GitHub的使用总结

落日映苍穹つ 2022-07-13 02:48 164阅读 0赞

在GitHub的使用过程中，不断更新本文。

转载：《[github初次使用介绍][github]》 [http://www.cnblogs.com/Lonelyprince/p/4364173.html][github]

# 一、Git和GitHub的区别 #

*  Git是一个分布式的版本控制系统，与SVN类似；最初由Linus Torvalds编写，用作Linux内核代码的管理。在推出后，Git在其它项目中也取得了很大成功，尤其是在Ruby社区中，所以目前有很多著名的项目都使用Git进行版本控制；
 *  而GitHub是[托管][Link 1]各种git库，并提供一个web界面的一个网站(官方地址是[https://www.github.com/][https_www.github.com])，可以通过本地的git客户端将自己的代码上传至GitHub；可以在GitHub上建立公共库，作为[开源软件][Link 2]或个人使用，也可以付费建立私有库，这样就可以作为公司内部软件的代码管理工具；

# 二、GitHub术语解析 #

**Blame**

Git中的“blame”特性描述了文件的每一行的最近一次修改信息，包括修改内容、作者和时间等；可用于追踪某软件新特性的添加及引起bug的提交操作；

**Repository**

库是GitHub的最基本元素，可想象成本地的项目文件夹；一个库包含所有的项目文件(包括帮助文档)，并保存每个文件的修改历史；库可以有多个合作开发者，也可以作为公共库或私有库的形式开发；

**Private Repository**

私有库，是指只能被库的创建者或者合作开发者查看并编辑的库，需要付费使用；

**Branch**

分支是一个库的并行版本，包含在库内，允许独立的开发而不影响现有主分支(primary or master)的运行；当在分支的修改需要发布时，就可以将分支合并(merge)至主分支(master branch)，这样利于多人的分布式开发；

==============================术语分类解析分割线==================================

**Pull Request**

即代码合并请求，由其它开发者或用户向项目的collaborators提议的修改请求，collaborators觉得修改信息合理有效即接受，否则拒绝；

**Merge**

将一个分支中的修改内容应用到另一个分支的操作就做合并；若两个分支内的修改内容无冲突，则可以通过合并请求(a Pull Request)或命令行(the command line)完成合并操作；

**Clone**

克隆，是将GitHub上的库文件整个复制到本地[主机][Link 3]上，可以实现离线修改，等上线后再同步至Github上的库即可；

**Commit**

提交信息，或者称为修改信息，是个人提交的对文件的修改记录；

**Fork**

对其它开发者的库的个人复制，复制的库存在你自己的账户上，你可以自行修改项目内容而不会影响原始的库，也可以将自己的修改通过合并请求(a pull request)的方式请求原始库的开发者更新你的修改；

**Fetch**

取回，表示从在线的库上获取最新的修改信息而不需要合并代码，取回的代码可以与你本地的分支代码进行比较；

**Push**

推送，表示将本地的修改内容推送至线上的库，这样其它的开发者就可以通过GitHub网站访问到你的修改内容了；

**Remote**

远端版本，即类似于GitHub.com的非本地主机的项目版本，可以连接至本地克隆的版本以实现内容同步；

==============================术语分类解析分割线==================================

**User**

用户，指个人注册的GitHub账户，每个用户都可以拥有多个公共库或私有库，也可被邀请加入organizations或称为collaborates；

**SSH Key**

私钥，是GitHub用以验证你本地[主机][Link 3]的身份的，并用此密钥加密传输GitHub网站和你本地主机的数据传输，以保证安全性；这个是需要在“Set up Git”步骤中配置的；

**Organizations**

组织，即多个开发者组成的团体，可包含众多的库和开发团队；

**Collaborator**

合作开发者，被库的所有者邀请共同开发某一项目，拥有对库的读写权限；

**Contributor**

贡献者，对项目有所贡献(如提交代码，修复bug等)的开发者，但不具备合作开发者的访问权限；

==============================术语分类解析分割线==================================

**Diff**

差异，指2个commit或保存的改变间的差异，可以很直观的看出一个文件自上次commit后增加或删除的内容；

**Open Source**

[开源][Link 4]，原指可自由使用、修改和传播的软件，现扩展为一种超越软件的合作哲学，即工件(working materials)在线可用，可被任何人复制(fork)、修改(modify)、讨论(discuss)、并提出修改意见(contribute to)；

**Markdown**

一种轻量级的标记语言，书写简单，不同于html，无需大量的<tag>就可以实现内容的格式化；GitHub上的众多库中的帮助文档就是这种格式，如README.md；

**Upstream**

上游，对于一个branch或者fork来说，源库的主分支即是其它修改信息的源头，被称为upstream，相对的其它branch或fork就被称为downstream了；

详见：[https://help.github.com/articles/github-glossary][https_help.github.com_articles_github-glossary]

# 三、配置使用 #

注册账户

注册地址：[https://github.com/join][https_github.com_join]

账户注册没什么好说的，按照步骤进行即可；

注：别忘记邮箱认证哦，以后的代码提交都需要依赖你自己设置的主邮箱地址(Promary GitHub Email)哦

GUI客户端下载：[http://git-scm.com/downloads][http_git-scm.com_downloads]

创建Git(Set up Git)

向GitHub提交你的用户名和邮箱地址，用以标识你的commit；

注：用户名可以随意，但[邮箱地址][Link 5]与绑定在GitHub帐户上的必须一致；

本地保存密码，避免每次通过https去clone一个库时都需要提供用户名和密码

注：在下载git-credential-osxkeychain时，也可将地址直接复制到浏览器，下载速度会更快哦！

若想通过ssh方式去clone自有的库，则需先配置SSH key

生成公钥和私钥

复制公钥内容并配置至GitHub中：cat ~/.[ssh][]/id\_rsa.pub

验证测试

注：个人测试未通过，总是超时，只能暂时使用HTTPS方式了。

详见：[https://help.github.com/articles/set-up-git\#platform-all][https_help.github.com_articles_set-up-git_platform-all]

创建库(Create repositories)

在GitHub上创建一个新的repo

为新创建的repo添加帮助文档README

创建README文件

提交README文件

推送所提交的内容

为README文件增加内容后再次提交推送

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      1 
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      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important">"_blank"</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">&gt;master&lt;</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">/a</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">&gt;</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"># 再次推送一次，以更新GitHub上的内容&lt;/span&gt;</code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

访问验证

详见：[https://help.github.com/articles/create-a-repo][https_help.github.com_articles_create-a-repo]

复制库(Fork repositories)

复制库

克隆复制的库至本地

修改远端指向源库，而非你自己fork后的库；库被克隆后，默认会创建一个指向fork后的库的远端origin哦

推送提交至自己fork后的库中

从源库获取更新，并合并进自己fork后的库的主分支中

创建分支并设置为当前活动分支

分支间切换

合并分支并删除

详见：[https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo][https_help.github.com_articles_fork-a-repo]

社交化(Be Social)

开始找朋友，可以关注某些技术大牛的随时更新哦

追踪某个项目

通过发送Pull Request，将自己的修改代码提交给源项目的合作开发者，以贡献自己的微薄之力

处理事件Issues，主要是指追踪项目出现的问题的集中地

创建组织，合作开发

标星收藏感兴趣的项目

好了，一个简单的GitHub就配置完成了，尽情在本地开发代码，然后上传GitHub托管吧，妈妈再也不用担心我的代码丢失啦！

详见：[https://help.github.com/articles/be-socia][https_help.github.com_articles_be-socia]l

本文出自 “[小小忍者][Link 6]” 博客，请务必保留此出处[http://xxrenzhe.blog.51cto.com/4036116/1410809][http_xxrenzhe.blog.51cto.com_4036116_1410809]

乐的小屁孩

[github]: http://www.cnblogs.com/Lonelyprince/p/4364173.html
[Link 1]: http://cpro.baidu.com/cpro/ui/uijs.php?c=news&cf=1001&ch=0&di=128&fv=14&jk=7ae1bb50cb53ac3a&k=%EF%BF%BD%D0%B9%EF%BF%BD&k0=%EF%BF%BD%D0%B9%EF%BF%BD&kdi0=0&luki=6&n=10&p=baidu&q=65035100_cpr&rb=0&rs=1&seller_id=1&sid=3aac53cb50bbe17a&ssp2=1&stid=0&t=tpclicked3_hc&tu=u1836545&u=http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-179690.html&urlid=0
[https_www.github.com]: https://www.github.com/
[Link 2]: http://cpro.baidu.com/cpro/ui/uijs.php?c=news&cf=1001&ch=0&di=128&fv=14&jk=7ae1bb50cb53ac3a&k=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%D4%B4%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&k0=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%D4%B4%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&kdi0=0&luki=4&n=10&p=baidu&q=65035100_cpr&rb=0&rs=1&seller_id=1&sid=3aac53cb50bbe17a&ssp2=1&stid=0&t=tpclicked3_hc&tu=u1836545&u=http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-179690.html&urlid=0
[Link 3]: http://cpro.baidu.com/cpro/ui/uijs.php?c=news&cf=1001&ch=0&di=128&fv=14&jk=7ae1bb50cb53ac3a&k=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&k0=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&kdi0=0&luki=2&n=10&p=baidu&q=65035100_cpr&rb=0&rs=1&seller_id=1&sid=3aac53cb50bbe17a&ssp2=1&stid=0&t=tpclicked3_hc&tu=u1836545&u=http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-179690.html&urlid=0
[Link 4]: http://cpro.baidu.com/cpro/ui/uijs.php?c=news&cf=1001&ch=0&di=128&fv=14&jk=7ae1bb50cb53ac3a&k=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%D4%B4&k0=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%D4%B4&kdi0=0&luki=5&n=10&p=baidu&q=65035100_cpr&rb=0&rs=1&seller_id=1&sid=3aac53cb50bbe17a&ssp2=1&stid=0&t=tpclicked3_hc&tu=u1836545&u=http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-179690.html&urlid=0
[https_help.github.com_articles_github-glossary]: https://help.github.com/articles/github-glossary
[https_github.com_join]: https://github.com/join
[http_git-scm.com_downloads]: http://git-scm.com/downloads
[Link 5]: http://cpro.baidu.com/cpro/ui/uijs.php?c=news&cf=1001&ch=0&di=128&fv=14&jk=7ae1bb50cb53ac3a&k=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%D6%B7&k0=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%D6%B7&kdi0=0&luki=1&n=10&p=baidu&q=65035100_cpr&rb=0&rs=1&seller_id=1&sid=3aac53cb50bbe17a&ssp2=1&stid=0&t=tpclicked3_hc&tu=u1836545&u=http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-179690.html&urlid=0
[ssh]: http://cpro.baidu.com/cpro/ui/uijs.php?c=news&cf=1001&ch=0&di=128&fv=14&jk=68ea3bcefc090e40&k=ssh&k0=ssh&kdi0=0&luki=7&n=10&p=baidu&q=65035100_cpr&rb=0&rs=1&seller_id=1&sid=400e09fcce3bea68&ssp2=1&stid=0&t=tpclicked3_hc&tu=u1836545&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ebubuko%2Ecom%2Finfodetail%2D179690%2Ehtml&urlid=0
[https_help.github.com_articles_set-up-git_platform-all]: https://help.github.com/articles/set-up-git#platform-all
[https_help.github.com_articles_create-a-repo]: https://help.github.com/articles/create-a-repo
[https_help.github.com_articles_fork-a-repo]: https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo
[https_help.github.com_articles_be-socia]: https://help.github.com/articles/be-social
[Link 6]: http://www.bubuko.com/%E2%80%98http://xxrenzhe.blog.51cto.com%E2%80%98
[http_xxrenzhe.blog.51cto.com_4036116_1410809]: http://www.bubuko.com/%E2%80%98http://xxrenzhe.blog.51cto.com/4036116/1410809%E2%80%98