万记录的A=1，39万记录的A=2，1万记录的A=3。那么执行A>2与A>=3的效果就有很大的区别了，因为A>2时ORACLE会先找出为2的记录索引再进行比较，而A>=3时ORACLE则直接找到=3的记录索引。
> 
> (e) LIKE操作符
> 
> LIKE操作符可以应用通配符查询，里面的通配符组合可能达到几乎是任意的查询，但是如果用得不好则会产生性能上的问题，如LIKE ‘%5400%’ 这种查询不会引用索引，而LIKE ‘X5400%’则会引用范围索引。
> 
> 一个实际例子：用YW\_YHJBQK表中营业编号后面的户标识号可来查询营业编号 YY\_BH LIKE ‘%5400%’ 这个条件会产生全表扫描，如果改成YY\_BH LIKE ’X5400%’ OR YY\_BH LIKE ’B5400%’ 则会利用YY\_BH的索引进行两个范围的查询，性能肯定大大提高。
> 
> 带通配符(%)的like语句：
> 
> 同样以上面的例子来看这种情况。目前的需求是这样的，要求在职工表中查询名字中包含cliton的人。可以采用如下的查询SQL语句:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> employee </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> last_name </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">like</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important"> '%cliton%'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 这里由于通配符(%)在搜寻词首出现，所以Oracle系统不使用last\_name的索引。在很多情况下可能无法避免这种情况，但是一定要心中有底，通配符如此使用会降低查询速度。然而当通配符出现在字符串其他位置时，优化器就能利用索引。在下面的查询中索引得到了使用:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> employee </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> last_name </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">like</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important"> 'c%'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> (f) UNION操作符
> 
> UNION在进行表链接后会筛选掉重复的记录，所以在表链接后会对所产生的结果集进行排序运算，删除重复的记录再返回结果。实际大部分应用中是不会产生重复的记录，最常见的是过程表与历史表UNION。如：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> gc_dfys&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">union</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ls_jg_dfys</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 这个SQL在运行时先取出两个表的结果，再用排序空间进行排序删除重复的记录，最后返回结果集，如果表数据量大的话可能会导致用磁盘进行排序。
> 
> 推荐方案：采用UNION ALL操作符替代UNION，因为UNION ALL操作只是简单的将两个结果合并后就返回。
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> gc_dfys&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">union</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> all</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ls_jg_dfys</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> (g) 联接列
> 
> 对于有联接的列，即使最后的联接值为一个静态值，优化器是不会使用索引的。我们一起来看一个例子，假定有一个职工表(employee)，对于一个职工的姓和名分成两列存放(FIRST\_NAME和LAST\_NAME)，现在要查询一个叫比尔.克林顿(Bill Cliton)的职工。
> 
> 下面是一个采用联接查询的SQL语句：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> employss </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> first_name||</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">''</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">||last_name =</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'Beill Cliton'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 上面这条语句完全可以查询出是否有Bill Cliton这个员工，但是这里需要注意，系统优化器对基于last\_name创建的索引没有使用。当采用下面这种SQL语句的编写，Oracle系统就可以采用基于last\_name创建的索引。
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> first_name =</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'Beill'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> and</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> last_name =</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'Cliton'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> (h) Order by语句
> 
> ORDER BY语句决定了Oracle如何将返回的查询结果排序。Order by语句对要排序的列没有什么特别的限制，也可以将函数加入列中(象联接或者附加等)。任何在Order by语句的非索引项或者有计算表达式都将降低查询速度。
> 
> 仔细检查order by语句以找出非索引项或者表达式，它们会降低性能。解决这个问题的办法就是重写order by语句以使用索引，也可以为所使用的列建立另外一个索引，同时应绝对避免在order by子句中使用表达式。
> 
> (i) NOT
> 
> 我们在查询时经常在where子句使用一些逻辑表达式，如大于、小于、等于以及不等于等等，也可以使用and(与)、or(或)以及not(非)。NOT可用来对任何逻辑运算符号取反。下面是一个NOT子句的例子:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> not</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> (status =</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'VALID'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">)</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 如果要使用NOT，则应在取反的短语前面加上括号，并在短语前面加上NOT运算符。NOT运算符包含在另外一个逻辑运算符中，这就是不等于(<>)运算符。换句话说，即使不在查询where子句中显式地加入NOT词，NOT仍在运算符中，见下例:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> status &lt;&gt;</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'INVALID'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 对这个查询，可以改写为不使用NOT：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> employee </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> salary&lt;3000 </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">or</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> salary&gt;3000;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 虽然这两种查询的结果一样，但是第二种查询方案会比第一种查询方案更快些。第二种查询允许Oracle对salary列使用索引，而第一种查询则不能使用索引。
> 
> 2. SQL书写的影响
> 
> (a) 同一功能同一性能不同写法SQL的影响。
> 
> 如一个SQL在A程序员写的为  Select \* from zl\_yhjbqk
> 
> B程序员写的为 Select \* from dlyx.zl\_yhjbqk（带表所有者的前缀）
> 
> C程序员写的为 Select \* from DLYX.ZLYHJBQK（大写表名）
> 
> D程序员写的为 Select \*  from DLYX.ZLYHJBQK（中间多了空格）
> 
> 以上四个SQL在ORACLE分析整理之后产生的结果及执行的时间是一样的，但是从ORACLE共享内存SGA的原理，可以得出ORACLE对每个SQL 都会对其进行一次分析，并且占用共享内存，如果将SQL的字符串及格式写得完全相同，则ORACLE只会分析一次，共享内存也只会留下一次的分析结果，这不仅可以减少分析SQL的时间，而且可以减少共享内存重复的信息，ORACLE也可以准确统计SQL的执行频率。
> 
> (b) WHERE后面的条件顺序影响
> 
> WHERE子句后面的条件顺序对大数据量表的查询会产生直接的影响。如：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">Select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> zl_yhjbqk </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> dy_dj = </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'1KV以下'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> and</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> xh_bz=1&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">Select</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">from</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> zl_yhjbqk </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> xh_bz=1 </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">and</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> dy_dj = </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'1KV以下'</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 以上两个SQL中dy\_dj（电压等级）及xh\_bz（销户标志）两个字段都没进行索引，所以执行的时候都是全表扫描，第一条SQL的dy\_dj = ’1KV以下’条件在记录集内比率为99%，而xh\_bz=1的比率只为0.5%，在进行第一条SQL的时候99%条记录都进行dy\_dj及xh\_bz的比较，而在进行第二条SQL的时候0.5%条记录都进行dy\_dj及xh\_bz的比较，以此可以得出第二条SQL的CPU占用率明显比第一条低。
> 
> (c) 查询表顺序的影响
> 
> 在FROM后面的表中的列表顺序会对SQL执行性能影响，在没有索引及ORACLE没有对表进行统计分析的情况下，ORACLE会按表出现的顺序进行链接，由此可见表的顺序不对时会产生十分耗服物器资源的数据交叉。（注：如果对表进行了统计分析，ORACLE会自动先进小表的链接，再进行大表的链接）
> 
> 3. SQL语句索引的利用
> 
> (a) 对条件字段的一些优化
> 
> 采用函数处理的字段不能利用索引，如：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:656px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:628px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">substr(hbs_bh,1,4)=’5400’，优化处理：hbs_bh </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">like</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ‘5400%’</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">trunc(sk_rq)=trunc(sysdate)， 优化处理：sk_rq&gt;=trunc(sysdate) </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">and</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> sk_rq&lt;trunc(sysdate+1)</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 进行了显式或隐式的运算的字段不能进行索引，如：ss\_df+20>50，优化处理：ss\_df>30
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">‘X’ || hbs_bh&gt;’X5400021452’，优化处理：hbs_bh&gt;’5400021542’</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">sk_rq+5=sysdate，优化处理：sk_rq=sysdate-5</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> hbs\_bh=5401002554，优化处理：hbs\_bh=’ 5401002554’，注：此条件对hbs\_bh 进行隐式的to\_number转换，因为hbs\_bh字段是字符型。
> 
> 条件内包括了多个本表的字段运算时不能进行索引，如：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">ys_df&gt;cx_df，无法进行优化&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">qc_bh || kh_bh=’5400250000’，优化处理：qc_bh=’5400’ </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">and</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> kh_bh=’250000’</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 4. 更多方面SQL优化资料分享
> 
> （1） 选择最有效率的表名顺序(只在基于规则的优化器中有效)：
> 
> ORACLE 的解析器按照从右到左的顺序处理FROM子句中的表名，FROM子句中写在最后的表(基础表 driving table)将被最先处理，在FROM子句中包含多个表的情况下,你必须选择记录条数最少的表作为基础表。如果有3个以上的表连接查询, 那就需要选择交叉表(intersection table)作为基础表, 交叉表是指那个被其他表所引用的表.
> 
> （2） WHERE子句中的连接顺序：
> 
> ORACLE采用自下而上的顺序解析WHERE子句,根据这个原理,表之间的连接必须写在其他WHERE条件之前, 那些可以过滤掉最大数量记录的条件必须写在WHERE子句的末尾.
> 
> （3） SELECT子句中避免使用 ‘ \* ‘：
> 
> ORACLE在解析的过程中, 会将’\*’ 依次转换成所有的列名, 这个工作是通过查询数据字典完成的, 这意味着将耗费更多的时间。
> 
> （4） 减少访问数据库的次数：
> 
> ORACLE在内部执行了许多工作: 解析SQL语句, 估算索引的利用率, 绑定变量 , 读数据块等。
> 
> （5） 在SQL\*Plus , SQL\*Forms和Pro\*C中重新设置ARRAYSIZE参数, 可以增加每次数据库访问的检索数据量 ,建议值为200。
> 
> （6） 使用DECODE函数来减少处理时间：
> 
> 使用DECODE函数可以避免重复扫描相同记录或重复连接相同的表.
> 
> （7） 整合简单,无关联的数据库访问：
> 
> 如果你有几个简单的数据库查询语句,你可以把它们整合到一个查询中(即使它们之间没有关系) 。
> 
> （8） 删除重复记录：
> 
> 最高效的删除重复记录方法 ( 因为使用了ROWID)例子：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:757px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:729px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">DELETE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP E&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> E.ROWID &gt; (</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> MIN</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">(X.ROWID) </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP X&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> X.EMP_NO = E.EMP_NO)。</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （9） 用TRUNCATE替代DELETE：
> 
> 当删除表中的记录时,在通常情况下, 回滚段(rollback segments ) 用来存放可以被恢复的信息. 如果你没有COMMIT事务,ORACLE会将数据恢复到删除之前的状态(准确地说是恢复到执行删除命令之前的状况) 而当运用TRUNCATE时, 回滚段不再存放任何可被恢复的信息.当命令运行后,数据不能被恢复.因此很少的资源被调用,执行时间也会很短. (译者按: TRUNCATE只在删除全表适用,TRUNCATE是DDL不是DML) 。
> 
> （10） 尽量多使用COMMIT：
> 
> 只要有可能,在程序中尽量多使用COMMIT, 这样程序的性能得到提高,需求也会因为COMMIT所释放的资源而减少，COMMIT所释放的资源:
> 
> a. 回滚段上用于恢复数据的信息.
> 
> b. 被程序语句获得的锁
> 
> c. redo log buffer 中的空间
> 
> d. ORACLE为管理上述3种资源中的内部花费
> 
> （11） 用Where子句替换HAVING子句：
> 
> 避免使用HAVING子句, HAVING 只会在检索出所有记录之后才对结果集进行过滤. 这个处理需要排序,总计等操作. 如果能通过WHERE子句限制记录的数目,那就能减少这方面的开销. (非oracle中)on、where、having这三个都可以加条件的子句中，on是最先执行，where次之，having最后，因为on是先把不符合条件的记录过滤后才进行统计，它就可以减少中间运算要处理的数据，按理说应该速度是最快的，where也应该比having快点的，因为它过滤数据后才进行sum，在两个表联接时才用on的，所以在一个表的时候，就剩下where跟having比较了。在这单表查询统计的情况下，如果要过滤的条件没有涉及到要计算字段，那它们的结果是一样的，只是where可以使用rushmore技术，而having就不能，在速度上后者要慢如果要涉及到计算的字 段，就表示在没计算之前，这个字段的值是不确定的，根据上篇写的工作流程，where的作用时间是在计算之前就完成的，而having就是在计算后才起作 用的，所以在这种情况下，两者的结果会不同。在多表联接查询时，on比where更早起作用。系统首先根据各个表之间的联接条件，把多个表合成一个临时表 后，再由where进行过滤，然后再计算，计算完后再由having进行过滤。由此可见，要想过滤条件起到正确的作用，首先要明白这个条件应该在什么时候起作用，然后再决定放在那里。
> 
> （12） 减少对表的查询：
> 
> 在含有子查询的SQL语句中,要特别注意减少对表的查询.例子：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:892px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:864px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TAB_NAME </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TABLES </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> (TAB_NAME,DB_VER) = ( </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TAB_NAME,DB_VER </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TAB_COLUMNS&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> VERSION = 604)</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （13） 通过内部函数提高SQL效率：
> 
> 复杂的SQL往往牺牲了执行效率. 能够掌握上面的运用函数解决问题的方法在实际工作中是非常有意义的。
> 
> （14） 使用表的别名(Alias)：
> 
> 当在SQL语句中连接多个表时, 请使用表的别名并把别名前缀于每个Column上.这样一来,就可以减少解析的时间并减少那些由Column歧义引起的语法错误。
> 
> （15） 用EXISTS替代IN、用NOT EXISTS替代NOT IN：
> 
> 在许多基于基础表的查询中,为了满足一个条件,往往需要对另一个表进行联接.在这种情况下, 使用EXISTS(或NOT EXISTS)通常将提高查询的效率. 在子查询中,NOT IN子句将执行一个内部的排序和合并. 无论在哪种情况下,NOT IN都是最低效的 (因为它对子查询中的表执行了一个全表遍历). 为了避免使用NOT IN ,我们可以把它改写成外连接(Outer Joins)或NOT EXISTS。
> 
> 例子：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:1039px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:1011px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">（高效）</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP (基础表)&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMPNO &gt; 0&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">AND</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EXISTS (</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ‘X</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'&nbsp; FROM DEPT&nbsp; WHERE&nbsp; DEPT.DEPTNO = EMP.DEPTNO&nbsp; AND&nbsp; LOC = ‘MELB'</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">)&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">(低效)</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP (基础表)&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMPNO &gt; 0&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">AND</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPTNO </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">IN</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">(</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPTNO&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC = ‘MELB')</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （16） 识别’低效执行’的SQL语句：
> 
> 虽然目前各种关于SQL优化的图形化工具层出不穷,但是写出自己的SQL工具来解决问题始终是一个最好的方法：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       5 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       6 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       7 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       8 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       9 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EXECUTIONS , DISK_READS, BUFFER_GETS,&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">ROUND((BUFFER_GETS-DISK_READS)/BUFFER_GETS,2) Hit_radio,&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">ROUND(DISK_READS/EXECUTIONS,2) Reads_per_run,&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">SQL_TEXT&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> V$SQLAREA&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EXECUTIONS&gt;0&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">AND</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> BUFFER_GETS &gt; 0&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">AND</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> (BUFFER_GETS-DISK_READS)/BUFFER_GETS &lt; 0.8&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">ORDER</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> BY</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 4 </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">DESC</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （17） 用索引提高效率：
> 
> 索引是表的一个概念部分,用来提高检索数据的效率，ORACLE使用了一个复杂的自平衡B-tree结构. 通常,通过索引查询数据比全表扫描要快. 当ORACLE找出执行查询和Update语句的最佳路径时, ORACLE优化器将使用索引. 同样在联结多个表时使用索引也可以提高效率. 另一个使用索引的好处是,它提供了主键(primary key)的唯一性验证.。那些LONG或LONG RAW数据类型, 你可以索引几乎所有的列. 通常, 在大型表中使用索引特别有效. 当然,你也会发现, 在扫描小表时,使用索引同样能提高效率. 虽然使用索引能得到查询效率的提高,但是我们也必须注意到它的代价. 索引需要空间来存储,也需要定期维护, 每当有记录在表中增减或索引列被修改时, 索引本身也会被修改. 这意味着每条记录的INSERT , DELETE , UPDATE将为此多付出4 , 5 次的磁盘I/O . 因为索引需要额外的存储空间和处理,那些不必要的索引反而会使查询反应时间变慢.。定期的重构索引是有必要的：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">ALTER</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> INDEX</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> &lt;INDEXNAME&gt; REBUILD &lt;TABLESPACENAME&gt;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （18） 用EXISTS替换DISTINCT：
> 
> 当提交一个包含一对多表信息(比如部门表和雇员表)的查询时,避免在SELECT子句中使用DISTINCT. 一般可以考虑用EXIST替换, EXISTS 使查询更为迅速,因为RDBMS核心模块将在子查询的条件一旦满足后,立刻返回结果. 例子：
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:829px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:801px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">(低效):&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> DISTINCT</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT D , EMP E </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> D.DEPT_NO = E.DEPT_NO&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">(高效):&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT D&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EXISTS ( </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ‘X'&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP E&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> E.DEPT_NO = D.DEPT_NO);</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （19） sql语句用大写的；因为oracle总是先解析sql语句，把小写的字母转换成大写的再执行。
> 
> （20） 在java代码中尽量少用连接符“＋”连接字符串！
> 
> （21） 避免在索引列上使用NOT，通常我们要避免在索引列上使用NOT, NOT会产生在和在索引列上使用函数相同的影响. 当ORACLE”遇到”NOT,他就会停止使用索引转而执行全表扫描。
> 
> （22） 避免在索引列上使用计算
> 
> WHERE子句中，如果索引列是函数的一部分．优化器将不使用索引而使用全表扫描．举例:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效：&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> … </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> SAL * 12 &gt; 25000;&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> … </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> SAL &gt; 25000/12;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （23） 用>=替代>
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPTNO &gt;=4&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> * </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPTNO &gt;3</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 两者的区别在于, 前者DBMS将直接跳到第一个DEPT等于4的记录而后者将首先定位到DEPTNO=3的记录并且向前扫描到第一个DEPT大于3的记录。
> 
> （24） 用UNION替换OR (适用于索引列)
> 
> 通常情况下, 用UNION替换WHERE子句中的OR将会起到较好的效果. 对索引列使用OR将造成全表扫描. 注意, 以上规则只针对多个索引列有效. 如果有column没有被索引, 查询效率可能会因为你没有选择OR而降低. 在下面的例子中, LOC\_ID 和REGION上都建有索引.
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       5 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       6 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       7 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       8 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       9 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       10 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       11 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       12 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:575px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOCATION&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID = 10&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">UNION</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOCATION&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> REGION = “MELBOURNE”&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOCATION&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID = 10 </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">OR</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> REGION = “MELBOURNE”</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 如果你坚持要用OR, 那就需要返回记录最少的索引列写在最前面.
> 
> （25） 用IN来替换OR
> 
> 这是一条简单易记的规则，但是实际的执行效果还须检验，在ORACLE8i下，两者的执行路径似乎是相同的．
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">…. </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOCATION </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID = 10 </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">OR</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID = 20 </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">OR</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_ID = 30&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">… </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOCATION </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> LOC_IN&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">IN</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> (10,20,30);</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （26） 避免在索引列上使用IS NULL和IS NOT NULL
> 
> 避免在索引中使用任何可以为空的列，ORACLE将无法使用该索引．对于单列索引，如果列包含空值，索引中将不存在此记录. 对于复合索引，如果每个列都为空，索引中同样不存在此记录. 如果至少有一个列不为空，则记录存在于索引中．举例: 如果唯一性索引建立在表的A列和B列上, 并且表中存在一条记录的A,B值为(123,null) , ORACLE将不接受下一条具有相同A,B值（123,null）的记录(插入). 然而如果所有的索引列都为空，ORACLE将认为整个键值为空而空不等于空. 因此你可以插入1000 条具有相同键值的记录,当然它们都是空! 因为空值不存在于索引列中,所以WHERE子句中对索引列进行空值比较将使ORACLE停用该索引.
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效: (索引失效)&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> … </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPARTMENT&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_CODE </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">IS</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> NOT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> NULL</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">;&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效: (索引有效)&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> … </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPARTMENT&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_CODE &gt;=0;</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （27） 总是使用索引的第一个列：
> 
> 如果索引是建立在多个列上, 只有在它的第一个列(leading column)被where子句引用时,优化器才会选择使用该索引. 这也是一条简单而重要的规则，当仅引用索引的第二个列时,优化器使用了全表扫描而忽略了索引。
> 
> （28） 用UNION-ALL 替换UNION ( 如果有可能的话)：
> 
> 当SQL 语句需要UNION两个查询结果集合时,这两个结果集合会以UNION-ALL的方式被合并, 然后在输出最终结果前进行排序. 如果用UNION ALL替代UNION, 这样排序就不是必要了. 效率就会因此得到提高. 需要注意的是，UNION ALL 将重复输出两个结果集合中相同记录. 因此各位还是要从业务需求分析使用UNION ALL的可行性. UNION 将对结果集合排序,这个操作会使用到SORT\_AREA\_SIZE这块内存. 对于这块内存的优化也是相当重要的. 下面的SQL可以用来查询排序的消耗量
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       5 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       6 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       7 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       8 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       9 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       10 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       11 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       12 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       13 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       14 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       15 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       16 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:575px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效：&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ACCT_NUM, BALANCE_AMT&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEBIT_TRANSACTIONS&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TRAN_DATE = </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'31-DEC-95'</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">UNION</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ACCT_NUM, BALANCE_AMT&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEBIT_TRANSACTIONS&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TRAN_DATE = </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'31-DEC-95'</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ACCT_NUM, BALANCE_AMT&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEBIT_TRANSACTIONS&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TRAN_DATE = </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'31-DEC-95'</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">UNION</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> ALL</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> ACCT_NUM, BALANCE_AMT&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEBIT_TRANSACTIONS&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TRAN_DATE = </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'31-DEC-95'</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （29） 用WHERE替代ORDER BY：
> 
> ORDER BY 子句只在两种严格的条件下使用索引.
> 
> ORDER BY中所有的列必须包含在相同的索引中并保持在索引中的排列顺序.
> 
> ORDER BY中所有的列必须定义为非空.
> 
> WHERE子句使用的索引和ORDER BY子句中所使用的索引不能并列.
> 
> 例如:
> 
> 表DEPT包含以下列:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">DEPT_CODE PK </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">NOT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> NULL</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">DEPT_DESC </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">NOT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important"> NULL</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">DEPT_TYPE </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important; background:none!important">NULL</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效: (索引不被使用)&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_CODE </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">ORDER</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> BY</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_TYPE&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效: (使用索引)&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_CODE&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> DEPT_TYPE &gt; 0</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> （30） 避免改变索引列的类型:
> 
> 当比较不同数据类型的数据时, ORACLE自动对列进行简单的类型转换.
> 
> 假设 EMPNO是一个数值类型的索引列.
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> …&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMPNO = ‘123'</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 实际上,经过ORACLE类型转换, 语句转化为:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> …&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMPNO = TO_NUMBER(‘123')</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 幸运的是,类型转换没有发生在索引列上,索引的用途没有被改变.
> 
> 现在,假设EMP\_TYPE是一个字符类型的索引列.
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> …&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP_TYPE = 123</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 这个语句被ORACLE转换为:
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> …&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> TO_NUMBER(EMP_TYPE)=123</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 因为内部发生的类型转换, 这个索引将不会被用到! 为了避免ORACLE对你的SQL进行隐式的类型转换, 最好把类型转换用显式表现出来. 注意当字符和数值比较时, ORACLE会优先转换数值类型到字符类型。
> 
> 分析
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:582px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">select</code>&nbsp;&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> emp_name&nbsp;&nbsp; form&nbsp;&nbsp; employee&nbsp;&nbsp; </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">where</code>&nbsp;&nbsp; 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> salary&nbsp;&nbsp; &gt;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3000</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>
> 
> 在此语句中若salary是Float类型的，则优化器对其进行优化为Convert(float,3000)，因为3000是个整数，我们应在编程时使用3000.0而不要等运行时让DBMS进行转化。同样字符和整型数据的转换。
> 
> （31） 需要当心的WHERE子句:
> 
> 某些SELECT 语句中的WHERE子句不使用索引. 这里有一些例子.
> 
> 在下面的例子里, (1)‘!=’ 将不使用索引. 记住, 索引只能告诉你什么存在于表中, 而不能告诉你什么不存在于表中. (2) ‘ ¦ ¦’是字符连接函数. 就象其他函数那样, 停用了索引. (3) ‘+’是数学函数. 就象其他数学函数那样, 停用了索引. (4)相同的索引列不能互相比较,这将会启用全表扫描.
> 
> （32） a. 如果检索数据量超过30%的表中记录数.使用索引将没有显著的效率提高. b. 在特定情况下, 使用索引也许会比全表扫描慢, 但这是同一个数量级上的区别. 而通常情况下,使用索引比全表扫描要块几倍乃至几千倍!
> 
> （33） 避免使用耗费资源的操作：
> 
> 带有DISTINCT,UNION,MINUS,INTERSECT,ORDER BY的SQL语句会启动SQL引擎执行耗费资源的排序(SORT)功能. DISTINCT需要一次排序操作, 而其他的至少需要执行两次排序. 通常, 带有UNION, MINUS , INTERSECT的SQL语句都可以用其他方式重写. 如果你的数据库的SORT\_AREA\_SIZE调配得好, 使用UNION , MINUS, INTERSECT也是可以考虑的, 毕竟它们的可读性很强。
> 
> （34） 优化GROUP BY：
> 
> 提高GROUP BY 语句的效率, 可以通过将不需要的记录在GROUP BY 之前过滤掉.下面两个查询返回相同结果但第二个明显就快了许多.
> 
> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:610px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>  <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>   <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>    <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       1 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       2 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       3 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       4 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       5 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       6 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       7 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       8 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       9 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       10 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       11 
>     </div> 
>     <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
>       12 
>     </div> </td> 
>    <td style="width:575px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>     <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">低效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> JOB , </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(255,20,147)!important; background:none!important">AVG</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">(SAL)&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">GROUP</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> by</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> JOB&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">HAVING</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> JOB = ‘PRESIDENT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">OR JOB = ‘MANAGER'</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">高效:&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">SELECT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> JOB , </code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(255,20,147)!important; background:none!important">AVG</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important">(SAL)&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">FROM</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> EMP&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">WHERE</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> JOB = ‘PRESIDENT</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">'&nbsp;</code> 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important; background:none!important">OR JOB = ‘MANAGER'</code>&nbsp; 
>      </div> 
>      <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important">GROUP</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important; background:none!important"> by</code> 
>       <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; background:none!important"> JOB</code> 
>      </div> 
>     </div> </td> 
>   </tr> 
>  </tbody> 
> </table>