mysql索引总结----mysql 索引类型以及创建

待我称王封你为后i 2022-06-16 14:39 213阅读 0赞

关于[MySQL][]索引的好处，如果正确合理设计并且使用索引的MySQL是一辆兰博基尼的话，那么没有设计和使用索引的MySQL就是一个人力三轮车。对于没有索引的表，单表查询可能几十万数据就是瓶颈，而通常大型网站单日就可能会产生几十万甚至几百万的数据，没有索引查询会变的非常缓慢。还是以WordPress来说，其多个数据表都会对经常被查询的字段添加索引，比如wp\_comments表中针对5个字段设计了BTREE索引。

##### 一个简单的对比测试 #####

以我去年测试的数据作为一个简单示例，20多条数据源随机生成200万条数据，平均每条数据源都重复大概10万次，表结构比较简单，仅包含一个自增ID，一个char类型，一个text类型和一个int类型，单表2G大小，使用MyIASM引擎。开始测试未添加任何索引。

执行下面的SQL语句：

<table style="border:1px solid silver; width:943px; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; font-size:12px!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">1</code></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">mysql&gt;&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">id,FROM_UNIXTIME(</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">time</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">)&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">FROM</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">article&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">WHERE</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">a.title=</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important">'测试标题'</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

查询需要的时间非常恐怖的，如果加上联合查询和其他一些约束条件，[数据库][MySQL]会疯狂的消耗内存，并且会影响前端程序的执行。这时给title字段添加一个BTREE索引：

<table style="border:1px solid silver; width:943px; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; font-size:12px!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">1</code></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">mysql&gt;&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">ALTER</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">TABLE</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">article&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">ADD</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">INDEX</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">index_article_title&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">ON</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">title(200);</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

再次执行上述查询语句，其对比非常明显：

##### MySQL索引的概念 #####

索引是一种特殊的文件(InnoDB数据表上的索引是表空间的一个组成部分)，它们包含着对数据表里所有记录的引用指针。更通俗的说，数据库索引好比是一本书前面的目录，能加快数据库的查询速度。上述SQL语句，在没有索引的情况下，数据库会遍历全部200条数据后选择符合条件的；而有了相应的索引之后，数据库会直接在索引中查找符合条件的选项。如果我们把SQL语句换成“SELECT \* FROM article WHERE id=2000000”，那么你是希望数据库按照顺序读取完200万行数据以后给你结果还是直接在索引中定位呢？上面的两个图片鲜明的用时对比已经给出了答案（注：一般数据库默认都会为主键生成索引）。

索引分为聚簇索引和非聚簇索引两种，聚簇索引是按照数据存放的物理位置为顺序的，而非聚簇索引就不一样了；聚簇索引能提高多行检索的速度，而非聚簇索引对于单行的检索很快。

##### MySQL索引的类型 #####

1. 普通索引

这是最基本的索引，它没有任何限制，比如上文中为title字段创建的索引就是一个普通索引，MyIASM中默认的BTREE类型的索引，也是我们大多数情况下用到的索引。

![Center][]

2. 唯一索引

与普通索引类似，不同的就是：索引列的值必须唯一，但允许有空值（注意和主键不同）。如果是组合索引，则列值的组合必须唯一，创建方法和普通索引类似。

![Center 1][]

3. 全文索引（FULLTEXT）

MySQL从3.23.23版开始支持全文索引和全文检索，FULLTEXT索引仅可用于 MyISAM 表；他们可以从CHAR、VARCHAR或TEXT列中作为CREATE TABLE语句的一部分被创建，或是随后使用ALTER TABLE 或CREATE INDEX被添加。对于较大的数据集，将你的资料输入一个没有FULLTEXT索引的表中，然后创建索引，其速度比把资料输入现有FULLTEXT索引的速度更为快。不过切记对于大容量的数据表，生成全文索引是一个非常消耗时间非常消耗硬盘空间的做法。

![Center 2][]

4. 单列索引、多列索引

多个单列索引与单个多列索引的查询效果不同，因为执行查询时，MySQL只能使用一个索引，会从多个索引中选择一个限制最为严格的索引。

5. 组合索引（最左前缀）

平时用的SQL查询语句一般都有比较多的限制条件，所以为了进一步榨取MySQL的效率，就要考虑建立组合索引。例如上表中针对title和time建立一个组合索引：ALTER TABLE article ADD INDEX index\_titme\_time (title(50),time(10))。建立这样的组合索引，其实是相当于分别建立了下面两组组合索引：

–title,time

–title

为什么没有time这样的组合索引呢？这是因为MySQL组合索引“最左前缀”的结果。简单的理解就是只从最左面的开始组合。并不是只要包含这两列的查询都会用到该组合索引，如下面的几个SQL所示：

<table style="border:1px solid silver; width:943px; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; font-size:12px!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">2</code></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">*&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">FROM</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">article WHREE title=</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important">'测试'</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:gray!important">AND</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">time</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">=1234567890;</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table style="border:1px solid silver; width:943px; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; font-size:12px!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">3</code></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">*&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">FROM</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">article WHREE utitle=</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:blue!important">'测试'</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">;</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table style="border:1px solid silver; width:943px; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; font-size:12px!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">5</code></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid silver; padding:3px; border-collapse:collapse; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">SELECT</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">*&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">FROM</code>&nbsp;<code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">article WHREE&nbsp;</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,0,255)!important">time</code><code style="white-space:pre-wrap; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; margin:0px!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; padding:0px!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">=1234567890;</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

##### MySQL索引的优化 #####

上面都在说使用索引的好处，但过多的使用索引将会造成滥用。因此索引也会有它的缺点：虽然索引大大提高了查询速度，同时却会降低更新表的速度，如对表进行INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE。因为更新表时，MySQL不仅要保存数据，还要保存一下索引文件。建立索引会占用磁盘空间的索引文件。一般情况这个问题不太严重，但如果你在一个大表上创建了多种组合索引，索引文件的会膨胀很快。索引只是提高效率的一个因素，如果你的MySQL有[大数据][Link 1]量的表，就需要花时间研究建立最优秀的索引，或优化查询语句。下面是一些总结以及收藏的MySQL索引的注意事项和优化方法。

1. 何时使用聚集索引或非聚集索引？

<table style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Verdana,Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:13px; background-color:rgb(249,252,233); width:480px"> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 动作描述</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用聚集索引</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用非聚集索引</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 列经常被分组排序</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 返回某范围内的数据</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 不使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 一个或极少不同值</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 不使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 不使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 小数目的不同值</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 不使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 大数目的不同值</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 不使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 频繁更新的列</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 不使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 外键列</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 主键列</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 频繁修改索引列</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 不使用</td> 
   <td style="font-size:13px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> 使用</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

事实上，我们可以通过前面聚集索引和非聚集索引的定义的例子来理解上表。如：返回某范围内的数据一项。比如您的某个表有一个时间列，恰好您把聚合索引建立在了该列，这时您查询2004年1月1日至2004年10月1日之间的全部数据时，这个速度就将是很快的，因为您的这本字典正文是按日期进行排序的，聚类索引只需要找到要检索的所有数据中的开头和结尾数据即可；而不像非聚集索引，必须先查到目录中查到每一项数据对应的页码，然后再根据页码查到具体内容。其实这个具体用法我还不是很理解，只能等待后期的项目开发中慢慢学学了。

2. 索引不会包含有NULL值的列

只要列中包含有NULL值都将不会被包含在索引中，复合索引中只要有一列含有NULL值，那么这一列对于此复合索引就是无效的。所以我们在数据库设计时不要让字段的默认值为NULL。

3. 使用短索引

对串列进行索引，如果可能应该指定一个前缀长度。例如，如果有一个CHAR(255)的列，如果在前10个或20个字符内，多数值是惟一的，那么就不要对整个列进行索引。短索引不仅可以提高查询速度而且可以节省磁盘空间和I/O操作。

4. 索引列排序

MySQL查询只使用一个索引，因此如果where子句中已经使用了索引的话，那么order by中的列是不会使用索引的。因此数据库默认排序可以符合要求的情况下不要使用排序操作；尽量不要包含多个列的排序，如果需要最好给这些列创建复合索引。

5. like语句操作

一般情况下不鼓励使用like操作，如果非使用不可，如何使用也是一个问题。like “%aaa%” 不会使用索引而like “aaa%”可以使用索引。

6. 不要在列上进行运算

例如：select \* from users where YEAR(adddate)<2007，将在每个行上进行运算，这将导致索引失效而进行全表扫描，因此我们可以改成：select \* from users where adddate<’2007-01-01′。关于这一点可以围观：[一个单引号引发的MYSQL性能损失。][MYSQL]

最后总结一下，MySQL只对一下操作符才使用索引：<,<=,=,>,>=,between,in,以及某些时候的like(不以通配符%或\_开头的情形)。而理论上每张表里面最多可创建16个索引，不过除非是数据量真的很多，否则过多的使用索引也不是那么好玩的，比如我刚才针对text类型的字段创建索引的时候，系统差点就卡死了。

文章转自：http://www.cnblogs.com/lihuiyong/p/5623191.html

[MySQL]: http://lib.csdn.net/base/14
[Center]: /images/20220616/323bbcb023554ffa9778528eda269af6.png
[Center 1]: /images/20220616/72bcf6438ef843879c2cce55f8a7f687.png
[Center 2]: /images/20220616/85d75f578c7d4c8188118ecdfb7da046.png
[Link 1]: http://lib.csdn.net/base/20
[MYSQL]: http://www.zendstudio.net/archives/single-quotes-or-no-single-quotes-in-sql-query