Ubuntu下安装与配置cobbler

秒速五厘米 2022-07-12 12:24 1061阅读 0赞

# 1 安装 #

用virtualbox安装虚拟机，用做cobbler服务器。

## 1.1 安装 ##

root@cobbler:~# apt-cache search cobbler
    cobbler - Install server
    cobbler-common - Cobbler Install server - common files
    cobbler-enlist - Cobbler enlistment tool
    cobbler-web - Cobbler Install server - web interface
    koan - kickstart-over-a-network (koan)
    python-cobbler - Install server - python libraries.
    python-koan - kickstart-over-a-network (koan) - python libraries
    root@cobbler:~# apt-get install cobbler
    。。。
    root@cobbler:~# which cobbler
    /usr/bin/cobbler
    root@cobbler:~# ls /etc/cobbler/
    auth.conf        cobbler-ubuntu-import.conf  iso             pxe                 tftpd.template         zone_templates
    cheetah_macros   cobbler_web.conf            ldap            reporting           ubuntu-server.preseed
    cobbler_bash     completions                 modules.conf    rsync.exclude       users.conf
    cobbler.conf     dhcp.template               mongodb.conf    rsync.template      users.digest
    cobblerd         dnsmasq.template            named.template  secondary.template  version
    cobblerd_rotate  import_rsync_whitelist      power           settings            zone.template
    root@cobbler:~# ps -ef | grep cobbler
    root      4552     1  0 16:03 ?        00:00:01 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/cobblerd --no-daemonize

安装完成后，cobbler和apache的服务都会启动。

## 1.2 检查 ##

root@cobbler:~# curl -I 10.10.30.5/cobbler/
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Date: Thu, 23 Feb 2017 08:10:33 GMT
    Server: Apache/2.4.7 (Ubuntu)
    Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8

用curl工具测试，返回200说明正常。  
![这里写图片描述][SouthEast]

# 2 默认配置与检查 #

## 2.1 检查默认配置是否正确 ##

运行cobbler check检查配置

root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# cobbler check
    The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
    
    1 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
    2 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
    
    Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

根据上面的提示修复错误。  
其中：  
debmirror是用来建立Debinan系统镜像源的工具，  
createrepo是用来建立RedHat系列镜像源的工具。

# apt-get install debmirror

安装完成后，配置一下debmirror。生成/etc/debmirror.conf配置文件

root@cobbler:~# ls /etc/deb*
    /etc/debconf.conf  /etc/debian_version
    root@cobbler:~# cp /usr/share/doc/debmirror/examples/debmirror.conf /etc/
    root@cobbler:~# vi /etc/debmirror.conf

修改/etc/debmirror.conf配置文件，注释掉@dists和@arches两行

@dists="precise";
    @sections="main,main/debian-installer,universe,restricted,multiverse";
    @arches="i386";

如果不注释掉上面说的两行，使用cobbler check时，会提示：

root@cobbler:~# cobbler check
    The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
    
    1 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders...
    2 : comment out 'dists' on /etc/debmirror.conf for proper debian support
    3 : comment out 'arches' on /etc/debmirror.conf for proper debian support
    
    Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

使修改生效：

root@cobbler:~# service cobbler restart
    cobbler stop/waiting
    cobbler start/running, process 6227
    root@cobbler:~# ps -ef | grep cobbler
    root      6227     1  1 17:19 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/cobblerd --no-daemonize
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler sync 
    ...
    *** TASK COMPLETE ***

再检查：

root@cobbler:~# cobbler check
    The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
    
    1 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
    
    Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

# 3 配置 #

Cobbler目录说明：

1、Cobbler配置文件目录：/etc/cobbler
    
    /etc/cobbler/settings   #cobbler主配置文件
    
    /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template   #DHCP服务的配置模板
    
    /etc/cobbler/tftpd.template   #tftp服务的配置模板
    
    /etc/cobbler/rsync.template   #rsync服务的配置模板
    
    /etc/cobbler/iso   #iso模板配置文件
    
    /etc/cobbler/pxe   #pxe模板文件
    
    /etc/cobbler/power  #电源的配置文件
    
    /etc/cobbler/users.conf   #Web服务授权配置文件
    
    /etc/cobbler/users.digest   #用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件
    
    /etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template   #DNS服务的配置模板
    
    /etc/cobbler/modules.conf   #Cobbler模块配置文件
    
    2、Cobbler数据目录：/var/lib/cobbler
    
    /var/lib/cobbler/config #配置文件
    
    /var/lib/cobbler/triggers  #Cobbler命令
    
    /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts  #默认存放kickstart文件
    
    /var/lib/cobbler/loaders  #存放的各种引导程序
    
    3、系统安装镜像目录：/var/www/cobbler
    
    /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror #导入的系统镜像列表
    
    /var/www/cobbler/images  #导入的系统镜像启动文件
    
    /var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror #yum源存储目录
    
    4、日志目录：/var/log/cobbler
    
    /var/log/cobbler/install.log  #客户端系统安装日志
    
    /var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log  #cobbler日志

命令：

cobbler profile report --name  CentOS-5.10-x86_64  #查看profile设置
    
    cobbler distro report --name CentOS-5.10-x86_64 #查看安装镜像文件信息
    
    cobbler profile remove --name=CentOS-5.10-x86_64  #移除profile
    
    cobbler profile add --name=CentOS-5.10-x86_64 --distro=CentOS-5.10-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-5.10-x86_64.ks  #添加
    
    cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-5.10-x86_64 --distro=CentOS-5.10-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-5.10-x86_64.ks  #编辑
    
    命令：cobbler profile add|edit|remove --name=安装引导名 --distro=系统镜像名 --kickstart=kickstart自动安装文件路径
    
    --name：自定义的安装引导名，注意不能重复
    
    --distro：系统安装镜像名，用cobbler distro list可以查看
    
    --kickstart：与系统镜像文件相关联的kickstart自动安装文件
    
    #查看Cobbler列表
    
    cobbler list
    
    cobbler report
    
    cobbler profile report
    
    cobbler distro list

## 3.1 配置文件 Settings File ##

The main settings file for cobbler is /etc/cobbler/settings. Cobbler also supports Dynamic Settings, so it is no longer required to manually edit this file if this feature is enabled. This file is YAML-formatted, and with dynamic settings enabled augeas is used to modify its contents.

Whether dynamic settings are enabled or not, if you directly edit this file you must restart cobblerd. When modified with the dynamic settings CLI command or the web GUI, changes take affect immediately and do not require a restart.

## 3.2 安装和配置dnsmasq和tftpd-hpa ##

### 3.2.1安装 ###

apt-get install vsftpd
    apt-get install tftpd-hpa
    apt-get install dnsmasq

### 3.2.2 配置cobbler 接管dnsmasq和tftpd-hpa ###

cobbler本身具备管理dnsmasq和tftpd-hpa的功能。所以我们只需要配置cobbler就可以了。

修改配置文件 /etc/cobbler/settings  
需修改和修改后的值如下：

manage_dhcp: 1
    manage_dns: 1
    manage_tftpd: 1
    restart_dhcp: 1
    restart_dns: 1
    pxe_just_once: 1
    next_server: <server's IP address>
    server: <server's IP address>

选项 next\_server 用在 DHCP 配置文件中，向机器告知提供引导文件的服务器地址。  
选项 server 在机器安装期间用于引用 Cobbler 服务器地址。  
选项 pxe\_just\_once 预防将机器中的安装循环配置为始终从网络引导。激活此选项时，机器告诉 Cobbler 安装已完成。Cobbler 将系统对象的 netboot 标志更改为 false，这会强制机器从本地磁盘引导

### 3.2.3 指定接管的DHCP、DNS和tFTP服务器类型 ###

修改配置文件/etc/cobbler/modules.conf，修改后

# egrep -v '^#|^[ \t]*$' /etc/cobbler/modules.conf
    [authentication]
    module = authn_configfile
    [authorization]
    module = authz_allowall
    [dns]
    module = manage_dnsmasq # uses dnsmasq
    [dhcp]
    module = manage_dnsmasq # uses dnsmasq 
    [tftpd]
    module = manage_in_tftpd  # defaut, uses the system's tftp server, in this example, use tftpd-hpa

## 3.3 配置DHCP、DNS、tFTP服务 ##

由于我们配置了cobbler接管DHCP、DNS和tFTP服务，所以我们不需要单独修改dnsmasq和tftpd-hpa的配置文件，只需要修改Cobbler中DHCP、DNS和tFTP相应的配置模板即可。  
Cobbler会自动帮助我们做同步工作。

### 3.3.1 配置DHCP和DNS服务 ###

修改/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template  
For most uses, you’ll only need to modify this block:

subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
         option routers             192.168.1.1;
         option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.210,192.168.1.211;
         option subnet-mask         255.255.255.0;
         range dynamic-bootp        192.168.1.100 192.168.1.254;
         filename                   "/pxelinux.0";
         default-lease-time         21600;
         max-lease-time             43200;
         next-server                $next_server;
    }

同步配置到dnsmasq

# cobbler sync

之后，查看dnsmasq配置文件，已经修改：

root@cobbler:~# cat /etc/dnsmasq.conf 
    # Cobbler generated configuration file for dnsmasq
    # Fri Feb 24 03:14:08 2017 
    
    # resolve.conf .. ?
    #no-poll
    #enable-dbus
    read-ethers
    addn-hosts = /var/lib/cobbler/cobbler_hosts
    
    dhcp-range=192.168.1.5,192.168.1.200
    dhcp-option=3,10.10.30.8
    dhcp-lease-max=1000
    dhcp-authoritative
    dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0
    dhcp-boot=net:normalarch,pxelinux.0
    dhcp-boot=net:ia64,/var/lib/cobbler/elilo-3.6-ia64.efi

### 3.3.2 配置tFTP服务 ###

修改配置文件/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template  
默认不用修改

## 3.4 其它配置 ##

### 3.4.1 检查端口开放 ###

netstat -tunlp

root@cobbler:~# netstat -tunlp
    Active Internet connections (only servers)
    Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address   Foreign Address tate   PID/Program name
    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:53      0.0.0.0:*       ISTEN  8751/dnsmasq    
    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:21      0.0.0.0:*       ISTEN  7149/vsftpd     
    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22      0.0.0.0:*       ISTEN  968/sshd        
    tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25151 0.0.0.0:*       ISTEN  8692/python     
    tcp6       0      0 :::53           :::*            ISTEN  8751/dnsmasq    
    tcp6       0      0 :::22           :::*            ISTEN  968/sshd        
    tcp6       0      0 :::80           :::*            ISTEN  6736/apache2    
    udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:59879   0.0.0.0:*              681/dhclient    
    udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:53      0.0.0.0:*              8751/dnsmasq    
    udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:45622   0.0.0.0:*              683/dhclient    
    udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:67      0.0.0.0:*              8751/dnsmasq    
    udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68      0.0.0.0:*              681/dhclient    
    udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68      0.0.0.0:*              683/dhclient    
    udp6       0      0 :::46865        :::*                   681/dhclient    
    udp6       0      0 :::59879        :::*                   683/dhclient    
    udp6       0      0 :::53           :::*                   8751/dnsmasq    
    udp6       0      0 :::69           :::*                   4335/in.tftpd

服务说明：  
80 Aapche服务  
53 dnsmasqt程序的dns服务  
67 dnsmasq程序的DHCP服务  
69 tftp-hpa程序的tftp服务  
25151 Apache2 的cobbler-web站点支持

### 3.4.2 创建系统初始化后的root密码 ###

生成默认模板下客户端系统安装完成之后root账号登录密码

root@cobbler:~# openssl passwd -1 -salt 'cobbler' '123456'
    $1$cobler$XJnisBweZJlhL651HxAM00
    root@cobbler:~# vim /etc/cobbler/settings
    default_password_crypted: "$1$cobler$XJnisBweZJlhL651HxAM00"

客户机使用pxe网络安装成功后的登录用户名和密码：root/123456

## 3.5 重启cobbler，并sync生成各种新的配置文件 ##

root@cobbler:~# service cobbler restart
    cobbler stop/waiting
    cobbler start/running, process 8692
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler sync

# 4 导入ISO镜像 #

## 4.1 导入 ##

root@cobbler:~# ls /mnt
    root@cobbler:~# mount -o loop /dev/cdrom /mnt
    root@cobbler:~# ls /mnt
    boot  dists  doc  EFI  install  isolinux  md5sum.txt  pics  pool  preseed  README.diskdefines  ubuntu
    root@cobbler:~# 
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler list
    distros:
    
    profiles:
    
    systems:
    
    repos:
    
    images:
    
    mgmtclasses:
    
    packages:
    
    files:
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler distro list
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler import --name=ubuntu14045 --arch=x86_64 --path=/mnt
    task started: 2017-02-24_103721_import
    ...
    *** TASK COMPLETE ***

## 4.2 查看 ##

root@cobbler:~# 
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler distro list
       ubuntu14045-x86_64
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler list
    distros:
       ubuntu14045-x86_64
    
    profiles:
       ubuntu14045-x86_64
    
    systems:
    
    repos:
       ubuntu14045-x86_64
    
    images:
    
    mgmtclasses:
    
    packages:
    
    files:
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler profile list
       ubuntu14045-x86_64
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler profile report
    Name                           : ubuntu14045-x86_64
    TFTP Boot Files                : {}
    Comment                        : 
    DHCP Tag                       : default
    Distribution                   : ubuntu14045-x86_64
    Enable gPXE?                   : 0
    Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
    Fetchable Files                : {}
    Kernel Options                 : {}
    Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
    Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed
    Kickstart Metadata             : {}
    Management Classes             : []
    Management Parameters          : <<inherit>>
    Name Servers                   : []
    Name Servers Search Path       : []
    Owners                         : ['admin']
    Parent Profile                 : 
    Proxy                          : 
    Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
    Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
    Repos                          : []
    Server Override                : <<inherit>>
    Template Files                 : {}
    Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
    Virt Bridge                    : virbr0
    Virt CPUs                      : 1
    Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
    Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
    Virt Path                      : 
    Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
    Virt Type                      : kvm

从cobbler profile report命令的输出中，可以看到默认使用到的kickstart文件信息：

Kickstart: /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed

ubuntu自动安装可以使用preseeding或kickstart。详细使用可以分别参考官方安装文档。

## 5 使用默认sample.seed自动安装，测试cobbler ##

用virutalbox新建一个VM，设置为网络启动。  
![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 1]  
启动vm，正常的话， 会进入界面：  
![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 2]

### 5.1 FATAL:No bootable medium found!System halted. ###

默认情况下VirtualBox下载安装后是不支持PXE启动的，启动的时候是会报下面错误：

“FATAL:No bootable medium found!System halted.”

这是因为缺少pxe扩展包所导致，通过下面这个地址下载扩展包，windows环境中可以通过双机形式安装。  
下载地址：[https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads][https_www.virtualbox.org_wiki_Downloads]  
选择下载对应VirtualBox的拓展包安装即可，最后，在全局设定——>拓展中可以看到成功安装的拓展包。  
![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 3]  
最后，在设置——系统中更改启动顺序，优先使用网路启动，如果你的网络环境支持PXE启动，就可以使用网络安装了。

### 5.2 PXE-E53:No boot filename received ###

PXE-E53:No boot filename received客户端收到了至少一个有效的DHCP/BOOTP应答,但没有启动文件名可下载。

PXE-E53: NO boot filename received
    PXE-MOF: Exiting Intel Boot Agent
    No Boot Device Found.

查看dnsmasq.conf配置文件，发现配置的IP范围与cobbler服务器不在同一个网段。

dhcp-range=10.10.30.100,10.10.30.199

修改后，重启dnsmasq:

root@cobbler:~# service dnsmasq restart
     * Restarting DNS forwarder and DHCP server dnsmasq

From [PXE error codes][]

• PXE-E53: No boot filename received. The client received at least one valid DHCP/BOOTP offer, but does not have a boot filename to download. There are several possible causes:
    
    1) The DHCP Server and the PXE Server were located on the same server, but one of them was moved to a different server. This would result in an incorrect PXE Server configuration.
    
    To resolve this issue, reinstall the PXE Server component of the Altiris Deployment Solution.
    
    2) The DHCP relay agent, either a Proxy DHCP Server or a switch configured with helper addresses, is not configured correctly. For example, if DHCP and PXE are on separate servers, the DHCP relay agent needs to have both addresses in its configuration.
    
    To resolve this issue, correct the DHCP relay agent configuration.
    
    3) If the Microsoft DHCP service is installed on the PXE server, but is disabled or unconfigured, Altiris PXE Setup configures PXE to work with the local DHCP service (even if the DHCP service is disabled). This causes the PXE server to not respond to PXE clients that get a DHCP address from DHCP services running elsewhere on the network.
    
    To resolve this issue, remove Microsoft DHCP services from the PXE server and reinstall the PXE Server component of the Altiris Deployment Solution.

### 5.3 其它错误 ###

转向：[http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-03/98986.htm][http_www.linuxidc.com_Linux_2014-03_98986.htm]

### 5.4 编辑seed文件 ###

官方文档 和 [http://blog.csdn.net/gcogle/article/details/52767135][http_blog.csdn.net_gcogle_article_details_52767135]

## 6 使用kickstart ##

Refer to the Red Hat documentation ([http://docs.redhat.com/docs/enUS/Red\_Hat\_Enterprise\_Linux/6/html/Installation\_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html][http_docs.redhat.com_docs_enUS_Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_6_html_Installation_Guide_ch-kickstart2.html]) for detailed instructions.

Cobbler中默认的kickstart文件目录为，/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/，默认的Ks文件为 /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.ks。

root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# ls /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/
    default.ks    legacy.ks            sample_end.ks    sample_esxi5.ks  sample.seed
    esxi4-ks.cfg  pxerescue.ks         sample_esx4.ks   sample.ks        ubuntu-server-arm.seed
    esxi5-ks.cfg  sample_autoyast.xml  sample_esxi4.ks  sample_old.seed  ubuntu-server.preseed

### 6.1 更改ks配置文件 ###

通常手动安装时，安装程序根据在安装过程中的选择创建一个简单的kickstart文件 /root/anaconda-ks.cfg，在它的基础上做修改即可。

### 6.2 关联ks文件，修改cobbler默认KS配置 ###

修改配置文件，语法：

# cobbler profile edit --name <cobbler profile list 中显示的名称> --kickstart="/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/<新编辑好的ks文件名称>"

查看已修改的配置文件，语法：

# cobbler profile getks --name <cobbler profile list 中显示的名称>

使用sample.ks文件进行关联

root@cobbler:~# cobbler profile edit --name=ubuntu14045-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.ks
    root@cobbler:~# cobbler profile report
    Name                           : ubuntu14045-x86_64
    ...
    Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.ks
    Kickstart Metadata             : {}

修改完成后要重启cobbler，再cobbler sync。

## 6.3 关于用户密码的设置 ##

我们可以通过在kickstart中引用如下语句来设置你的用户密码：

rootpw --iscrypted $1$6.5.pvtY$78zocSFzXqL6o2RiKy7Ow0

用户密码的加密可以通过如下命令来生成：

# echo "Your password" | openssl passwd -1 -stdin
    $1$YybbL2kO$Z35pIGEghtr7AQwUaH7GN1

也可以在kickstart文件中直接引用cobbler变量 $default\_password\_crypted，如下：

# Root password
    rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted

配置default\_password\_crypted默认值：  
可以通过 配置 /etc/cobbler/settings 中 default\_password\_crypted为新值。如下：

default_password_crypted: "$1$YybbL2kO$Z35pIGEghtr7AQwUaH7GN1"

## 6.4 安装操作系统后修改下载源配置文件 ##

### 6.4.1 添加cobbler安装过程中使用的安装源 ###

默认安装程序不会修改CentOS的下载源配置文件。我们可以通过配置 /etc/cobbler/setting 中的 yum\_post\_install\_mirror参数为1。  
然后在kickstart文件中%post部分添加如下的行：

# Start yum configuration
    $yum_config_stanza
    # End yum configuration

### 6.4.2 添加其它第三方安装源 ###

以添加mirror.163.com的源为例，在kickstart文件中%post部分添加如下的行：  
wget [http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo][http_mirrors.163.com_.help_CentOS6-Base-163.repo] \-O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS6-Base-163.repo  
增加其它第三方的方法也类似  
这样cobbler源就会自动添加到新安装好的操作系统中，文件路径和文件名为 /etc/yum.repos.d/cobbler-config.repo。

## 7 web界面 ##

### 7.1 安装 ###

# sudo apt-get install cobbler-web

### 7.2 配置 ###

#配置web界面用户文件，生成密码
    root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# htdigest /etc/cobbler/users.digest "Cobbler" cobbler
    Changing password for user cobbler in realm Cobbler
    New password: 
    Re-type new password: 
    root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# cat users.conf 
    [admins]
    admin = ""
    cobbler = ""
    
    root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# vi /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template
    root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# cat /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template
    DEFAULT menu
    PROMPT 0
    MENU TITLE Cobbler | http://cobbler.github.io/
    TIMEOUT 200
    TOTALTIMEOUT 6000
    ONTIMEOUT $pxe_timeout_profile
    
    LABEL local
            MENU LABEL (local)
            MENU DEFAULT
            LOCALBOOT -1
    
    $pxe_menu_items
    
    MENU end
    root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# service cobbler restart
    cobbler stop/waiting
    cobbler start/running, process 1909
    root@cobbler:/etc/cobbler# cobbler sync

## 8 原理 ##

### 8.1 PXE ###

PXE(Pre-boot Execution Environment)是由Intel设计的协议，它可以使计算机通过网络启动。协议分为client和server两端：  
PXE client在网卡的ROM中，当计算机引导时，BIOS把PXE client调入内存执行，并显示出命令菜单，经用户选择后，PXE client将放置在远端的操作系统通过网络下载到本地运行。  
PXE server在cobbler服务器上。  
PXE协议的成功运行需要解决以下两个问题：  
既然是通过网络传输，那么计算机在启动时，它的IP地址由谁来配置；  
通过什么协议下载Linux内核和根文件系统  
　　对于第一个问题，可以通过DHCP Server解决，由DHCP server来给PXE client分配一个IP地址，DHCP Server是用来给DHCP Client动态分配IP地址的协议，不过由于这里是给PXE Client分配IP地址，所以在配置DHCP Server时，需要增加相应的PXE特有配置。  
　　至于第二个问题，在PXE client所在的ROM中，已经存在了TFTP Client。PXE Client使用TFTP Client，通过TFTP协议到TFTP Server上下载所需的文件。  
　　这样，PXE协议运行的条件就具备了。

客户端引导过程说明PXE的原理。  
（1）客户端开机后，PXE BootROM（自启动芯片）获得控制权之前执行自我测试，然后以广播形式发出一个请求FIND帧。  
（2）如果服务器收到客户端所送出的要求，就会送回DHCP回应，包括用户端的IP地址、预设通信通道，以及开机映像文件；否则服务器会忽略这个要求。  
（3）客户端收到服务器发回的响应后则会回应一个帧，以请求传送启动所需文件，并把自己的MAC地址写到服务器端的Netnames.db文件中。  
（4）将有更多的消息在客户端与服务器之间应答，用于决定启动参数。BootROM由TFTP通信协议从服务器下载开机映像文档。客户端使用TFTP协议接收启动文件后，将控制权转交启动块以引导操作系统，完成远程启动。

### 8.2 IPMI ###

参考： [https://my.oschina.net/guol/blog/114563][https_my.oschina.net_guol_blog_114563]

### 8.3 tftp ###

关于tftpd-hpa的配置：/etc/default/tftpd-hpa（默认无需修改，你可以根据自己的环境定制）

# /etc/default/tftpd-hpa
    TFTP_USERNAME="tftp"
    TFTP_DIRECTORY="/var/lib/tftpboot"
    TFTP_ADDRESS="0.0.0.0:69"
    TFTP_OPTIONS="--secure"

通过/etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa 脚本管理

# 参考 #

1 官方：[http://cobbler.github.io/manuals/2.8.0/][http_cobbler.github.io_manuals_2.8.0]  
2 官方入门：[http://cobbler.github.io/manuals/quickstart/][http_cobbler.github.io_manuals_quickstart]  
3 [http://www.tuicool.com/articles/Z7BnamU][http_www.tuicool.com_articles_Z7BnamU]  
4 cobbler环境搭建+IPMI/PXE远程装机：[https://my.oschina.net/guol/blog/114563][https_my.oschina.net_guol_blog_114563]  
5 安装实例：[http://www.osyunwei.com/archives/7606.html][http_www.osyunwei.com_archives_7606.html]

[SouthEast]: /images/20220710/198e3c0741f34200862fa7be66e7a34b.png
[SouthEast 1]: /images/20220710/a42085557dbe45d3bc36a3f2c53c57a7.png
[SouthEast 2]: /images/20220710/1576586e9c1342e5998b738a4e74e171.png
[https_www.virtualbox.org_wiki_Downloads]: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
[SouthEast 3]: /images/20220710/bf2487d714ab4cd797c1a655c3fb5e38.png
[PXE error codes]: http://h18013.www1.hp.com/products/servers/management/rdp/knowledgebase/00000138.html
[http_www.linuxidc.com_Linux_2014-03_98986.htm]: http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-03/98986.htm
[http_blog.csdn.net_gcogle_article_details_52767135]: http://blog.csdn.net/gcogle/article/details/52767135
[http_docs.redhat.com_docs_enUS_Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_6_html_Installation_Guide_ch-kickstart2.html]: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/enUS/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html
[http_mirrors.163.com_.help_CentOS6-Base-163.repo]: http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo
[https_my.oschina.net_guol_blog_114563]: https://my.oschina.net/guol/blog/114563
[http_cobbler.github.io_manuals_2.8.0]: http://cobbler.github.io/manuals/2.8.0/
[http_cobbler.github.io_manuals_quickstart]: http://cobbler.github.io/manuals/quickstart/
[http_www.tuicool.com_articles_Z7BnamU]: http://www.tuicool.com/articles/Z7BnamU
[http_www.osyunwei.com_archives_7606.html]: http://www.osyunwei.com/archives/7606.html