An ffmpeg and SDL Tutorial 学习笔记（一）

以你之姓@ 2022-06-13 09:27 148阅读 0赞

官网：

http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/

It is a simple C program that implements a complete video player using ffmpeg.

By the time we are finished, we will have a working video player written in less than 1000 lines of code!

In making the player, we will be using [SDL][] to output the audio and video of the media file.

## Tutorial 01: Making Screencaps ##

### Overview ###

Movie files have a few basic components. First, the file itself is called a **container**, and the type of container determines where the information in the file goes. Examples of containers are AVI and Quicktime.

Next, you have a bunch of **streams**; for example, you usually have an audio stream and a video stream. (A "stream" is just a fancy word for "a succession of data elements made available over time".)

The data elements in a stream are called **frames**.

Each stream is encoded by a different kind of **codec**. The codec defines how the actual data is COded and DECoded - hence the name CODEC. Examples of codecs are DivX and MP3.

**Packets** are then read from the stream. Packets are pieces of data that can contain bits of data that are decoded into raw frames that we can finally manipulate for our application. For our purposes, each packet contains complete frames, or multiple frames in the case of audio.

At its very basic level, dealing with video and audio streams is very easy:

10 OPEN video_stream FROM video.avi
    20 READ packet FROM video_stream INTO frame
    30 IF frame NOT COMPLETE GOTO 20
    40 DO SOMETHING WITH frame
    50 GOTO 20

Handling multimedia with ffmpeg is pretty much as simple as this program, although some programs might have a very complex "DO SOMETHING" step. So in this tutorial, we're going to open a file, read from the video stream inside it, and our DO SOMETHING is going to be writing the frame to a PPM file.

### Opening the File ###

First, let's see how we open a file in the first place. With ffmpeg, you have to first initialize the library.

#include <libavcodec/avcodec.h>
    #include <libavformat/avformat.h>
    #include <ffmpeg/swscale.h>
    ...
    int main(int argc, charg *argv[]) {
    av_register_all();

This registers all available file formats and codecs with the library so they will be used automatically when a file with the corresponding format/codec is opened. Note that you only need to call  [av\_register\_all][av_register_all] () once, so we do it here in main(). If you like, it's possible to register only certain individual file formats and codecs, but there's usually no reason why you would have to do that.

Now we can actually open the file:

AVFormatContext *pFormatCtx = NULL;
    
    // Open video file
    if(avformat_open_input(&pFormatCtx, argv[1], NULL, 0, NULL)!=0)
      return -1; // Couldn't open file

We get our filename from the first argument.**This function reads the file header and stores information about the file format in the ** [**AVFormatContext**][AVFormatContext] ** structure we have given it**. The last three arguments are used to specify the file format, buffer size, and format options, but by setting this to NULL or 0, libavformat will auto-detect these.

**This function only looks at the header, so next we need to check out the stream information in the file.**:

// Retrieve stream information
    if(avformat_find_stream_info(pFormatCtx, NULL)<0)
      return -1; // Couldn't find stream information

This function populates  pFormatCtx->streams  with the proper information. We introduce a handy debugging function to show us what's inside:

// Dump information about file onto standard error
    av_dump_format(pFormatCtx, 0, argv[1], 0);

Now  pFormatCtx->streams  is just an array of pointers, of size  pFormatCtx->nb\_streams , so let's walk through it until we find a video stream.

int i;
    AVCodecContext *pCodecCtxOrig = NULL;
    AVCodecContext *pCodecCtx = NULL;
    
    // Find the first video stream
    videoStream=-1;
    for(i=0; i<pFormatCtx->nb_streams; i++)
      if(pFormatCtx->streams[i]->codec->codec_type==AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO) {
        videoStream=i;
        break;
      }
    if(videoStream==-1)
      return -1; // Didn't find a video stream
    
    // Get a pointer to the codec context for the video stream
    pCodecCtx=pFormatCtx->streams[videoStream]->codec;

The stream's information about the codec is in what we call the "codec context."  **This contains all the information about the codec that the stream is using**, and now we have a pointer to it. But we still have to find the actual codec and open it:

AVCodec *pCodec = NULL;
    
    // Find the decoder for the video stream
    pCodec=avcodec_find_decoder(pCodecCtx->codec_id);
    if(pCodec==NULL) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported codec!\n");
      return -1; // Codec not found
    }
    // Copy context
    pCodecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context3(pCodec);
    if(avcodec_copy_context(pCodecCtx, pCodecCtxOrig) != 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't copy codec context");
      return -1; // Error copying codec context
    }
    // Open codec
    if(avcodec_open2(pCodecCtx, pCodec)<0)
      return -1; // Could not open codec

Note that we must not use the AVCodecContext from the video stream directly! So we have to use  [avcodec\_copy\_context][avcodec_copy_context] () to copy the context to a new location (after allocating memory for it, of course).

### Storing the Data ###

Now we need a place to actually store the frame:

AVFrame *pFrame = NULL;
    
    // Allocate video frame
    pFrame=av_frame_alloc();

Since we're planning to output PPM files, which are stored in 24-bit RGB, we're going to have to convert our frame from its native format to RGB. ffmpeg will do these conversions for us. For most projects (including ours) we're going to want to convert our initial frame to a specific format. Let's allocate a frame for the converted frame now.

// Allocate an AVFrame structure
    pFrameRGB=av_frame_alloc();
    if(pFrameRGB==NULL)
      return -1;

Even though we've allocated the frame, we still need a place to put the raw data when we convert it. We use  [avpicture\_get\_size][avpicture_get_size]  to get the size we need, and allocate the space manually:

uint8_t *buffer = NULL;
    int numBytes;
    // Determine required buffer size and allocate buffer
    numBytes=avpicture_get_size(PIX_FMT_RGB24, pCodecCtx->width,
                                pCodecCtx->height);
    buffer=(uint8_t *)av_malloc(numBytes*sizeof(uint8_t));

[av\_malloc][av_malloc]  is ffmpeg's malloc that is just a simple wrapper around malloc that makes sure the memory addresses are aligned and such. It will  not  protect you from memory leaks, double freeing, or other malloc problems.

Now we use [avpicture\_fill][avpicture_fill] to associate the frame with our newly allocated buffer. About the [AVPicture][] cast:the AVPicture struct is a subset of the [AVFrame][] struct - the beginning of the AVFrame struct is identical to the AVPicture struct.

// Assign appropriate parts of buffer to image planes in pFrameRGB
    // Note that pFrameRGB is an AVFrame, but AVFrame is a superset
    // of AVPicture
    avpicture_fill((AVPicture *)pFrameRGB, buffer, PIX_FMT_RGB24,
                    pCodecCtx->width, pCodecCtx->height);

Finally! Now we're ready to read from the stream!

### Reading the Data ###

What we're going to do is read through the entire video stream by reading in the packet, decoding it into our frame, and once our frame is complete, we will convert and save it.

struct SwsContext *sws_ctx = NULL;
    int frameFinished;
    AVPacket packet;
    // initialize SWS context for software scaling
    sws_ctx = sws_getContext(pCodecCtx->width,
        pCodecCtx->height,
        pCodecCtx->pix_fmt,
        pCodecCtx->width,
        pCodecCtx->height,
        PIX_FMT_RGB24,
        SWS_BILINEAR,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        NULL
        );
    
    i=0;
    while(av_read_frame(pFormatCtx, &packet)>=0) {
      // Is this a packet from the video stream?
      if(packet.stream_index==videoStream) {
    	// Decode video frame
        avcodec_decode_video2(pCodecCtx, pFrame, &frameFinished, &packet);
        
        // Did we get a video frame?
        if(frameFinished) {
        // Convert the image from its native format to RGB
            sws_scale(sws_ctx, (uint8_t const * const *)pFrame->data,
    		  pFrame->linesize, 0, pCodecCtx->height,
    		  pFrameRGB->data, pFrameRGB->linesize);
    	
            // Save the frame to disk
            if(++i<=5)
              SaveFrame(pFrameRGB, pCodecCtx->width, 
                        pCodecCtx->height, i);
        }
      }
        
      // Free the packet that was allocated by av_read_frame
      av_free_packet(&packet);
    }

A note on packets

Technically a packet can contain partial frames or other bits of data, but ffmpeg's parser ensures that the packets we get contain either complete or multiple frames.

The process, again, is simple:  [av\_read\_frame][av_read_frame]()  reads in a packet and stores it in the  [AVPacket][]  struct. Note that we've only allocated the packet structure - ffmpeg allocates the internal data for us, which is pointed to by  packet.data . This is freed by the  [av\_free\_packet][av_free_packet]()  later.  [avcodec\_decode\_video][avcodec_decode_video]()  converts the packet to a frame for us. However, we might not have all the information we need for a frame after decoding a packet, so  avcodec\_decode\_video()  sets frameFinished for us when we have the next frame. Finally, we use  [sws\_scale][sws_scale]()  to convert from the native format ( pCodecCtx->pix\_fmt ) to RGB. Remember that you can cast an  [AVFrame][]  pointer to an  [AVPicture][]  pointer. Finally, we pass the frame and height and width information to our SaveFrame function.

Now all we need to do is make the SaveFrame function to write the RGB information to a file in PPM format. We're going to be kind of sketchy on the PPM format itself; trust us, it works.

void SaveFrame(AVFrame *pFrame, int width, int height, int iFrame) {
      FILE *pFile;
      char szFilename[32];
      int  y;
      
      // Open file
      sprintf(szFilename, "frame%d.ppm", iFrame);
      pFile=fopen(szFilename, "wb");
      if(pFile==NULL)
        return;
      
      // Write header
      fprintf(pFile, "P6\n%d %d\n255\n", width, height);
      
      // Write pixel data
      for(y=0; y<height; y++)
        fwrite(pFrame->data[0]+y*pFrame->linesize[0], 1, width*3, pFile);
      
      // Close file
      fclose(pFile);
    }

We do a bit of standard file opening, etc., and then write the RGB data. We write the file one line at a time. A PPM file is simply a file that has RGB information laid out in a long string. If you know HTML colors, it would be like laying out the color of each pixel end to end like  \#ff0000\#ff0000 .... would be a red screen. (It's stored in binary and without the separator, but you get the idea.) The header indicated how wide and tall the image is, and the max size of the RGB values.

Now, going back to our main() function. Once we're done reading from the video stream, we just have to clean everything up:

// Free the RGB image
    av_free(buffer);
    av_free(pFrameRGB);
    
    // Free the YUV frame
    av_free(pFrame);
    
    // Close the codecs
    avcodec_close(pCodecCtx);
    avcodec_close(pCodecCtxOrig);
    
    // Close the video file
    avformat_close_input(&pFormatCtx);
    
    return 0;

You'll notice we use  [av\_free][av_free]  for the memory we allocated with avcode\_alloc\_frame and  [av\_malloc][av_malloc] .

That's it for the code! Now, if you're on Linux or a similar platform, you'll run:

gcc -o tutorial01 tutorial01.c -lavutil -lavformat -lavcodec -lz -lavutil -lm

If you have an older version of ffmpeg, you may need to drop -lavutil:

gcc -o tutorial01 tutorial01.c -lavformat -lavcodec -lz -lm

Most image programs should be able to open PPM files. Test it on some movie files.

// tutorial01.c
    // Code based on a tutorial by Martin Bohme (boehme@inb.uni-luebeckREMOVETHIS.de)
    // Tested on Gentoo, CVS version 5/01/07 compiled with GCC 4.1.1
    // With updates from https://github.com/chelyaev/ffmpeg-tutorial
    // Updates tested on:
    // LAVC 54.59.100, LAVF 54.29.104, LSWS 2.1.101 
    // on GCC 4.7.2 in Debian February 2015
    
    // A small sample program that shows how to use libavformat and libavcodec to
    // read video from a file.
    //
    // Use
    //
    // gcc -o tutorial01 tutorial01.c -lavformat -lavcodec -lswscale -lz
    //
    // to build (assuming libavformat and libavcodec are correctly installed
    // your system).
    //
    // Run using
    //
    // tutorial01 myvideofile.mpg
    //
    // to write the first five frames from "myvideofile.mpg" to disk in PPM
    // format.
    
    #include <libavcodec/avcodec.h>
    #include <libavformat/avformat.h>
    #include <libswscale/swscale.h>
    
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    // compatibility with newer API
    #if LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_INT < AV_VERSION_INT(55,28,1)
    #define av_frame_alloc avcodec_alloc_frame
    #define av_frame_free avcodec_free_frame
    #endif
    
    void SaveFrame(AVFrame *pFrame, int width, int height, int iFrame) {
      FILE *pFile;
      char szFilename[32];
      int  y;
      
      // Open file
      sprintf(szFilename, "frame%d.ppm", iFrame);
      pFile=fopen(szFilename, "wb");
      if(pFile==NULL)
        return;
      
      // Write header
      fprintf(pFile, "P6\n%d %d\n255\n", width, height);
      
      // Write pixel data
      for(y=0; y<height; y++)
        fwrite(pFrame->data[0]+y*pFrame->linesize[0], 1, width*3, pFile);
      
      // Close file
      fclose(pFile);
    }
    
    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      // Initalizing these to NULL prevents segfaults!
      AVFormatContext   *pFormatCtx = NULL;
      int               i, videoStream;
      AVCodecContext    *pCodecCtxOrig = NULL;
      AVCodecContext    *pCodecCtx = NULL;
      AVCodec           *pCodec = NULL;
      AVFrame           *pFrame = NULL;
      AVFrame           *pFrameRGB = NULL;
      AVPacket          packet;
      int               frameFinished;
      int               numBytes;
      uint8_t           *buffer = NULL;
      struct SwsContext *sws_ctx = NULL;
    
      if(argc < 2) {
        printf("Please provide a movie file\n");
        return -1;
      }
      // Register all formats and codecs
      av_register_all();
      
      // Open video file
      if(avformat_open_input(&pFormatCtx, argv[1], NULL, NULL)!=0)
        return -1; // Couldn't open file
      
      // Retrieve stream information
      if(avformat_find_stream_info(pFormatCtx, NULL)<0)
        return -1; // Couldn't find stream information
      
      // Dump information about file onto standard error
      av_dump_format(pFormatCtx, 0, argv[1], 0);
      
      // Find the first video stream
      videoStream=-1;
      for(i=0; i<pFormatCtx->nb_streams; i++)
        if(pFormatCtx->streams[i]->codec->codec_type==AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO) {
          videoStream=i;
          break;
        }
      if(videoStream==-1)
        return -1; // Didn't find a video stream
      
      // Get a pointer to the codec context for the video stream
      pCodecCtxOrig=pFormatCtx->streams[videoStream]->codec;
      // Find the decoder for the video stream
      pCodec=avcodec_find_decoder(pCodecCtxOrig->codec_id);
      if(pCodec==NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported codec!\n");
        return -1; // Codec not found
      }
      // Copy context
      pCodecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context3(pCodec);
      if(avcodec_copy_context(pCodecCtx, pCodecCtxOrig) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't copy codec context");
        return -1; // Error copying codec context
      }
    
      // Open codec
      if(avcodec_open2(pCodecCtx, pCodec, NULL)<0)
        return -1; // Could not open codec
      
      // Allocate video frame
      pFrame=av_frame_alloc();
      
      // Allocate an AVFrame structure
      pFrameRGB=av_frame_alloc();
      if(pFrameRGB==NULL)
        return -1;
    
      // Determine required buffer size and allocate buffer
      numBytes=avpicture_get_size(PIX_FMT_RGB24, pCodecCtx->width,
    			      pCodecCtx->height);
      buffer=(uint8_t *)av_malloc(numBytes*sizeof(uint8_t));
      
      // Assign appropriate parts of buffer to image planes in pFrameRGB
      // Note that pFrameRGB is an AVFrame, but AVFrame is a superset
      // of AVPicture
      avpicture_fill((AVPicture *)pFrameRGB, buffer, PIX_FMT_RGB24,
    		 pCodecCtx->width, pCodecCtx->height);
      
      // initialize SWS context for software scaling
      sws_ctx = sws_getContext(pCodecCtx->width,
    			   pCodecCtx->height,
    			   pCodecCtx->pix_fmt,
    			   pCodecCtx->width,
    			   pCodecCtx->height,
    			   PIX_FMT_RGB24,
    			   SWS_BILINEAR,
    			   NULL,
    			   NULL,
    			   NULL
    			   );
    
      // Read frames and save first five frames to disk
      i=0;
      while(av_read_frame(pFormatCtx, &packet)>=0) {
        // Is this a packet from the video stream?
        if(packet.stream_index==videoStream) {
          // Decode video frame
          avcodec_decode_video2(pCodecCtx, pFrame, &frameFinished, &packet);
          
          // Did we get a video frame?
          if(frameFinished) {
    	// Convert the image from its native format to RGB
    	sws_scale(sws_ctx, (uint8_t const * const *)pFrame->data,
    		  pFrame->linesize, 0, pCodecCtx->height,
    		  pFrameRGB->data, pFrameRGB->linesize);
    	
    	// Save the frame to disk
    	if(++i<=5)
    	  SaveFrame(pFrameRGB, pCodecCtx->width, pCodecCtx->height, 
    		    i);
          }
        }
        
        // Free the packet that was allocated by av_read_frame
        av_free_packet(&packet);
      }
      
      // Free the RGB image
      av_free(buffer);
      av_frame_free(&pFrameRGB);
      
      // Free the YUV frame
      av_frame_free(&pFrame);
      
      // Close the codecs
      avcodec_close(pCodecCtx);
      avcodec_close(pCodecCtxOrig);
    
      // Close the video file
      avformat_close_input(&pFormatCtx);
      
      return 0;
    }

[SDL]: http://www.libsdl.org/
[av_register_all]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#av_register_all
[AVFormatContext]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/data.html#AVFormatContext
[avcodec_copy_context]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html
[avpicture_get_size]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#avpicture_get_size
[av_malloc]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#av_malloc
[avpicture_fill]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#avpicture_fill
[AVPicture]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/data.html#AVPicture
[AVFrame]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/data.html#AVFrame
[av_read_frame]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#av_read_frame
[AVPacket]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/data.html#AVPacket
[av_free_packet]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#av_free_packet
[avcodec_decode_video]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#avcodec_decode_video
[sws_scale]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#sws_scale
[av_free]: http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/functions.html#av_free