Linux目录结构（Linux文件系统结构）（转载）

待我称王封你为后i 2022-06-13 03:11 304阅读 0赞

Have you wondered why certain programs are located under /bin,or /sbin, or /usr/bin, or /usr/sbin?

For example, less command is located under /usr/bin directory.Why not /bin, or /sbin, or /usr/sbin? What is the different betweenall these directories?

In this article, let us review the Linux filesystem structuresand understand the meaning of individual high-leveldirectories.  
  
![Linux File System Structure][]

#### 1. / – Root ####

*  Every single file and directory starts from the rootdirectory.
 *  Only root user has write privilege under this directory.
 *  Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which isnot same as /.

#### 2. /bin – User Binaries ####

*  Contains binary executables.
 *  Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes arelocated under this directory.
 *  Commands used by all the users of the system are locatedhere.
 *  For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.

#### 3. /sbin – System Binaries ####

*  Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.
 *  But, the linux commands located under this directory are usedtypically by system aministrator, for system maintenancepurpose.
 *  For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon

#### 4. /etc – Configuration Files ####

*  Contains configuration files required by all programs.
 *  This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used tostart/stop individual programs.
 *  For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf

#### 5. /dev – Device Files ####

*  Contains device files.
 *  These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached tothe system.
 *  For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0

#### 6. /proc – Process Information ####

*  Contains information about system process.
 *  This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about runningprocess. For example: /proc/\{pid\} directory contains informationabout the process with that particular pid.
 *  This is a virtual filesystem with text information about systemresources. For example: /proc/uptime

#### 7. /var – Variable Files ####

*  var stands for variable files.
 *  Content of the files that are expected to grow can be foundunder this directory.
 *  This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages anddatabase files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues(/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed acrossreboots (/var/tmp);

#### 8. /tmp – Temporary Files ####

*  Directory that contains temporary files created by system andusers.
 *  Files under this directory are deleted when system isrebooted.

#### 9. /usr – User Programs ####

*  Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-codefor second level programs.
 *  /usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’tfind a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example:at, awk, cc, less, scp
 *  /usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. Ifyou can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin.For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
 *  /usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
 *  /usr/local contains users programs that you install fromsource. For example, when you install apache from source, it goesunder /usr/local/apache2

#### 10. /home – Home Directories ####

*  Home directories for all users to store their personalfiles.
 *  For example: /home/john, /home/nikita

#### 11. /boot – Boot Loader Files ####

*  Contains boot loader related files.
 *  Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot
 *  For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic,vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic

#### 12. /lib – System Libraries ####

*  Contains library files that supports the binaries located under/bin and /sbin
 *  Library filenames are either ld\* or lib\*.so.\*
 *  For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7

#### 13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications ####

*  opt stands for optional.
 *  Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.
 *  add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or/opt/ sub-directory.

#### 14. /mnt – Mount Directory ####

*  Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mountfilesystems.

#### 15. /media – Removable Media Devices ####

*  Temporary mount directory for removable devices.
 *  For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppydrives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer

#### 16. /srv – Service Data ####

*  srv stands for service.
 *  Contains server specific services related data.
 *  For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related data.

[Linux File System Structure]: http://www.kuqin.com/upimg/allimg/120211/134554M16-0.png