Android 6.0 ActivityCompat权限声明

悠悠 2022-06-17 03:27 333阅读 0赞

在Android6.0以后开始，对于部分敏感的“危险”权限，需要在应用运行时向用户申请，只有用户允许的情况下这个权限才会被授予给应用。这对于用户来说，无疑是一个提升安全性的做法。那么对于开发者，应该怎么做呢？

Android6.0规定的危险权限有下面这些：

<table style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; max-width:850px; border:1px solid silver; word-break:break-word; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:25.2px; height:586px; width:440px"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <th style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> Permission Group</th> 
   <th style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> Permissions</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#CALENDAR" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">CALENDAR</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#READ_CALENDAR" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">READ_CALENDAR</a></code></li> 
    </ul> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#WRITE_CALENDAR" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">WRITE_CALENDAR</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#CAMERA" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">CAMERA</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#CAMERA" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">CAMERA</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#CONTACTS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">CONTACTS</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#READ_CONTACTS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">READ_CONTACTS</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#WRITE_CONTACTS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">WRITE_CONTACTS</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#GET_ACCOUNTS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">GET_ACCOUNTS</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#LOCATION" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">LOCATION</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#MICROPHONE" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">MICROPHONE</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#RECORD_AUDIO" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">RECORD_AUDIO</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#PHONE" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">PHONE</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#READ_PHONE_STATE" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">READ_PHONE_STATE</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#CALL_PHONE" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">CALL_PHONE</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#READ_CALL_LOG" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">READ_CALL_LOG</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#WRITE_CALL_LOG" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">WRITE_CALL_LOG</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#ADD_VOICEMAIL" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">ADD_VOICEMAIL</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#USE_SIP" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">USE_SIP</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#SENSORS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">SENSORS</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#BODY_SENSORS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">BODY_SENSORS</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#SMS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">SMS</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#SEND_SMS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">SEND_SMS</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#RECEIVE_SMS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">RECEIVE_SMS</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#READ_SMS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">READ_SMS</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#RECEIVE_MMS" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">RECEIVE_MMS</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission_group.html#STORAGE" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">STORAGE</a></code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse"> 
    <ul style="margin:0px 0px 1em 40px; padding:0px"> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE</a></code></li> 
     <li style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:disc"><code style="margin:0px; padding:0px"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html#WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; color:rgb(0,0,0)" rel="nofollow">WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE</a></code></li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

从一个例子入手吧。假如在App中需要进行拨打电话的操作，当点击按钮，直接拨出一个电话，代码如下：

Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL, Uri.parse("tel:10086"));
    startActivity(intent);

但是如果你的编译版本是23或者以上，那么Android Studio就会报出一个错误

![852227-20160530130306961-900393589.png][]

提示我们要进行权限请求。

如果我们直接对这个错误进行自动修复，会在startActivity方法之前增加一段代码用于权限检查，如果当前没有赋予该权限，则直接return结束方法：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

if (ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
          // TODO: Consider calling
          //    ActivityCompat#requestPermissions
          // here to request the missing permissions, and then overriding
          //   public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions,
          //                                          int[] grantResults)
          // to handle the case where the user grants the permission. See the documentation
          // for ActivityCompat#requestPermissions for more details.
          return;
    }

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

如果这个时候直接运行，你的APP照样是没有得到这个权限的，因为默认安装的时候，这个权限会被关闭到，所以方法直接就返回了。要是需要在点击按钮的时候，直接向用户请求权限，可以使用下面的方法：

ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE}, REQUESTCODE);

这个时候，再重新运行App，会得到下面的一个界面来请求用户权限：

![852227-20160530131253602-588528380.png][]

允许：以后不再弹出请求框，直接允许应用获得该权限

拒绝：下次需要时会重新弹出，直到用户选择允许，否则会不断出现

那么问题就来了，如果用户勾选了不再询问并拒绝了请求会怎样呢？答案是以后不会再弹出，并且默认拒绝权限请求，也就是说，应用再也不能获得这个权限，除非用户主动进入应用设置中重新授权。

为了更好的用户体验，可以在用户选择了不再询问和拒绝之后，创建一个AlertDialog来询问用户是否需要重新授予权限，是的话，跳转到应用设置界面。

当我们调用requestPermissions方法的时候，无论成功与否，都会将结果回调给Activity中的onRequestPermissionsResult方法中，我们可以通过重写这个方法来处理结果：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

@Override
        public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions,
                                               @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
            super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
            if (requestCode == REQUESTCODE) {
                if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
                    if (!shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE)) {
                        AskForPermission();
                    }
                }
            }
        }

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

先判断请求是否为我们所申请的，接着判断SDK的版本是否高于或等于AndroidM(6.0)，如果是，则调用shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale方法来检查权限申请框是否会显示，因为如果用户选择了不再询问，则申请框会不出现，这个方法会返回false，如果申请框没有出现，则创建一个AlertDialog来询问用户：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

private void AskForPermission() {
            AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
            builder.setTitle("Need Permission!");
            builder.setNegativeButton("Cancel", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
    
                }
            });
            builder.setPositiveButton("Settings", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                    Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_APPLICATION_DETAILS_SETTINGS);
                    intent.setData(Uri.parse("package:" + getPackageName())); // 根据包名打开对应的设置界面
                    startActivity(intent);
                }
            });
            builder.create().show();
        }

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

![852227-20160530150844524-1330842443.gif][]

[852227-20160530130306961-900393589.png]: /images/20220617/b2835ca666fc4f0f8eddcb35e6b3dcea.png
[copycode.gif]: /images/20220617/cdce4277d05c4575875108273a1cba69.png
[852227-20160530131253602-588528380.png]: /images/20220617/650ef3a8cb4b4a48b44c18c1a93908c5.png
[852227-20160530150844524-1330842443.gif]: /images/20220617/c443c05305d34cb88de7021d8af58045.png