RASPBERRY PI CAMERA MODULE

￡神魔★判官ぃ 2022-06-03 03:20 183阅读 0赞

This document describes the use of the three Raspberry Pi camera applications, as of January 8th 2015.

There are three applications provided: `raspistill`, `raspivid`, and `raspistillyuv`. `raspistill` and `raspistillyuv` are very similar and are intended for capturing images; `raspivid` is for capturing video.

All the applications are driven from the command line, and written to take advantage of the MMAL API which runs over OpenMAX. The MMAL API provides an easier to use system than that presented by OpenMAX. Note that MMAL is a Broadcom-specific API used only on Videocore 4 systems.

The applications use up to four OpenMAX (MMAL) components: camera, preview, encoder, and null\_sink. All applications use the camera component; `raspistill`uses the Image Encode component; `raspivid` uses the Video Encode component; and `raspistillyuv` doesn't use an encoder, and sends its YUV or RGB output directly from the camera component to file.

The preview display is optional, but can be used full-screen or directed to a specific rectangular area on the display. If preview is disabled, the null\_sink component is used to 'absorb' the preview frames. The camera must produce preview frames even if these aren't required for display, as they're used for calculating exposure and white balance settings.

In addition, it's possible to omit the filename option (in which case the preview is displayed but no file is written), or to redirect all output to stdout.

Command line help is available by typing just the application name in the command line.

## Setting up ##

See [Camera Setup][].

## Troubleshooting ##

If the Camera Module isn't working correctly, there are number of things to try:

*  Is the ribbon cable attached to the Camera Serial Interface (CSI), not the Display Serial Interface (DSI)? The ribbon connector will fit into either port. The Camera port is located near the HDMI connector.
 *  Are the ribbon connectors all firmly seated, and are they the right way round? They must be straight in their sockets.
 *  Is the Camera Module connector, between the smaller black Camera Module itself and the PCB, firmly attached? Sometimes this connection can come loose during transit or when putting the Camera Module in a case. Using a fingernail, flip up the connector on the PCB, then reconnect it with gentle pressure. It engages with a very slight click. Don't force it; if it doesn't engage, it's probably slightly misaligned.
 *  Have `sudo apt-get update` and `sudo apt-get upgrade` been run?
 *  Has `raspi-config` been run and the Camera Module enabled?
 *  Is your power supply sufficient? The Camera Module adds about 200-250mA to the power requirements of your Raspberry Pi.

If things are still not working, try the following:

*  `Error : raspistill/raspivid command not found`. This probably means your update/upgrade failed in some way. Try it again.
 *  `Error : ENOMEM`. The Camera Module is not starting up. Check all connections again.

*  `Error : ENOMEM`. The Camera Module is not starting up. Check all connections again.
 *  `Error : ENOSPC`. The Camera Module is probably running out of GPU memory. Check `config.txt` in the /boot/ folder. The `gpu_mem` option should be at least 128. Alternatively, use the Memory Split option in the Advanced section of `raspi-config` to set this.
 *  If you've checked all the above issues and the Camera Module is still not working, you may need to upgrade the firmware on the Raspberry Pi. Use the following command to get the very latest (but experimental) firmware:
    
        sudo rpi-update
 *  If even a firmware update doesn't fix the problem, your Camera Module may be defective, and may need to be replaced.

## Common command line options ##

### PREVIEW WINDOW ###

--preview,  -p      Preview window settings <'x,y,w,h'>

Allows the user to define the size of the preview window and its location on the screen. Note this will be superimposed over the top of any other windows/graphics.

--fullscreen,   -f      Fullscreen preview mode

Forces the preview window to use the whole screen. Note that the aspect ratio of the incoming image will be retained, so there may be bars on some edges.

--nopreview,    -n      Do not display a preview window

Disables the preview window completely. Note that even though the preview is disabled, the camera will still be producing frames, so will be using power.

--opacity,  -op     Set preview window opacity

Sets the opacity of the preview windows. 0 = invisible, 255 = fully opaque.

### CAMERA CONTROL OPTIONS ###

--sharpness,    -sh     Set image sharpness (-100 - 100)

Sets the sharpness of the image. 0 is the default.

--contrast, -co     Set image contrast (-100 - 100)

Sets the contrast of the image. 0 is the default.

--brightness,   -br     Set image brightness (0 - 100)

Sets the brightness of the image. 50 is the default. 0 is black, 100 is white.

--saturation,   -sa     Set image saturation (-100 - 100)

Sets the colour saturation of the image. 0 is the default.

--ISO,  -ISO        Set capture ISO (100 - 800)

Sets the ISO to be used for captures.

--vstab,    -vs     Turn on video stabilisation

In video mode only, turns on video stabilisation.

--ev,   -ev     Set EV compensation (-10 - 10)

Sets the EV compensation of the image. Default is 0.

--exposure, -ex     Set exposure mode

Possible options are:

*  auto: use automatic exposure mode
 *  night: select setting for night shooting
 *  nightpreview:
 *  backlight: select setting for backlit subject
 *  spotlight:
 *  sports: select setting for sports (fast shutter etc.)
 *  snow: select setting optimised for snowy scenery
 *  beach: select setting optimised for beach
 *  verylong: select setting for long exposures
 *  fixedfps: constrain fps to a fixed value
 *  antishake: antishake mode
 *  fireworks: select setting optimised for fireworks

Note that not all of these settings may be implemented, depending on camera tuning.

--awb,  -awb        Set Automatic White Balance (AWB) mode

Modes for which colour temperature ranges (K) are available have these settings in brackets.

*  off: turn off white balance calculation
 *  auto: automatic mode (default)
 *  sun: sunny mode (between 5000K and 6500K)
 *  cloud: cloudy mode (between 6500K and 12000K)
 *  shade: shade mode
 *  tungsten: tungsten lighting mode (between 2500K and 3500K)
 *  fluorescent: fluorescent lighting mode (between 2500K and 4500K)
 *  incandescent: incandescent lighting mode
 *  flash: flash mode
 *  horizon: horizon mode

Note that not all of these settings may be implemented, depending on camera type.

--imxfx,    -ifx        Set image effect

Set an effect to be applied to the image:

*  none: no effect (default)
 *  negative: invert the image colours
 *  solarise: solarise the image
 *  posterise: posterise the image
 *  whiteboard: whiteboard effect
 *  blackboard: blackboard effect
 *  sketch: sketch effect
 *  denoise: denoise the image
 *  emboss: emboss the image
 *  oilpaint: oil paint effect
 *  hatch: hatch sketch effect
 *  gpen: graphite sketch effect
 *  pastel: pastel effect
 *  watercolour: watercolour effect
 *  film: film grain effect
 *  blur: blur the image
 *  saturation: colour saturate the image
 *  colourswap: not fully implemented
 *  washedout: not fully implemented
 *  colourpoint: not fully implemented
 *  colourbalance: not fully implemented
 *  cartoon: not fully implemented

Note that not all of these settings may be available in all circumstances.

--colfx,    -cfx        Set colour effect <U:V>

The supplied U and V parameters (range 0 - 255) are applied to the U and Y channels of the image. For example, --colfx 128:128 should result in a monochrome image.

--metering, -mm     Set metering mode

Specify the metering mode used for the preview and capture:

*  average: average the whole frame for metering
 *  spot: spot metering
 *  backlit: assume a backlit image
 *  matrix: matrix metering

--rotation, -rot        Set image rotation (0 - 359)

Sets the rotation of the image in the viewfinder and resulting image. This can take any value from 0 upwards, but due to hardware constraints only 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree rotations are supported.

--hflip,    -hf     Set horizontal flip

Flips the preview and saved image horizontally.

--vflip,    -vf     Set vertical flip

Flips the preview and saved image vertically.

--roi,  -roi        Set sensor region of interest

Allows the specification of the area of the sensor to be used as the source for the preview and capture. This is defined as x,y for the top-left corner, and a width and height, with all values in normalised coordinates (0.0 - 1.0). So, to set a ROI at halfway across and down the sensor, and a width and height of a quarter of the sensor, use:

-roi 0.5,0.5,0.25,0.25

--shutter,  -ss     Set shutter speed

Sets the shutter speed to the specified value (in microseconds). There's currently an upper limit of approximately 6000000us (6000ms, 6s), past which operation is undefined.

--drc,  -drc        Enable/disable dynamic range compression

DRC changes the images by increasing the range of dark areas, and decreasing the brighter areas. This can improve the image in low light areas.

*  off
 *  low
 *  med
 *  high

By default, DRC is off.

--stats,    -st     Display image statistics

Displays the exposure, analogue and digital gains, and AWB settings used.

--awbgains, -awbg

Sets blue and red gains (as floating point numbers) to be applied when `-awb -off` is set e.g. -awbg 1.5,1.2

--mode, -md

Sets a specified sensor mode, disabling the automatic selection. Possible values depend on the version of the Camera Module being used:

Version 1.x (OV5647)

<table style="border-color:transparent; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-family:Roboto,sans-serif; font-size:16px; background-color:rgb(230,226,221)"> 
 <thead> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Mode</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Size</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Aspect Ratio</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Frame rates</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">FOV</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Binning</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">automatic selection</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1920x1080</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">16:9</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1-30fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Partial</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">None</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2592x1944</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1-15fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">None</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2592x1944</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0.1666-1fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">None</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1296x972</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1-42fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">5</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1296x730</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">16:9</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1-49fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">6</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">640x480</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">42.1-60fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2 plus skip</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">7</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">640x480</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">60.1-90fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2 plus skip</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Version 2.x (IMX219)

<table style="border-color:transparent; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-family:Roboto,sans-serif; font-size:16px; background-color:rgb(230,226,221)"> 
 <thead> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Mode</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Size</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Aspect Ratio</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Frame rates</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">FOV</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Binning</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">automatic selection</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1920x1080</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">16:9</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0.1-30fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Partial</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">None</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">3280x2464</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0.1-15fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">None</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">3280x2464</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0.1-15fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">None</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1640x1232</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0.1-40fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">5</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1640x922</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">16:9</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">0.1-40fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Full</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">6</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">1280x720</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">16:9</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">40-90fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Partial</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">7</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">640x480</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4:3</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">40-90fps</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Partial</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">2x2</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

--camselect,    -cs

Selects which camera to use on a multi-camera system. Use 0 or 1.

--annotate, -a      Enable/set annotate flags or text

Adds some text and/or metadata to the picture.

Metadata is indicated using a bitmask notation, so add them together to show multiple parameters. For example, 12 will show time(4) and date(8), since 4+8=12.

Text may include date/time placeholders by using the '%' character, as used by [strftime][].

<table style="border-color:transparent; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-family:Roboto,sans-serif; font-size:16px; background-color:rgb(230,226,221)"> 
 <thead> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Value</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Meaning</th> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding:2px 10px">Example Output</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 4</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Time</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">20:09:33</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 8</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Date</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">10/28/15</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 12</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">4+8=12 Show the date(4) and time(8)</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">20:09:33 10/28/15</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 16</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Shutter Settings</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 32</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">CAF Settings</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 64</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Gain Settings</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 128</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Lens Settings</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 256</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Motion Settings</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 512</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Frame Number</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 1024</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Black Background</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a "ABC %Y-%m-%d %X"</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Show some text</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">ABC %Y-%m-%d %X</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 4 -a "ABC %Y-%m-%d %X"</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Show custom&nbsp;<a title="strftime man page" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/strftime.3.html" style="color:rgb(126,11,27)" rel="nofollow">formatted</a>date/time</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">ABC 2015-10-28 20:09:33</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="background:rgb(242,241,240)"> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">-a 8 -a "ABC %Y-%m-%d %X"</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">Show custom&nbsp;<a title="strftime man page" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/strftime.3.html" style="color:rgb(126,11,27)" rel="nofollow">formatted</a>date/time</td> 
   <td style="padding:2px 10px">ABC 2015-10-28 20:09:33</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

--annotateex,   -ae     Set extra annotation parameters

Specifies annotation size, text colour, and background colour. Colours are in hex YUV format.

Size ranges from 6 - 160; default is 32. Asking for an invalid size should give you the default.

## Application-specific settings ##

### RASPISTILL ###

--width,    -w      Set image width <size>
    
    --height,   -h      Set image height <size>
    
    --quality,  -q      Set JPEG quality <0 to 100>

Quality 100 is almost completely uncompressed. 75 is a good all-round value.

--raw,  -r      Add raw Bayer data to JPEG metadata

This option inserts the raw Bayer data from the camera into the JPEG metadata.

--output,   -o      Output filename <filename>

Specifies the output filename. If not specified, no file is saved. If the filename is '-', then all output is sent to stdout.

--latest,   -l      Link latest frame to filename <filename>

Makes a file system link under this name to the latest frame.

--verbose,  -v      Output verbose information during run

Outputs debugging/information messages during the program run.

--timeout,  -t      Time before the camera takes picture and shuts down

The program will run for this length of time, then take the capture (if output is specified). If not specified, this is set to 5 seconds.

--timelapse,    -tl     time-lapse mode

The specific value is the time between shots in milliseconds. Note that you should specify `%04d` at the point in the filename where you want a frame count number to appear. So, for example, the code below will produce a capture every 2 seconds, over a total period of 30s, named `image0001.jpg`, `image0002.jpg` and so on, through to `image0015.jpg`.

-t 30000 -tl 2000 -o image%04d.jpg

Note that the `%04d` indicates a 4-digit number, with leading zeroes added to make the required number of digits. So, for example, `%08d` would result in an 8-digit number.

If a time-lapse value of 0 is entered, the application will take pictures as fast as possible. Note that there's an minimum enforced pause of 30ms between captures to ensure that exposure calculations can be made.

--thumb,    -th     Set thumbnail parameters (x:y:quality)

Allows specification of the thumbnail image inserted into the JPEG file. If not specified, defaults are a size of 64x48 at quality 35.

if `--thumb none` is specified, no thumbnail information will be placed in the file. This reduces the file size slightly.

--demo, -d      Run a demo mode <milliseconds>

This options cycles through the range of camera options. No capture is taken, and the demo will end at the end of the timeout period, irrespective of whether all the options have been cycled. The time between cycles should be specified as a millisecond value.

--encoding, -e      Encoding to use for output file

Valid options are `jpg`, `bmp`, `gif`, and `png`. Note that unaccelerated image types (GIF, PNG, BMP) will take much longer to save than jpg, which is hardware accelerated. Also note that the filename suffix is completely ignored when deciding the encoding of a file.

--exif, -x      EXIF tag to apply to captures (format as 'key=value')

Allows the insertion of specific EXIF tags into the JPEG image. You can have up to 32 EXIF tag entries. This is useful for tasks like adding GPS metadata. For example, to set the longitude:

--exif GPS.GPSLongitude=5/1,10/1,15/1

would set the longitude to 5 degs, 10 minutes, 15 seconds. See EXIF documentation for more details on the range of tags available; the supported tags are as follows:

IFD0.<   or
    IFD1.<
    ImageWidth, ImageLength, BitsPerSample, Compression, PhotometricInterpretation, ImageDescription, Make, Model, StripOffsets, Orientation, SamplesPerPixel, RowsPerString, StripByteCounts, XResolution, YResolution, PlanarConfiguration, ResolutionUnit, TransferFunction, Software, DateTime, Artist, WhitePoint, PrimaryChromaticities, JPEGInterchangeFormat, JPEGInterchangeFormatLength, YCbCrCoefficients, YCbCrSubSampling, YCbCrPositioning, ReferenceBlackWhite, Copyright>
    
    EXIF.<
    ExposureTime, FNumber, ExposureProgram, SpectralSensitivity, ISOSpeedRatings, OECF, ExifVersion, DateTimeOriginal, DateTimeDigitized, ComponentsConfiguration, CompressedBitsPerPixel, ShutterSpeedValue, ApertureValue, BrightnessValue, ExposureBiasValue, MaxApertureValue, SubjectDistance, MeteringMode, LightSource, Flash, FocalLength, SubjectArea, MakerNote, UserComment, SubSecTime, SubSecTimeOriginal, SubSecTimeDigitized, FlashpixVersion, ColorSpace, PixelXDimension, PixelYDimension, RelatedSoundFile, FlashEnergy, SpatialFrequencyResponse, FocalPlaneXResolution, FocalPlaneYResolution, FocalPlaneResolutionUnit, SubjectLocation, ExposureIndex, SensingMethod, FileSource, SceneType, CFAPattern, CustomRendered, ExposureMode, WhiteBalance, DigitalZoomRatio, FocalLengthIn35mmFilm, SceneCaptureType, GainControl, Contrast, Saturation, Sharpness, DeviceSettingDescription, SubjectDistanceRange, ImageUniqueID>
    
    GPS.<
    GPSVersionID, GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLatitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSAltitudeRef, GPSAltitude, GPSTimeStamp, GPSSatellites, GPSStatus, GPSMeasureMode, GPSDOP, GPSSpeedRef, GPSSpeed, GPSTrackRef, GPSTrack, GPSImgDirectionRef, GPSImgDirection, GPSMapDatum, GPSDestLatitudeRef, GPSDestLatitude, GPSDestLongitudeRef, GPSDestLongitude, GPSDestBearingRef, GPSDestBearing, GPSDestDistanceRef, GPSDestDistance, GPSProcessingMethod, GPSAreaInformation, GPSDateStamp, GPSDifferential>
    
    EINT.<
    InteroperabilityIndex, InteroperabilityVersion, RelatedImageFileFormat, RelatedImageWidth, RelatedImageLength>

Note that a small subset of these tags will be set automatically by the camera system, but will be overridden by any EXIF options on the command line.

Setting `--exif none` will prevent any EXIF information being stored in the file. This reduces the file size slightly.

--fullpreview,  -fp     Full preview mode

This runs the preview window using the full resolution capture mode. Maximum frames per second in this mode is 15fps, and the preview will have the same field of view as the capture. Captures should happen more quickly, as no mode change should be required. This feature is currently under development.

--keypress, -k      Keypress mode

The camera is run for the requested time (`-t`), and a capture can be initiated throughout that time by pressing the Enter key. Pressing X then Enter will exit the application before the timeout is reached. If the timeout is set to 0, the camera will run indefinitely until the user presses X then Enter. Using the verbose option (`-v`) will display a prompt asking for user input, otherwise no prompt is displayed.

--signal,   -s      Signal mode

The camera is run for the requested time (`-t`), and a capture can be initiated throughout that time by sending a `USR1` signal to the camera process. This can be done using the `kill` command. You can find the camera process ID using the `pgrep raspistill` command.

kill -USR1 <process id of raspistill>

### RASPISTILLYUV ###

Many of the options for `raspistillyuv` are the same as those for `raspistill`. This section shows the differences.

Unsupported options:

--exif, --encoding, --thumb, --raw, --quality

Extra options :

--rgb,  -rgb        Save uncompressed data as RGB888

This option forces the image to be saved as RGB data with 8 bits per channel, rather than YUV420.

Note that the image buffers saved in `raspistillyuv` are padded to a horizontal size divisible by 32, so there may be unused bytes at the end of each line. Buffers are also padded vertically to be divisible by 16, and in the YUV mode, each plane of Y,U,V is padded in this way.

### RASPIVID ###

--width,    -w      Set image width <size>

Width of resulting video. This should be between 64 and 1920.

--height,   -h      Set image height <size>

Height of resulting video. This should be between 64 and 1080.

--bitrate,  -b      Set bitrate

Use bits per second, so 10Mbits/s would be `-b 10000000`. For H264, 1080p30 a high quality bitrate would be 15Mbits/s or more. Maximum bitrate is 25Mbits/s (`-b 25000000`), but much over 17Mbits/s won't show noticeable improvement at 1080p30.

--output,   -o      Output filename <filename>

Specify the output filename. If not specified, no file is saved. If the filename is '-', then all output is sent to stdout.

--verbose,  -v      Output verbose information during run

Outputs debugging/information messages during the program run.

--timeout,  -t      Time before the camera takes picture and shuts down

The program will run for this length of time, then take the capture (if output is specified). If not specified, this is set to 5 seconds. Setting 0 will mean the application will run continuously until stopped with Ctrl-C.

--demo, -d      Run a demo mode <milliseconds>

This options cycles through the range of camera options. No capture is done, and the demo will end at the end of the timeout period, irrespective of whether all the options have been cycled. The time between cycles should be specified as a millisecond value.

--framerate,    -fps        Specify the frames per second to record

At present, the minimum frame rate allowed is 2fps, and the maximum is 30fps. This is likely to change in the future.

--penc, -e      Display preview image after encoding

Switch on an option to display the preview after compression. This will show any compression artefacts in the preview window. In normal operation, the preview will show the camera output prior to being compressed. This option is not guaranteed to work in future releases.

--intra,    -g      Specify the intra refresh period (key frame rate/GoP)

Sets the intra refresh period (GoP) rate for the recorded video. H264 video uses a complete frame (I-frame) every intra refresh period, from which subsequent frames are based. This option specifies the number of frames between each I-frame. Larger numbers here will reduce the size of the resulting video, and smaller numbers make the stream less error-prone.

--qp,   -qp     Set quantisation parameter

Sets the initial quantisation parameter for the stream. Varies from approximately 10 to 40, and will greatly affect the quality of the recording. Higher values reduce quality and decrease file size. Combine this setting with a bitrate of 0 to set a completely variable bitrate.

--profile,  -pf     Specify H264 profile to use for encoding

Sets the H264 profile to be used for the encoding. Options are:

*  baseline
 *  main
 *  high

--inline,   -ih     Insert PPS, SPS headers

Forces the stream to include PPS and SPS headers on every I-frame. Needed for certain streaming cases e.g. Apple HLS. These headers are small, so don't greatly increase the file size.

--timed,    -td     Do timed switches between capture and pause

This options allows the video capture to be paused and restarted at particular time intervals. Two values are required: the on time and the off time. On time is the amount of time the video is captured, and off time is the amount it is paused. The total time of the recording is defined by the `timeout` option. Note that the recording may take slightly over the timeout setting depending on the on and off times.

For example:

raspivid -o test.h264 -t 25000 -timed 2500,5000

will record for a period of 25 seconds. The recording will be over a timeframe consisting of 2500ms (2.5s) segments with 5000ms (5s) gaps, repeating over the 20s. So the entire recording will actually be only 10s long, since 4 segments of 2.5s = 10s separated by 5s gaps. So:

2.5 record – 5 pause - 2.5 record – 5 pause - 2.5 record – 5 pause – 2.5 record

gives a total recording period of 25s, but only 10s of actual recorded footage.

--keypress, -k      Toggle between record and pause on Enter keypress

On each press of the Enter key, the recording will be paused or restarted. Pressing X then Enter will stop recording and close the application. Note that the timeout value will be used to signal the end of recording, but is only checked after each Enter keypress; so if the system is waiting for a keypress, even if the timeout has expired, it will still wait for the keypress before exiting.

--signal,   -s      Toggle between record and pause according to SIGUSR1

Sending a `USR1` signal to the `raspivid` process will toggle between recording and paused. This can be done using the `kill` command, as below. You can find the `raspivid` process ID using `pgrep raspivid`.

kill -USR1 <process id of raspivid>

Note that the timeout value will be used to indicate the end of recording, but is only checked after each receipt of the `SIGUSR1` signal; so if the system is waiting for a signal, even if the timeout has expired, it will still wait for the signal before exiting.

--initial,  -i      Define initial state on startup

Define whether the camera will start paused or will immediately start recording. Options are `record` or `pause`. Note that if you are using a simple timeout, and `initial` is set to `pause`, no output will be recorded.

--segment,  -sg     Segment the stream into multiple files

Rather than creating a single file, the file is split into segments of approximately the numer of milliseconds specified. In order to provide different filenames, you should add `%04d` or similar at the point in the filename where you want a segment count number to appear e.g:

--segment 3000 -o video%04d.h264

will produce video clips of approximately 3000ms (3s) long, named `video0001.h264`, `video0002.h264` etc. The clips should be seamless (no frame drops between clips), but the accuracy of each clip length will depend on the intraframe period, as the segments will always start on an I-frame. They will therefore always be equal or longer to the specified period.

--wrap, -wr     Set the maximum value for segment number

When outputting segments, this is the maximum the segment number can reach before it's reset to 1, giving the ability to keep recording segments, but overwriting the oldest one. So if set to 4, in the segment example above, the files produced will be `video0001.h264`, `video0002.h264`, `video0003.h264`, and `video0004.h264`. Once `video0004.h264` is recorded, the count will reset to 1, and `video0001.h264` will be overwritten.

--start,    -sn     Set the initial segment number

When outputting segments, this is the initial segment number, giving the ability to resume a previous recording from a given segment. The default value is 1.

## Examples ##

### STILL CAPTURES ###

By default, captures are done at the highest resolution supported by the sensor. This can be changed using the `-w` and `-h` command line options.

Take a default capture after 2s (times are specified in milliseconds) on the viewfinder, saving in `image.jpg`:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg

Take a capture at a different resolution:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg -w 640 -h 480

Reduce the quality considerably to reduce file size:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg -q 5

Force the preview to appear at coordinate 100,100, with width 300 pixels and height 200 pixels:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg -p 100,100,300,200

Disable preview entirely:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg -n

Save the image as a PNG file (lossless compression, but slower than JPEG). Note that the filename suffix is ignored when choosing the image encoding:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.png –e png

Add some EXIF information to the JPEG. This sets the Artist tag name to Boris, and the GPS altitude to 123.5m. Note that if setting GPS tags you should set as a minimum GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSAltitude, and GPSAltitudeRef:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg -x IFD0.Artist=Boris -x GPS.GPSAltitude=1235/10

Set an emboss image effect:

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg -ifx emboss

Set the U and V channels of the YUV image to specific values (128:128 produces a greyscale image):

raspistill -t 2000 -o image.jpg -cfx 128:128

Run preview for 2s, with no saved image:

raspistill -t 2000

Take a time-lapse picture, every 10 seconds for 10 minutes (10 minutes = 600000ms), naming the files `image_num_001_today.jpg`, `image_num_002_today.jpg` and so on, with the latest picture also available under the name `latest.jpg`:

raspistill -t 600000 -tl 10000 -o image_num_%03d_today.jpg -l latest.jpg

Take a picture and send the image data to stdout:

raspistill -t 2000 -o -

Take a picture and send the image data to a file:

raspistill -t 2000 -o - > my_file.jpg

Run the camera forever, taking a picture when Enter is pressed:

raspistill -t 0 -k -o my_pics%02d.jpg

### VIDEO CAPTURES ###

Image size and preview settings are the same as for stills capture. Default size for video recording is 1080p (1920x1080).

Record a 5s clip with default settings (1080p30):

raspivid -t 5000 -o video.h264

Record a 5s clip at a specified bitrate (3.5Mbits/s):