标准非STL容器 : bitset
1. 概念
什么是“标准非STL容器”?标准非STL容器是指“可以认为它们是容器,但是他们并不满足STL容器的所有要求”。前文提到的容器适配器stack、queue及priority_queue都是标准非STL容器的一部分。此外,valarray也是标准非STL容器。
bitset:一种 高效位集合操作容器。
2. API
bitset提供的api:
(constructor) Construct bitset (public member function)
operator[] Access bit (public member function)
set Set bits (public member function)
reset Reset bits (public member function )
flip Flip bits (public member function)
to_ulong Convert to unsigned long integer (public member function)
to_string Convert to string (public member function)
count Count bits set (public member function)
size Return size (public member function)
test Return bit value (public member function )
any Test if any bit is set (public member function)
none Test if no bit is set (public member function)
3. 源码剖析
SGI bitset部分实现源码
[cpp] view plain copy
- template
- class bitset : private _Base_bitset<__BITSET_WORDS(_Nb)>
- {
- private:
- typedef _Base_bitset<__BITSET_WORDS(_Nb)> _Base;
- typedef unsigned long _WordT;
- private:
- void _M_do_sanitize() {
- _Sanitize<_Nb%__BITS_PER_WORD>::_M_do_sanitize(this->_M_hiword());
- }
- …..
- }
[cpp] view plain copy
- #define __BITS_PER_WORD (CHAR_BIT*sizeof(unsigned long))
- #define __BITSET_WORDS(__n) \
- ((__n) < 1 ? 1 : ((__n) + __BITS_PER_WORD - 1)/__BITS_PER_WORD)
[cpp] view plain copy
- template
- struct _Base_bitset {
- typedef unsigned long _WordT;
- _WordT _M_w[_Nw]; // 0 is the least significant word.
- _Base_bitset( void ) { _M_do_reset(); }
- _Base_bitset(unsigned long __val) {
- _M_do_reset();
- _M_w[0] = __val;
- }
- static size_t _S_whichword( size_t __pos )
- { return __pos / __BITS_PER_WORD; }
- static size_t _S_whichbyte( size_t __pos )
- { return (__pos % __BITS_PER_WORD) / CHAR_BIT; }
- static size_t _S_whichbit( size_t __pos )
- { return __pos % __BITS_PER_WORD; }
- static _WordT _S_maskbit( size_t __pos )
- { return (static_cast<_WordT>(1)) << _S_whichbit(__pos); }
- _WordT& _M_getword(size_t __pos) { return _M_w[_S_whichword(__pos)]; }
- _WordT _M_getword(size_t __pos) const { return _M_w[_S_whichword(__pos)]; }
- _WordT& _M_hiword() { return _M_w[_Nw - 1]; }
- _WordT _M_hiword() const { return _M_w[_Nw - 1]; }
- void _M_do_and(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x) {
- for ( size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++ ) {
- _M_w[__i] &= __x._M_w[__i];
- }
- }
- void _M_do_or(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x) {
- for ( size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++ ) {
- _M_w[__i] |= __x._M_w[__i];
- }
- }
- void _M_do_xor(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x) {
- for ( size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++ ) {
- _M_w[__i] ^= __x._M_w[__i];
- }
- }
节选上述代码,可以得到:
- bitset继承_Base_bitset,具体操作封装在_Base_bitset中
- bitset 的size作为模板参数(非类型模板参数的一个要求是,编译器能在编译期就能把参数确定下来),因此, bitset大小在编译期固定,不支持插入和删除元素
- 各种位操作, 性能高
4._Base_bitset使unsigned long作为底层存储, 不支持指针、引用、迭代器 - 使用 _WordT _M_w[_Nw];分配内存, 因此在栈中定义bitset需要注意大小(和STL标准容器堆内存分配区别开)。
eg,下面的代码将栈溢出(测试机器栈内存10M)
[cpp] view plain copy
- void fun()
- {
- const int n = 800000000;
- bitset
a; - cout << a.size() << endl;
- }
- int main(int argc, char** argv)
- {
- fun();
- return 0;
- }
大内存分配可以分配在堆中,如下:
[cpp] view plain copy
- const int n = 800000000;
- bitset
*a = new(std::nothrow) bitset ; - if(a)
- {
- cout << a->size() << endl;
- delete a;
- a = NULL;
- }
4. vector
bitset高效,但是size必须在编译器确定,不支持插入和删除。因此,一个可能的替代品是vector
两者的区别:
vector
deque
分别运行
[cpp] view plain copy
- deque
a; - a[0] = 0;
- bool* b = &a[0];
- cout << *b << endl;
和
[cpp] view plain copy
- vector
a; - a[0] = 0;
- bool* b = &a[0];
- cout << *b << endl;
将会发现:
使用deque
但是,deque简直是在践踏内存。
使用deque
[cpp] view plain copy
- int main(int argc, char** argv)
- {
- deque
a(10000000000); - sleep(100);
- return 0;
- }
内存使用:
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
23612 work 25 0 9990m 9.8g 720 S 0.0 65.0 0:39.35 test
使用vector
[cpp] view plain copy
- int main(int argc, char** argv)
- {
- vector
a(10000000000); - sleep(100);
- return 0;
- }
内存使用:
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
23909 work 25 0 1198m 1.2g 716 S 0.0 7.8 0:01.31 test
使用bitset
[cpp] view plain copy
- int main(int argc, char** argv)
- {
- const unsigned long int n = 10000000000;
- bitset
*a = new(std::nothrow) bitset ; - sleep(100);
- return 0;
- }
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
24439 work 25 0 1198m 1.2g 712 S 30.7 7.8 0:00.92 test
10亿个bool,vector
5. 总结
在需要对位集合进行操作的时候,如何操作集合大小比较固定,优先选择高效的bitset;
如果需要动态增删元素,或者编译期间无法确定集合大小,则可以考虑vector
参考:
http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/download.html
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/stl/vector/
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/stl/bitset/
扩展阅读:
Vector specialization: vector
The vector class template has a special template specialization for the bool type.
This specialization is provided to optimize for space allocation: In this template specialization, each element occupies only one bit (which is eight times less than the smallest type in C++: char).
The references to elements of a bool vector returned by the vector members are not references to bool objects, but a special member type which is a reference to a single bit, defined inside the vector
[cpp] view plain copy
- class vector
::reference { - friend class vector;
- reference(); // no public constructor
- public:
- ~reference();
- operator bool () const; // convert to bool
- reference& operator= ( const bool x ); // assign from bool
- reference& operator= ( const reference& x ); // assign from bit
- void flip(); // flip bit value.
- }
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