实例趣谈框架模式 MVC、MVP 和 MVVM

短命女 2022-06-06 11:57 181阅读 0赞

前言:框架模式不是一门写代码的学问，而是一门管理与组织代码的学问。其本质是一种软件开发的模型。与设计模式不同，设计模式是在解决一类问题时总结抽象出的公共方法(工厂模式，适配器模式，单例模式，观察者模式……)，他们与某种具体的技术栈无关。一种框架模式往往使用了多种设计模式，切不要把他们的关系搞混。

更多信息可以看看这本《Developing Backbone Application》

### 一代目: 脚本式设计(无架构设计): ###

[![1][]][1]

下面这样的代码，就是无任何设计模式的产物:

JavaScript

嗯嗯~先别吐槽，因为这种编码方式还是有他的优点的。

短短的几行代码，包含了创建，样式，绑定，插入。 balabala。。。。。

这种搞法虽有不少缺点，但麻雀虽小五脏俱全，所有功能一应俱全。早些年由于UI程序还处在一个懵懂期， 逻辑不算太复杂，代码量也不会太多。这样的搞法似乎也没有什么问题。 毕竟到达A B两点最短的距离就是直线，上述代码可以说是实现某功能的最短路径。 典型的例子就是 ASM (虽然汇编语言不是用来写UI的)，他们共有的缺点是 :入口单一 功能简单 不可维护

让我们修改一下上面的逻辑:

JavaScript

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 </tbody> 
</table>

这里我们将一个功能拆分成了3个部分，即 外观 事件 和属性。

函数将他们重新分离成一个个独立的逻辑块，这样一定程度上达到了分离复用的目的，比如你想修改外观，就去doCss函数里去找。。。

就像有钱人追求更多的财富，权贵追求更多权利一样。

人类总在思考同一个问题， 我们能不能做得更好。。

直到有一天。。。

### 二代目: 代码文件分离(CodeBehind): ###

[![2][]][2]

对asp。net尤其是webForm，winForm模式熟悉的同学，肯定对aspx 和 aspx。cs 这2种文件非常了解。

[![0][]][0]    [![0-0][]][0-0]

aspx是视图文件，而对应的。cs文件是他的相关逻辑处理文件 事件驱动模式下，框架帮我们完成了基本的事件类型，我们要做的是在事件下完成相关业务逻辑。

在前端中，也可以找到二代目大人的影分身。。

JavaScript

各文件各司其职，编写的时候分离，在运行的时候合并。这样进一步降低了功能之间的耦合度。 视图看起来非常”清爽”，对应的逻辑也被分离成一个个文件， 交由相应的开发人员处理。

如果你涉猎的技术范围很广，你会发现其实二代目大人已经出现在诸多成熟的技术栈中。。。。

但是，没过多久伊甸园欢乐的笑声被下面这个需求打破。。。

[![q][]][q]

为了实现他，在这里我只写伪代码了:

这里比较困难的是 第2步

就是如果显示苹果数的控件是另一个程序员开发的黑盒， 如何修改其值?

于是程序员A 去找 程序员B 寻求是否存在对应的 get/set 方法。

程序员B说有， “有” 字还没落地， 开发买梨的程序员C 又踹门进来了，问了同样的问题， 后来才知道 开发吃苹果功能的程序员D正在路上。。。

于是程序员B 不得不把接口的详细信息写到 wiki中， 于是 程序员CDEFGHIJKMLN 都看了wiki 懂了。

完成这件事 程序员B 写wiki 花了 10分钟， 程序员CDEFGHIJKMLN 看wiki每人花 1分钟，一共团队成本 20分钟。

于是 wiki中这个 get/set 接口函数出现在了每一个被绑定的函数里。一共4个button 出现4次

ps: 这个get/set接口本质上就是一个view刷新接口

事情仍在在酝酿:

产品大爷发话了，要改成下面这样:

[![q1][]][q1]

多了一个求和。

于是伪代码变成了这样:

这次 程序员B为了人身安全，提前把 get/set 接口发布到了 wiki上。。

于是 总和控件的值 = 总和变量 这行代码出现了 4次。

产品存在的意义，就是将程序狗虐到极致:[![qq][]][qq]

于是需求改成了这样:

[![q2][]][q2]

只是删了一行。

于是 4个函数中 所有相关代码都被删除。。。 共影响 4行代码。。

段子讲完了，其核心问题在于，按照事件进行的业务模块划分，有时候是不合理的，事件是用户行为的入口，但不是程序逻辑的入口。 一个button的click就可能横跨N个领域， 需要N个人来进行协作， 这部分逻辑到最后还是会耦合在一起，通过各种函数封装进行解耦，无疑是扬汤止沸，而我们需要的是釜底抽薪

### 三代目: M-V-C:(模型，视图，控制器) ###

[![3][]][3]

现在网上有很多关于mvc的介绍，让人纠结的是他们各不相同，而且有的根本就说的不对， 对于框架模式这东西，没有一个严格的规定说这样搞是 mvc 那样就不是。 甚至连mvc本身也有很多变种，我们只要从根源上理解这个东西就行。

我就不扒祖坟了，咱们只需要知道它已经存在了 30多年就行了。

我们思考一下 UI(图形化用户界面) 的本质:

为什么要有UI， 在计算机眼中 一切即数据，其实要是深挖这个问题，数据与操作其实都是 0 1 组成的机器码，只不过 CPU运行的时候用指定寄存器的数据当做指令罢了，也就是说 决定一个数据到底是数据还是指令 只取决于他所在的寄存器位置。(好了好了 扯远了，往回跑。。) 数据的操作是抽象的，是专业人士干的事情， 计算机为了走进千家万户， 必须提供一种傻瓜式的操作方式，于是UI诞生了。。。 用一句话解释UI就是:他是数据到图像的一种映射程序;

刚才说了它是一种映射程序，用户通过操作图像上的按钮，来达到操作数据的目的，数据被用户改变后，肯定需要从新生成映射。

请允许我向上一张老掉牙的图:

[![mvc][]][mvc]

说说这里面 Model View Controller 是干什么的:

1.View: 放置视图相关的代码，原则上里面不应该有任何业务逻辑。

2.Controller: 放置视图与模型之间的映射，原则上这里应该很薄，他只放一些事件绑定相关的代码(router)，但并不实现真正的功能，他只是一个桥梁。

3.Model: 这里的model不是说 实体类， 他是主要实现逻辑的地方。

那还是上面 买水果的例子，那么在MVC下该如何设计呢:

<table style="border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 15px; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 599px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, 宋体, &quot;Myriad Pro&quot;, Lato, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> 
 <tbody style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> 
  <tr style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">概念</span></td> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">解释</span></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">view层</span></td> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">放置界面代码，以及一些刷新逻辑 如数据中的 0 1 转成 男 女</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">controller层</span></td> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">放置一些绑定逻辑。完成router，不实现函数体。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">model层</span></td> 
   <td style="border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">接收view的注册，当自身数据变化时，执行view的刷新函数。&nbsp;业务逻辑都在这里</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

他是这样一个流程:

1.创建显示苹果数量的控件。

2.将上面控件注册到model中。(设置关联的数据，–苹果数变量)

3.修改model中 苹果数变量 。

4.由于苹果数变量被修改，触发所有绑定在上面的控件(view)从新执行刷新函数。

5.显示苹果数量的控件被更新。

这样便解决了大部分界面与逻辑耦合的问题，但是它并不完美:

View 和 Model 并不是完全脱离的，还是有一些逻辑耦合，因为需要根据修改后的model从新刷新view。 难免view里面沾染一点model的结构。

代码量膨胀。

不方便进行更精细的颗粒化控制。(因为view只知道 model被改了，但不知道谁改的!)

1.  
2.  model在对应多个view的时候，很难都伺候到位。

于是。。。

### 四代目: M-V-P:(模型，视图，派发器) ###

[![4][]][4]

请允许我再上一张老图:

[![mvp][]][mvp]

针对mvc的一些问题，在mvp模式下， 斩断了 view 与 model的关系， 当m 改变时，m 通知 p 去改变v， 所以v变得更纯洁(刷新逻辑被移动到了p层)， 为了保证m可以最大程度的复用 一部分业务逻辑也从 m 转移到了p所以 mvp下 p 非常厚实。

mvp中最后改变v的是p那么在 v与p 之间会有一个接口，解决怎么转换以及传值的问题。

### 五代目: M-V-VM:(模型，视图，抽象视图) ###

MVVM，最早来自于微软社区，用于WPF

[![5][]][5]

Model-View-ViewModel的关系图：

[![mvvm][]][mvvm]

mvvm 与 mvp 的最大区别就是它使用 数据绑定(Data Binding)、依赖属性(Dependency Property)、命令(Command)、路由事件(Routed Event) 来搞定与view层的交互， 但是这种绑定是与某种具体技术栈相关的， ViewModel从Model中抽象而来，但更贴近于业务模型， 比如你Model中某字段是 true false， ViewModel中可能就是 “黑”，”白”等 这种更贴近业务场景的描述。 ViewModel中的属性直接与某具体控件的属性相绑定。 也就是说当某具体控件发生变化，ViewModel中的 某个字段就会跟着变化，然后Model中的字段也会进一步变化。

[![mvvm0][]][mvvm0]

以上述为例:

用户使用UI修改了性别字段:

1.操作触发绑定在UI上的事件(Data Binding 自动完成)

2.事件进入vm层，根据绑定规则，找出对应的vm字段， (如表示性别的组件绑定的是vm中的sex字段)

3.vm上的sex被设置成true，(view层上值为”男” “女”，但是在抽象的vm层中我们用 bool 来表示这个字段)

4.同理寻找m层上的对应字段，m上的sex被vm修改成1

5.m找到所有与sex字段有绑定关系的vm通知他们更新。

6.所有接到通知的vm更新sex字段。

7.vm寻找所有与sex字段有绑定关系的view层控件，通知他们更新(Data Binding 自动完成)。

8.view被更新。所有涉及到sex字段的组件都被刷新。

有时候这个流程未必是从 1 步开始，如果直接对 m 进行修改，则就是从第 4 步开始的。

同理如果没有view层，则没有必要进行 7 ， 8步骤。

这就是说 mvvm 下可以完全干掉 view 层， 方便的进行自动化测试。

### 小结 (推送/订阅 这个是数据驱动的核心) ###

不管是 mvc 还是 mvp 或 mvvm ，他们都是 数据驱动 的。核心上基于 m 推送消息，v或p来订阅 这个模型。使用者需要维护的不再是 UI 树，而是抽象的数据。(通过数据，可以随时构建出新的 UI 树)， 当 UI 的状态一旦多起来，这种框架模式的优势便体现出来了。 因为维护数据可比维护 UI 状态爽多了。

前端中的mvc:

并不是说 m v c 三者一定要独立出现才行，比如 Backbone。js 它的 controller 层只是一个 router。 其实在传统 mvc 中 controller 里本来就没有太多的逻辑，他只是 一个事件的”传递者”， 加之 javascript 中人们习惯使用匿名函数当事件回调，这样就等于直接在 view 层中把功能函数实现了。 所以 view 与 controller 合并 或者 controller 与model 合并都有可能。

JavaScript

[1]: /images/20220606/9d574dabeafc4feea9330ca484c2d6b8.png
[2]: /images/20220606/cbe2b9996f844699a20b0872fc15ee6a.png
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[0-0]: /images/20220606/251b4245af164280b8463757e05dcc2a.png
[q]: /images/20220606/adb98e495f844d5fb35beddb22228f27.png
[q1]: /images/20220606/8c6dfe3c68d94565ab907c0f636cc59a.png
[qq]: /images/20220606/88b46d17432247fc821cef61a481f25f.png
[q2]: /images/20220606/ebaeb8308b444004b59c83bcb72ac271.png
[3]: /images/20220606/e542a3a8439044a1bd9e86b7a57439ce.png
[mvc]: /images/20220606/eb21c8fa8bbf4a84b6ad319643b763c7.png
[4]: /images/20220606/e61c8b52d11b4605859e7e2cfe32ec4c.png
[mvp]: /images/20220606/51f5b4732c2e46c1a9a4776cb520c034.png
[5]: /images/20220606/be922e64cc944940ac9d66f9d3e212fb.png
[mvvm]: /images/20220606/5866982bcd4140228455f16a35e0fac1.png
[mvvm0]: /images/20220606/d08f7ff6241e4711ababfb84d3ab183e.png