RESTful最佳实践

骑猪看日落 2022-08-20 02:30 258阅读 0赞

背景

目前互联网上充斥着大量的关于RESTful API（为方便，下文中“RESTful API ”简写为“API”）如何设计的文章，然而却没有一个”万能“的设计标准：如何鉴权？API 格式如何？你的API是否应该加入版本信息？当你开始写一个app的时候，特别是后端模型部分已经写完的时候，你不得不殚精竭虑的设计和实现自己app的public API部分。因为一旦发布，对外发布的API将会很难改变。

在给SupportedFu设计API的时候，我试图以实用的角度来解决上面提到的问题。我希望可以设计出容易使用，容易部署，并且足够灵活的API，本文因此而生。

API设计的基本要求

网上的很多关于API设计的观点都十分”学院派“，它们也许更有理论基础，但是有时却和现实世界脱轨（因此我是自由派）。所以我这篇文章的目标是从实践的角度出发，给出当前网络应用的API设计最佳实践（当然，是我认为的最佳了~），如果觉得不合适，我不会遵从标准。当然作为设计的基础，几个必须的原则还是要遵守的：

1.  当标准合理的时候遵守标准。
2.  API应该对程序员友好，并且在浏览器地址栏容易输入。
3.  API应该简单，直观，容易使用的同时优雅。
4.  API应该具有足够的灵活性来支持上层ui。
5.  API设计权衡上述几个原则。

需要强调的是：API的就是程序员的UI，和其他UI一样，你必须仔细考虑它的用户体验！

使用RESTful URLs 和action.

虽然前面我说没有一个万能的API设计标准。但确实有一个被普遍承认和遵守：RESTfu设计原则。它被Roy Felding提出（在他的”基于网络的软件架构“论文中[第五章][Link 1]）。而REST的核心原则是将你的API拆分为逻辑上的资源。这些资源通过http被操作（GET ,POST,PUT,DELETE）。

那么我应该如何拆分出这些资源呢？

显然从API用户的角度来看，”资源“应该是个名词。即使你的内部数据模型和资源已经有了很好的对应，API设计的时候你仍然不需要把它们一对一的都暴露出来。这里的关键是隐藏内部资源，暴露必需的外部资源。

在SupportFu里，资源是 ticket、user、group。

一旦定义好了要暴露的资源，你可以定义资源上允许的操作，以及这些操作和你的API的对应关系：

*  GET /tickets \# 获取ticket列表
 *  GET /tickets/12 \# 查看某个具体的ticket
 *  POST /tickets \# 新建一个ticket
 *  PUT /tickets/12 \# 更新ticket 12.
 *  DELETE /tickets/12 \#删除ticekt 12

可以看出使用REST的好处在于可以充分利用http的强大实现对资源的CURD功能。而这里你只需要一个endpoint：/tickets,再没有其他什么命名规则和url规则了，cool！

这个endpoint的单数复数

一个可以遵从的规则是：虽然看起来使用复数来描述某一个资源实例看起来别扭，但是统一所有的endpoint，使用复数使得你的URL更加规整。这让API使用者更加容易理解，对开发者来说也更容易实现。

如何处理关联？关于如何处理资源之间的管理REST原则也有相关的描述：

*  GET /tickets/12/messages- Retrieves list of messages for ticket \#12
 *  GET /tickets/12/messages/5- Retrieves message \#5 for ticket \#12
 *  POST /tickets/12/messages- Creates a new message in ticket \#12
 *  PUT /tickets/12/messages/5- Updates message \#5 for ticket \#12
 *  PATCH /tickets/12/messages/5- Partially updates message \#5 for ticket \#12
 *  DELETE /tickets/12/messages/5- Deletes message \#5 for ticket \#12

其中，如果这种关联和资源独立，那么我们可以在资源的输出表示中保存相应资源的endpoint。然后API的使用者就可以通过点击链接找到相关的资源。如果关联和资源联系紧密。资源的输出表示就应该直接保存相应资源信息。（例如这里如果message资源是独立存在的，那么上面 GET /tickets/12/messages就会返回相应message的链接；相反的如果message不独立存在，他和ticket依附存在，则上面的API调用返回直接返回message信息）

不符合CURD的操作

对这个令人困惑的问题，下面是一些解决方法：

1.  重构你的行为action。当你的行为不需要参数的时候，你可以把active对应到activated这个资源，（更新使用patch）.
2.  以子资源对待。例如:github上，对一个gists加星操作：PUT /gists/:id/star 并且取消星操作：DELETE /gists/:id/star.
3.  有时候action实在没有难以和某个资源对应上例如search。那就这么办吧。我认为API的使用者对于/search这种url也不会有太大意见的（毕竟他很容易理解）。只要注意在文档中写清楚就可以了。
4.

永远使用SSL

毫无例外，永远都要使用SSL。你的应用不知道要被谁，以及什么情况访问。有些是安全的，有些不是。使用SSL可以减少鉴权的成本：你只需要一个简单的令牌（token）就可以鉴权了，而不是每次让用户对每次请求签名。

值得注意的是：不要让非SSL的url访问重定向到SSL的url。

文档

文档和API本身一样重要。文档应该容易找到，并且公开（把它们藏到pdf里面或者存到需要登录的地方都不太好）。文档应该有展示请求和输出的例子：或者以点击链接的方式或者通过curl的方式（请见openstack的文档）。如果有更新（特别是公开的API），应该及时更新文档。文档中应该有关于何时弃用某个API的时间表以及详情。使用邮件列表或者博客记录是好方法。

版本化

在API上加入版本信息可以有效的防止用户访问已经更新了的API，同时也能让不同主要版本之间平稳过渡。关于是否将版本信息放入url还是放入请求头有过争论：[API version should be included in the URL or in a header][]. 学术界说它应该放到header里面去，但是如果放到url里面我们就可以跨版本的访问资源了。。（参考openstack）。

strip使用的方法就很好：它的url里面有主版本信息，同时请求头俩面有子版本信息。这样在子版本变化过程中url的稳定的。变化有时是不可避免的，关键是如何管理变化。完整的文档和合理的时间表都会使得API使用者使用的更加轻松。

结果过滤，排序，搜索：

url最好越简短越好，和结果过滤，排序，搜索相关的功能都应该通过参数实现(并且也很容易实现)。

过滤：为所有提供过滤功能的接口提供统一的参数。例如：你想限制get /tickets 的返回结果:只返回那些open状态的ticket–get /tickektsstate=open这里的state就是过滤参数。

排序：和过滤一样，一个好的排序参数应该能够描述排序规则，而不业务相关。复杂的排序规则应该通过组合实现：

*  GET /ticketssort=-priority- Retrieves a list of tickets in descending order of priority
 *  GET /ticketssort=-priority,created\_at- Retrieves a list of tickets in descending order of priority. Within a specific priority, older tickets are ordered first

这里第二条查询中，排序规则有多个rule以逗号间隔组合而成。

搜索：有些时候简单的排序是不够的。我们可以使用搜索技术（ElasticSearch和Lucene）来实现（依旧可以作为url的参数）。

*  GET /ticketsq=return&state=open&sort=-priority,created\_at- Retrieve the highest priority open tickets mentioning the word ‘return’

对于经常使用的搜索查询，我们可以为他们设立别名,这样会让API更加优雅。例如：  
get /ticketsq=recently\_closed -> get /tickets/recently\_closed.

限制API返回值的域

有时候API使用者不需要所有的结果，在进行横向限制的时候（例如值返回API结果的前十项）还应该可以进行纵向限制。并且这个功能能有效的提高网络带宽使用率和速度。可以使用fields查询参数来限制返回的域例如：  
GET /ticketsfields=id,subject,customer\_name,updated\_at&state=open&sort=-updated\_at

更新和创建操作应该返回资源

PUT、POST、PATCH 操作在对资源进行操作的时候常常有一些副作用：例如created\_at,updated\_at 时间戳。为了防止用户多次的API调用（为了进行此次的更新操作），我们应该会返回更新的资源（updated representation.）例如：在POST操作以后，返回201 created 状态码，并且包含一个指向新资源的url作为返回头

是否需要 “HATEOAS“

网上关于是否允许用户创建新的url有很大的异议（注意不是创建资源产生的url）。为此REST制定了HATEOAS来描述了和endpoint进行交互的时候，行为应该在资源的metadata返回值里面进行定义。

（译注：作者这里认为HATEOAS还不算成熟，我也不怎么理解这段就算了，读者感兴趣可以自己去原文查看）

只提供json作为返回格式

现在开始比较一下XML和json了。XML即冗长，难以阅读，又不适合各种编程语言解析。当然XML有扩展性的优势，但是如果你只是将它来对内部资源串行化，那么他的扩展优势也发挥不出来。很多应用（youtube,twitter,box）都已经开始抛弃XML了，我也不想多费口舌。给了google上的趋势图吧：

![201305-xml-vs-json-api.png][]

当然如果的你使用用户里面企业用户居多，那么可能需要支持XML。如果是这样的话你还有另外一个问题：你的http请求中的media类型是应该和accept 头同步还是和url？为了方便（browser explorability）,应该是在url中(用户只要自己拼url就好了)。如果这样的话最好的方法是使用.xml或者.json的后缀。

命名方式？

是蛇形命令（下划线和小写）还是驼峰命名？如果使用json那么最好的应该是遵守JAVASCRIPT的命名方法-也就是说骆驼命名法。如果你正在使用多种语言写一个库，那么最好按照那些语言所推荐的，java，c\#使用骆驼，python，ruby使用snake。

个人意见：我总觉得蛇形命令更好使一些，当然这没有什么理论的依据。有人说蛇形命名读起来更快，能达到20%，也不知道真假[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsptp=&arnumber=5521745][http_ieeexplore.ieee.org_xpl_articleDetails.jsptp_arnumber_5521745]

默认使用pretty print格式，使用gzip

只是使用空格的返回结果从浏览器上看总是觉得很恶心(一大坨有没有？～)。当然你可以提供url上的参数来控制使用“pretty print”，但是默认开启这个选项还是更加友好。格外的传输上的损失不会太大。相反你如果忘了使用gzip那么传输效率将会大大减少，损失大大增加。想象一个用户正在debug那么默认的输出就是可读的-而不用将结果拷贝到其他什么软件中在格式化-是想起来就很爽的事，不是么？

下面是一个例子:

$ curl https://API.github.com/users/veesahni > with-whitespace.txt
    $ ruby -r json -e 'puts JSON JSON.parse(STDIN.read)' < with-whitespace.txt > without-whitespace.txt
    $ gzip -c with-whitespace.txt > with-whitespace.txt.gz
    $ gzip -c without-whitespace.txt > without-whitespace.txt.gz

输出如下：

*  without-whitespace.txt- 1252 bytes
 *  with-whitespace.txt- 1369 bytes
 *  without-whitespace.txt.gz- 496 bytes
 *  with-whitespace.txt.gz- 509 bytes

在上面的例子中，多余的空格使得结果大小多出了8.5%（没有使用gzip），相反只多出了2.6%。据说：twitter使用gzip之后它的streaming API传输减少了80%（link:https://dev.twitter.com/blog/announcing-gzip-compression-streaming-APIs）.

只在需要的时候使用“envelope”

很多API象下面这样返回结果：

理由很简单：这样做可以很容易扩展返回结果，你可以加入一些分页信息，一些数据的元信息等－这对于那些不容易访问到返回头的API使用者来说确实有用，但是随着“标准”的发展（cors和http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988\#page-6都开始被加入到标准中了），我个人推荐不要那么做。

何时使用envelope？

有两种情况是应该使用envelope的。如果API使用者确实无法访问返回头，或者API需要支持交叉域请求（通过jsonp）。  
jsonp请求在请求的url中包含了一个callback函数参数。如果给出了这个参数，那么API应该返回200，并且把真正的状态码放到返回值里面（包装在信封里），例如：

同样为了支持无法方法返回头的API使用者，可以允许envelope=true这样的参数。

在post,put,patch上使用json作为输入

如果你认同我上面说的，那么你应该决定使用json作为所有的API输出格式，那么我们接下来考虑考虑API的输入数据格式。  
很多的API使用url编码格式：就像是url查询参数的格式一样：单纯的键值对。这种方法简单有效，但是也有自己的问题：它没有数据类型的概念。这使得程序不得不根据字符串解析出布尔和整数,而且还没有层次结构–虽然有一些关于层次结构信息的约定存在可是和本身就支持层次结构的json比较一下还是不很好用。

当然如果API本身就很简单，那么使用url格式的输入没什么问题。但对于复杂的API你应该使用json。或者干脆统一使用json。  
注意使用json传输的时候，要求请求头里面加入：Content-Type：application/json.，否则抛出415异常（unsupported media type）。

分页

分页数据可以放到“信封”里面，但随着标准的改进，现在我推荐将分页信息放到link header里面：http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988\#page-6。

使用link header的API应该返回一系列组合好了的url而不是让用户自己再去拼。这点在基于游标的分页中尤为重要。例如下面，来自github的文档

自动加载相关的资源

很多时候，自动加载相关资源非常有用，可以很大的提高效率。但是这却[和RESTful的原则相背][RESTful]。为了如此，我们可以在url中添加参数：embed（或者expend）。embed可以是一个逗号分隔的串，例如：

对应的API返回值如下：

<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-size: 12px !important; width: 100% !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
 <tbody style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
  <tr style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
   <td style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(175, 175, 175) !important;"> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      1 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      2 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      3 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      4 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      5 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      6 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      7 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      8 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      9 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      10 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      11 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      12 
    </div></td> 
   <td style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; width: 100% !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
    <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; width: auto !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">{ </code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"id"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: 12,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"subject"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"I have a question!"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"summary"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"Hi, ...."</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"customer"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: { </code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"name"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"Bob"</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">},</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">assigned_user: { </code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"id"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: 42,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"name"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"Jim"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">}</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">}</code> 
     </div> 
    </div></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

值得提醒的是，这个功能有时候会很复杂，并且可能导致[N+1 SELECT 问题][N_1 SELECT]。

重写HTTP方法

有的客户端只能发出简单的GET 和POST请求。为了照顾他们，我们可以重写HTTP请求。这里没有什么标准，但是一个普遍的方式是接受X-HTTP-Method-Override请求头。

速度限制

为了避免请求泛滥，给API设置速度限制很重要。为此 [RFC 6585][] 引入了HTTP状态码[429（too many requests）][429_too many requests]。加入速度设置之后，应该提示用户，至于如何提示标准上没有说明，不过流行的方法是使用HTTP的返回头。

下面是几个必须的返回头（依照twitter的命名规则）：

*  X-Rate-Limit-Limit :当前时间段允许的并发请求数
 *  X-Rate-Limit-Remaining:当前时间段保留的请求数。
 *  X-Rate-Limit-Reset:当前时间段剩余秒数

为什么使用当前时间段剩余秒数而不是时间戳？

时间戳保存的信息很多，但是也包含了很多不必要的信息，用户只需要知道还剩几秒就可以再发请求了这样也避免了[clock skew问题][clock skew]。

有些API使用UNIX格式时间戳，我建议不要那么干。为什么？HTTP 已经规定了使用 [RFC 1123][] 时间格式

鉴权 Authentication

restful API是无状态的也就是说用户请求的鉴权和cookie以及session无关，每一次请求都应该包含鉴权证明。

通过使用ssl我们可以不用每次都提供用户名和密码：我们可以给用户返回一个随机产生的token。这样可以极大的方便使用浏览器访问API的用户。这种方法适用于用户可以首先通过一次用户名-密码的验证并得到token，并且可以拷贝返回的token到以后的请求中。如果不方便，可以使用OAuth 2来进行token的安全传输。

支持jsonp的API需要额外的鉴权方法，因为jsonp请求无法发送普通的credential。这种情况下可以在查询url中添加参数：access\_token。注意使用url参数的问题是：目前大部分的网络服务器都会讲query参数保存到服务器日志中，这可能会成为大的安全风险。

注意上面说到的只是三种传输token的方法，实际传输的token可能是一样的。

缓存

HTTP提供了自带的缓存框架。你需要做的是在返回的时候加入一些返回头信息，在接受输入的时候加入输入验证。基本两种方法：

ETag：当生成请求的时候，在HTTP头里面加入ETag，其中包含请求的校验和和哈希值，这个值和在输入变化的时候也应该变化。如果输入的HTTP请求包含IF-NONE-MATCH头以及一个ETag值，那么API应该返回304 not modified状态码，而不是常规的输出结果。

Last-Modified：和etag一样，只是多了一个时间戳。返回头里的Last-Modified：包含了 [RFC 1123][] 时间戳，它和IF-MODIFIED-SINCE一致。HTTP规范里面有三种date格式，服务器应该都能处理。

出错处理

就像html错误页面能够显示错误信息一样，API 也应该能返回可读的错误信息–它应该和一般的资源格式一致。API应该始终返回相应的状态码，以反映服务器或者请求的状态。API的错误码可以分为两部分，400系列和500系列，400系列表明客户端错误：如错误的请求格式等。500系列表示服务器错误。API应该至少将所有的400系列的错误以json形式返回。如果可能500系列的错误也应该如此。json格式的错误应该包含以下信息：一个有用的错误信息，一个唯一的错误码，以及任何可能的详细错误描述。如下：

对PUT,POST,PATCH的输入的校验也应该返回相应的错误信息，例如：

<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-size: 12px !important; width: 100% !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
 <tbody style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
  <tr style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
   <td style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(175, 175, 175) !important;"> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      1 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      2 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      3 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      4 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      5 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      6 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      7 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      8 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      9 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      10 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      11 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      12 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      13 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      14 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      15 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width: 0px 3px 0px 0px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(108, 226, 108) !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; text-align: right !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;">
      16 
    </div></td> 
   <td style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; width: 100% !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
    <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; width: auto !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;"> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">{ </code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"code"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: 1024,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"message"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"Validation Failed"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"errors"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: [</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">{ </code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"code"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: 5432,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"field"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"first_name"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"message"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"First name cannot have fancy characters"</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">},</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">{ </code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"code"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: 5622,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"field"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"password"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">,</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"message"</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">: </code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important;">"Password cannot be blank"</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; white-space: pre !important;"> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">}</code> 
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      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">]</code> 
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      <code style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; background-image: none !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important;">}</code> 
     </div> 
    </div></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

HTTP 状态码

[Link 1]: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/rest_arch_style.htm
[API version should be included in the URL or in a header]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/389169/best-practices-for-API-versioning
[201305-xml-vs-json-api.png]: /images/20220731/5a53ec5f4591409e8b28b50117f36e62.png
[http_ieeexplore.ieee.org_xpl_articleDetails.jsptp_arnumber_5521745]: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsptp=&arnumber=5521745
[RESTful]: http://idbentley.com/blog/2013/03/14/should-restful-apis-include-relationships/
[N_1 SELECT]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/97197/what-is-the-n1-selects-issue
[RFC 6585]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6585
[429_too many requests]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6585#section-4
[clock skew]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_skew
[RFC 1123]: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1123.txt