Selenium Web Driver

谁践踏了优雅 2022-08-09 00:57 128阅读 0赞

# 1 WebDriver #

## 1. WebDriver介绍 ##

Selenium 2.0最主要的新特性就是集成了精心设计的面向对象的WebDriver API。  
WebDriver提供更加简单明了的接口来弥补Selenium-RCAPI的不足。  
WebDriver更好的支持动态网页

## 2. WebDriver与Selenium-RC如何驱动浏览器 ##

1) 对于所有支持的浏览器Selenium-RC都是使用的同一种方法： **当浏览器启动时，向其中注入javascript functions，从而使用这些js来驱动浏览器中的AUT(Application Under Test)**。  
2) **WebDriver使用对自动化的原生支持API，直接调用浏览器**。不同类型的浏览器都会有原生的接口支持自动化操作。

## 3. WebDriver与Selenium-Server ##

是否需要是用Selenium Server取决于使用WebDriver的方式。  
 不需要使用Selenium-Server的两种情况：  
        1) testcases仅仅使用了Webdriver的API;  
        2) 浏览器和testcases在同一台PC上，而且testcases只使用了Webdriver API。WebDriver会直接运行浏览器。  
  
 需要使用Selenium-Server和Selenium-WebDriver：  
        1) 使用Selenium-Grid分配testcases到集群环境(或者虚拟机)上;  
        2) 需要调用非本机上的特定版本的浏览器;  
        3) 未使用Java bindings，且想要使用HtmlUnitDriver。

## 4. 配置Selenium-WebDriver工程 ##

安装Selenium意味着在开发环境上配置一个工程，然后用Selenium编写程序。如何安装Selenium取决于编程语言和开发环境。   
    Python环境下安装Selenium：

pip install selenium

## 5. 迁移到Selenium2.0 ##

如何将Selenium1.0上构建的代码迁移到Selenium2.0。请参考Selenium2.0的首席开发工程师Simon Stewart文章： [Magrating From Selenium RC to Selenium WebDriver][]

# 2 实例介绍 #

1 WebDriver可以用来实现Web应用程序的自动化测试，特别适合于验证实际结果是否符合预期结果的场景。  
2 WebDriver没有使用任何第三方测试框架，所以可以很好与单元测试工具或者最古老的main函数结合使用。  
3 当你创建完Selenium工程后，你会发现WebDriver和普通的第三方库一样是完全独立的，在你使用之前不需要启动任何额外的进程或者安装程序，相反如果你使用Selenium-RC需要先启动代理服务器。  
  
　　注意：当你使用如下WebDriver时需要额外的步骤：Chrome Driver,Opera Driver,Android Driver,IPhone Driver。

实例1：

from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
    from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait # available since 2.4.0
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC # available since 2.26.0
    
    # Create a new instance of the Firefox driver
    driver = webdriver.Firefox()
    
    # go to the google home page
    driver.get("http://www.google.com")
    
    # the page is ajaxy so the title is originally this:
    print driver.title
    
    # find the element that's name attribute is q (the google search box)
    inputElement = driver.find_element_by_name("q")
    
    # type in the search
    inputElement.send_keys("cheese!")
    
    # submit the form (although google automatically searches now without submitting)
    inputElement.submit()
    
    try:
        # we have to wait for the page to refresh, the last thing that seems to be updated is the title
        WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.title_contains("cheese!"))
    
        # You should see "cheese! - Google Search"
        print driver.title
    
    finally:
        driver.quit()

实例2：

结合Django中的LiveServerTestCase来使用。

在Django的app下面的测试模块（myapp/tests.py）中输入：

from django.test import LiveServerTestCase
    from selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver import WebDriver
    
    class MySeleniumTests(LiveServerTestCase):
        fixtures = ['user-data.json']
    
        @classmethod
        def setUpClass(cls):
            super(MySeleniumTests, cls).setUpClass()
            cls.selenium = WebDriver()
    
        @classmethod
        def tearDownClass(cls):
            cls.selenium.quit()
            super(MySeleniumTests, cls).tearDownClass()
    
        def test_login(self):
            self.selenium.get('%s%s' % (self.live_server_url, '/login/'))
            username_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("username")
            username_input.send_keys('myuser')
            password_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("password")
            password_input.send_keys('secret')
            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Log in"]').click()

运行测试：

$ ./manage.py test myapp.tests.MySeleniumTests.test_login

本实例自动打开Firefox，到登录页面，自动输入用户名和密码，再点击click。  
Window下的运行结果：

C:\mysite>manage.py test polls.tests.MySeleniumTests.test_login
    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
    C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\commands\loaddata.py:225: U
    serWarning: No fixture named 'user-data' found.
      warnings.warn("No fixture named '%s' found." % fixture_name)
    
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "C:\Python27\lib\wsgiref\handlers.py", line 85, in run
        self.result = application(self.environ, self.start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1108, in _
    _call__
        return super(FSFilesHandler, self).__call__(environ, start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\wsgi.py", line 189, i
    n __call__
        response = self.get_response(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1091, in g
    et_response
        return self.serve(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1103, in s
    erve
        return serve(request, final_rel_path, document_root=self.get_base_dir())
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\views\static.py", line 54, in serve
    
        fullpath = os.path.join(document_root, newpath)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 65, in join
        result_drive, result_path = splitdrive(path)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 115, in splitdrive
        if len(p) > 1:
    TypeError: object of type 'NoneType' has no len()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "C:\Python27\lib\wsgiref\handlers.py", line 85, in run
        self.result = application(self.environ, self.start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1108, in _
    _call__
        return super(FSFilesHandler, self).__call__(environ, start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\wsgi.py", line 189, i
    n __call__
        response = self.get_response(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1091, in g
    et_response
        return self.serve(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1103, in s
    erve
        return serve(request, final_rel_path, document_root=self.get_base_dir())
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\views\static.py", line 54, in serve
    
        fullpath = os.path.join(document_root, newpath)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 65, in join
        result_drive, result_path = splitdrive(path)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 115, in splitdrive
        if len(p) > 1:
    TypeError: object of type 'NoneType' has no len()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "C:\Python27\lib\wsgiref\handlers.py", line 85, in run
        self.result = application(self.environ, self.start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1108, in _
    _call__
        return super(FSFilesHandler, self).__call__(environ, start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\wsgi.py", line 189, i
    n __call__
        response = self.get_response(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1091, in g
    et_response
        return self.serve(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1103, in s
    erve
        return serve(request, final_rel_path, document_root=self.get_base_dir())
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\views\static.py", line 54, in serve
    
        fullpath = os.path.join(document_root, newpath)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 65, in join
        result_drive, result_path = splitdrive(path)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 115, in splitdrive
        if len(p) > 1:
    TypeError: object of type 'NoneType' has no len()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "C:\Python27\lib\wsgiref\handlers.py", line 85, in run
        self.result = application(self.environ, self.start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1108, in _
    _call__
        return super(FSFilesHandler, self).__call__(environ, start_response)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\wsgi.py", line 189, i
    n __call__
        response = self.get_response(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1091, in g
    et_response
        return self.serve(request)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\testcases.py", line 1103, in s
    erve
        return serve(request, final_rel_path, document_root=self.get_base_dir())
      File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\views\static.py", line 54, in serve
    
        fullpath = os.path.join(document_root, newpath)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 65, in join
        result_drive, result_path = splitdrive(path)
      File "C:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 115, in splitdrive
        if len(p) > 1:
    TypeError: object of type 'NoneType' has no len()
    .
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 1 test in 8.232s
    
    OK
    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...

# 3 Selenium-WebDriver API详解 #

参考Selenium-WebDriver API Commands and Operations：  
http://docs.seleniumhq.org/docs/03\_webdriver.jsp

# 4 Selenium-WebDriver的Drivers #

WebDriver是测试的关键接口的名字,但有几个实现：  
1 HtmlUnit Driver  
2 Firefox Driver

driver = webdriver.Firefox()

3 Internet Explorer Driver

driver = webdriver.Ie()

4 ChromeDriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

5 Opera, iOS, Android Driver

# 5 WebDriver高级用法 #

http://docs.seleniumhq.org/docs/04\_webdriver\_advanced.jsp

参考：

1 官方英文：http://docs.seleniumhq.org/docs/03\_webdriver.jsp

2 中文：http://www.ltesting.net/ceshi/open/kygncsgj/selenium/2014/0404/207231.html

[Magrating From Selenium RC to Selenium WebDriver]: http://docs.seleniumhq.org/docs/appendix_migrating_from_rc_to_webdriver.jsp#migrating-to-webdriver-reference